
aass_ 
Book_^ 



GoKTigk]^^. 



COP^TIIGHT DEPOSIT. 



/ 

THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW^ 

OF 

_^ROMINENT]y[EN AND^OMEN 
OF THE DAY. '7/57 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 

AND REMINISCENCIES. ■ 




LIVES & SERVICES OF 
ALL THE PBESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES FOE 1888: 

WITH PLATFORM AND HISTORY OF EACH PARTY. 



—17^ 

By THOS. W. HERRINGSHAW. 



■Of all tilings, the most i7iteresting to man is Man.^^ 



ILLUSTRATED WITH 350 PORTRAITS. 



CHICAGO: 

A. B. GEHMAN & CO. 

1888. 



BNTEEED ACCOEDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS 

IN THE YEAR 1888, 

BY A. B. GEHMAN & CO., 

IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN 

AT WASHINGTON, D. C. 



PREFACE. 



The purpose of this work is to present — in as condensed 
a form as is consistent with the presentation of all the im- 
portant facts — the lives and achievements of the most cele- 
brated men and women now living; the perusal of which can 
not but be of almost incalculable benefit to all those desirous 
of becoming intelligent and well-informed on current topics 
— to keep fully abreast of the times. Indeed, it is impera- 
tively necessary to become familiar with the lives and doings 
of the leaders of life and thought of our day and genera- 
tion — the molders of the world's history — in order to 
more fully comprehend what is being done and the remark- 
able changes that are constantly taking place in this busy 
world of ours. 

Consequently, there being no comprehensive work of the 
kind extant — the bulky biographical cyclopaedias being al- 
most wholly composed of the lives of individuals long since 
passed away rather than the lives of the living, — this vol- 
ume of Prominent Men and Women of the Day aptly fills 
this niche in the tablet of current literature. 

Truly, it is a veritable portrait gallery and scrap-book of 
illustrated biographical sketches and reminiscences of emi- 
nent personages of the times, comprising such a varied col- 
lection of names that has cost infinite pains and expense to 



ii PREFACE. 

obtain; embracing, as it does, the lives and achievements of 
Authors and Poets, Scientists and Philosophers, Thinkers and 
Kcforiners, Orators and Lecturers, Kings and Rulers, Soldiers 
and Statesmen, Inventors and Explorers, Artists and Musici- 
ans, Journalists and Humorous Writers, Lawyers and Jurists, 
Actors and Singers, Divines .and Revivalists, Sportsmen, and 
many other personages of note. 

The history of the present — of people now living in our 
very midst — is frau-ht with the greatest interest, and of 
which much more should be known by everyone, whether he 
be rich or poor, educated or uneducated. 

As a supplement to the newspaper, this work stands un- 
paralleled as a storehouse of useful knowledge indispensable 
to readers desirous of a fuller exposition of the lives and 
doings of the great thinkers and actors on the world's stage, 
of which the press makes such constant mention; but, being 
incomplete, is unintelligible to the masses. 

In consequence of the almost inaccessibility of facts 
concerning the lives of many of the subjects contained in 
this work, the daily press has been largely drawn upon for 
material; thus many important facts and interesting remin- 
iscences have been rescued from oblivion that add greatly to 
the value of this volume. 

Some of the subjects — such as John L. Sullivan, et. al., 

may not, perhaps, be of interest to the great majority; but 
the insertion of them seemed absolutely necessary to com- 
pletely fill the demand for a work containing the lives and 
doings of the most prominent American and foreign celebri- 
ties now living. Such subjects will, however, be of interest 
to some, if not to others; and to more fully illustrate this 



PREFACE. 



fact, the perusal of Frank G. Tobey's poem, here giverij will 
more forcibly impress it upon the memory of the reader. 



NOT A LINE THAT NOBODY READS. 



The editor sat in his chair alone— 
A busier person there never was known— 
When in came a farmer, a jolly old soul. 
Whose name for long years had been borne on 

the roll 
Of paying subscribers. He had come into town 
To bring his good wife and some farm produce 

down. 
And having a moment or two he could spare 
Had run in as usual, to bring in a share [gloom 
Of his own inward sunshine, to lighten the 
Of the man of the press and his dull, cheerless 

The editor's smile, as he lifted his eyes 

And saw who was there, was a joyful surprise ; 

And he greeted his friend with a deal of glad 

zest 
For a good chat with him was like taking a rest. 



When at length the old farmer got ready to 

leave 
He said, with a sly Uttlalaugh in hia sleeve, 
" My dear friend,, ther&is one thing I just want 

to say- 
Now please don't get vexed, for you know it's my 

way— [print 

But what. makesj you pnt.in each paper you 
So much that is worthless, do you take the hint ? 
Well, petty mistortunes— and little misdeeds— 
And lots of small matters that nobody reads." 
The editor looked at him square in the face, 
At first a frown, then a smile took its place. 
" My dear friend," he replied, " I'm surprised 

you don't know 
Every line in the paper is read— but it's so ; 
And now, if you wish, I will make my words 

good 
And prove what I say, as every man should. 
I'll put in the very next paper a line 
Or two about you— in coarse print or fine, 
Whichever you choose, and just where you may 

say, 
And if you don't find on the very next day 
That your neighbors all read it, I promise to 

give 
Free subscriptions to you as long as you live." 
'"Agreed," said the farmer, " you shall sing a 

new song ; 
Put it right in the middle oS«ne of those long. 
Fine type advertisements— I never yet knew 
Any person of sense to read one of those 

through ; 
If I hear from it twice, I will bring down to you 
The best load of garden sauce I ever grew." 
Then the "good days" were passed, and the 

farmer went out, 



And the editor laughed to himself without 

doubt 
As he thought of the wager and how it would 

end 
And a nice little joke he would have on his 

friend. 
Then he wrote just two lines, and he ordered 

them set 
In the smallest of type— thinking, " I'll win 

that bet." [fail, 

And he placed them himself, to be sure and not 
In the midst of a close agate real estate sale, 
For to better succeed in his little designs. 
He'd selected a place where to put these two 

lines 
And have them connected with what followed 

and make 
A sentence complete in itself, without break. 
These the lines that he wrote : " Our old friend, 

good James True, 
Who is one of the best men the world ever knew 
Of the well-known Hope Farm "—that was all 

that he said 
About James, but the lines next below these 

two read, 
• "Will be sold very cheap," then went on to 

unfold [sold. 

The beauties and bounds of the estate to be 
The paper was printed. The next day but one. 
The farmer came in, with his eyes full of fun. 
"You have won,"' he began, "just as sure as 

you're born ; 
Whybefore I'd got breakfast ate yesterday morn 
Two or three of my neighbors called purpose 

to see 
What that meant in the paper they saw about 

me. 
(I hadn't seen it yet.) Then during the day. 
Every neighbor that met me had something to 

say 
About my being sold. I was sold very cheap. 
And you did it well, too; it was too good to keep 
So I've told the whole story, and come with all 

speed 
To bring you the garden sauce as I agreed." 
The editor looked from his window and saw 
His friend had brought in all the horses could 

draw- 
All for him ; he declined to accept it, but found 
That his friend would not listen, and was off 

with a bound, 
Saying, cheerily, as he went out—" In your next 
Just say Jim True's preaching, and this is his 

text : 
There is naught in the paper— fruit, flowers, or 

weeds— 
Not a line in the paper that nobody reads." 



iv PREFACE. 

So, indeed, may the readers of this work charitably apply 
the experience of Good Farmer True to the subjects herein 
contained by slightly changing the truism of his text to — 

There's naught in this volume, fruits, flowers, or weeds, 
Not a subject in this book that nobody reads! 

With the above admonition, the writer presents the work 
to the public, with the hope that its perusal will be a source 
of instruction and pleasure to all. 



CONTENTS. 



Abdul Hamid II, Sultan of Turkey, _ _ _ 191 

Abdureahman" Khan, Afghan Ruler, _ _ . - 319 

Abler, Fells, Social Reformer, _ . . . 477 

Agassiz, Alexander, American Scientist, _ _ _ 316 

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, . . . > 142 

Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, . . . . 286 

Algee, R. a.. Statesman, Michigan, _ _ . _ 447 

Anderson, Mart, American Actress, .... 210 

Anthony, Susan B., Female Suffrage Advocate, . . 177 

Appleton, Wm. H., Publisher, . . . . . 482 

Armour, Phil D., Millionaire Pork Packer, _ . 209 

Atkins, John, Commission of Indian Affairs, D. C, . 369 

Bancroft, George, Historian, 121 

Barrt, T. B., Ex-Member Executive Board K. of L., _ 146 

Bartholdi, Auguste, Sculptor of Liberty, _ _ . 247 

Bayard, Thomas F., Statesman, 262 

Beecher, Mrs. H. W., Wife of Eminent Divine, . 32 

Beauregard, Gen., Southern Statesman, _ _ _ 456 

Bell, A. G., Inventor of the Telephone, . _ _ 119 

Belmont, Perry, Member of Congress, . _ . 357 

Benedict, Thomas E., Public Printer, _ . . 341 

Bennett, J. G., Prop. New York " Herald," . . . 405 

Bergh, Henry, Animals' Friend, _ _ . . 227 



i, CONTENTS. 

Bernhardt, Sarah, Actress, 174 

Biggs, Benj. T., Governor of Delaware, ... 449 

BiSM.uicK, Prince, Prime Minister of Germany, . - 37 

Black, John C, General Pension Agent, . . . 161 

Blackburn, J. C. S., U. S. Senator from Kentucky, . . 431 

Blake, Lillib Devereux, Social Reformer, . . .401 

Blair, Henry W., U. S. Senator from N. H., . . 301 

Blanco, Don Guzman, President of Venezuela, . 368 

Blaine, James G., Statesman, 162 

Blodgett, Rufus, U. S. Senator from New Jersey, . 459 

Bonner, Robert, Prop. New York "Ledger," . - 103 

Booth, Edwin, Actor, ...,-. 241 

Booth, Gen. W., Commander Salvation Army, . . 206 

BouLANGER, Gen., French Army, . , _ . . 78 

Bragg, Gen. E. S., TJ. S. Minister to Mexico, . . 229 

Bright, John, Eminent British Orator, _ > . 143 

Brisson, Henri, French Statesman, _ . . . 355 

Brown, John, Oldest Government Employe, . - 309 

Brown, Jos. E., IT. S. Senator from Georgia, . . 409 

Browning, Robert, The Thinker's Poet, ... 230 

Buckner, Simon Bolivar, Southern General, . . 476 

Burdette, Robert G., The Funny Man, . . . 44 

Burke, " Jack," English Pugilist, _ . . . 254 

Butler, Ben. F., Lawyer, Soldier and Statesman, . 46 
Bush, R. T., Owner of Yacht "Coronet," . . .215 

Cable, G. W., American Author Creole Stories, . . 129 

Cameron, Don, U. S. Senator from Pennsylvania, , . 366 

Cameron, Violet, Actress, 435 

Cannon, Geo. Q., Mormon Magnate, . . . .239 

Caeleton, Wm. M., American Poet, "Farm Ballads," etc., 84 



CONTENTS. m 

Carlisle, J. G., Statesman, _ . . _ .155 

Carlisle, Mrs., Wife of Above, . . _ . 156 

Carol I, King of Eoiimania, . . _ . _ 340 

Chadwick, HeisTRY, Father of Base Ball, _ . 187 

Chakg, Li Hung, Prime Minister of China, _ _ 292 

Childs, GrEO. W., Editor Philadelphia "Ledger," . 94 

Christina, Marie, Queen-Regent of Spain, _ _ 314 

Churchill, Lord Randolph, English Statesman, _ 183 

Churchill, Lady, Wife of Above, .... 184 

Clemens, Samuel L., (Mark Twain,) . . . 61 

Cleveland, Grover, President U, S., _ . _ . 537 

Cleveland, Mrs., Wife of Abqve, _ . . . 285 

Cleveland, Rose E., Author, and Sister of the President, 474 

Cody, Wm.F., (Buffalo Bill,) . . . _ . 411 

CoMSTOCK, Anthony, Society for Suppression of Vice, 185 
Collins, William Wilkie, English Author, _ .106 

CoLMAN, Norman J., Commissioner of Agriculture, . 88 

CoLLYER, Robert, Eminent Preacher, ... 422 

Colt, Caldwell H., Owner of Tacht "Dauntless," _ 217 

CooLEY, Thomas M., Judge, Inter-State Commission, . 338 

Couch, Capt. W. L., "Oklahoma Boomer," . . 213 

Courtney, Charles, Oarsman, ..... 397 

CowDREY, W. H., United Labor Candidate for Pres. 1888, 532 

Cox, Samuel S., Oldest Member Congress, ... 377 

Crosby, C, P., Captain of the " Coronet," ... 216 

Crook, George, Brigadier-General U. S. A., _ . _ 264 

Cullom, Shelby M., U. S. Senator from Illinois, . 312 

Curtis, Geo. Wm,, Editor "Harper's Weekly," . . 272 

Cutting, A. K., Texas Imbroglio, . _ . . 220 

Dana, Charles A., Editor New York "Sun," . . 139 



iv CONTENTS. 

Davenport, Fanny, American Actress, . . . 465 

Davies, '' Parson," Sportsman, 255 

Davis, John W., Governor o£ Rhode Island, . - 458 

Davis, Jefferson, Ex-President of Confederacy, . . 498 

Davis, Varina, ''Daughter of the Confederacy,", . 500 

DA"^^TT, Michael, Irish Leader, 293 

Dawes, Henry L., U. S. Senator from Massachusetts, . 290 

De Freycinet, French Statesman, . . _ . 356 

De Giers, Nicholas, Russian Statesman, . _ _ 288 

De Lesseps, Ferd., Suez Canal Engineer, _ . 167 

Depew, Chauncey M., Statesman, _ . . _ 445 

Diaz, Porfirio, President of Mexico, _ _ . 89 

Dickens, Charles, Jr., Public Reader, etc., . . - 440 

Dickinson, Anna, Lecturer and Actress, . . _ 24 

Dickinson, Don M., Postmaster-General, . . . 381 

Dillon, John, Irish Patriot, . . . . . 354 

DoM Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, . . . . 433' 

Donnelly, Ignatius, Author, 384' 

Douglass, Frederick, Colored Orator, . . . 342 

Durham, Milton J., First Comptroller of Treasury, . 358 

Eaton, D. B., Resigned Civil Service Commission, . . 380 

Edgerton, a. p., Civil Service Commissioner, . . 376 

Edmunds, George F., Republican Statesman, . . 320 

Edison, Thomas A., Great Inventor, . . . 42 

Eliot, Charles W., President Harvard College, . . 452 

Endicott, Wm. C, Secretary of War, ... 329 

Ericsson, John, Designer of the " Monitor," . . 235 

Evarts, Wm. M., U. S. Senator from New York, . 321 

Faithfull, Emily, Social Reformer, . . . .450 

Fairchild, C. S., Secretary of the Treasury, . . 196 



CONTENTS. V 

Fairchild, Gen". Lucius, Ex-Governor of Wisconsin, . 260 

Farwell, Charles B., U. S. Senator from Illinois, _ 337 

Ferrt, Jules, French Statesman, . . _ . 242 

Field, Kate, American Lecturer and Journalist, ' _ 81 

Field, Cyrus W., Atlantic Cable Projector, _ _ . 100 

Field, Stepheit J., Judge U. S. Supreme Court, . 359 

FiSK, Clintont B., Prohibition Candidate President 1888, 516 

FoRAKER, J. B., Governor of Ohio, . . _ _ 109 

Fremont, Gen. Johk C, TJ. S. A., ... . 71 

Garland, A. H., Attorney-General U. S., . " . 253 

George, Henry, Political Reformer and Author, . 70 

George I, King of Greece, -_.._. 327 

Gilder, Wm. H., Arctic Explorer, . . _ _ 148 

Gladstone, Wm. E., English Statesman, . . . 34 

Gorman, Arthur P., U. S. Senator from Maryland, . 399 

Gould, Jay, Railroad King, . . . . _ 149 

Grady, Henry W., Editor Atlanta '' Constitution," _ 53 

Graham, Gerald, British General, . _ . . 473 

Graves, Edward 0., Bureau Printing and Engraving, 485 

Greely, Gen. A. W., Signal Service Bureau, _ _ 75 

Gresham, W. Q., Judge U. S. Circuit Court, . _ 91 

Grevy, F. p. J., French Statesman, . . . . 404 

Haggard, H. R., Author " She," Etc., . . . 495 

Hall, Benton J., Patent Commissioner, _ _ . 269 

Halstead, Murat, Editor Cincinnati "Com. Gazette,". 328 

Hampton, Wade, U. S. Senator from South Carolina, . 294 

Harrison, Ben., Candidate for President U. S. 1888, . 551 
Harrison, Carter H., Ex-Mayor of Chicago, _ .172 

Harte, Bret, American Humorous Author, . . 158 



vi CONTENTS. 

Harcourt, Sir Vernon, British Statesman, . - . 379 

Hatton, Frank, Author and Journalist, ... 170 

Harlan, John M., Judge U. S. Supreme Court, . . 330 

Hewitt, A. S., Mayor of New York City, . . 134 

HiscocK, Frank, U. S. Senator from New York, . . 266 

HiTo, MouTZ, Mikado of Japan, . . . . • 233 

Hoar, George F,, U. S. Senator from Massachusetts, _ 848 

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Author and Poet, . . 275 

Howard, Gen. 0, 0., Soldier and Philanthropist, _ . 144 

Howe, Julia Ward, American Author, . . . 132 

Howells, Wm. D., American Novelist and Poet, . _ 107 

Huxley, Prof. T. H., English Scientist and Agnostic,. 68 

Hyatt, James W., Treasurer of U. S 345 



Ingalls, J. J., U. S. Senator from Kansas, 
Ingersoll, Robert J., Lawyer and Lecturer, 
Irving, Henry, Famous English Actor, _ 



244 

52 

372 



Jenks, George A., Solicitor General, .... 336 

Johnston, Gen. Jos. E., Commissioner of Railroads, . 375 

Jones, John P., U. S. Senator from Nevada, . . 283 

Joseph, Francis, Emperor of Austria, ... 223 

Junker, Dr. Wm., Russian Explorer, _ . 394 



Kalakaua, King of Hawaii, 
Kalnoky, Count, Austrian Statesman, 
Kaulbars, Nicholas, Russian General, 
Keely, J. W., The Motor Man, 
Kellogg, Clara Louise, Vocalist, 
KoMAROFF, Gen., Russian General, 
Koch, Dr. R., Famous Cholera Specialist, 



153 

277 
392 
197 
281 
289 
268 



CONTENTS. vii 

Laboucheke, Heney, Editor London "Truth," . . 154 

Lamak, L. Q. C, Judge U. S. Supreme Court, . • . 311 

Lamont, Daniel S., Private Secretary Grover Cleveland, . 104 

Langtey, Lily, Beauty and Actress, _ _ _ 306 

LANSDOWifE, Maequis, Ex-Governor General Canada, _ 267 

Leo XIII, Pope, __...._ 236 

Leopold II, King of Belgium, _____ 347 

Leslie, Mes. Feai^k, Publisher, _ _ _ _ 55 

Lincoln, Robeet Todd, Lawyer, _ _ . _ _ 86 

LocKwooD, Belva a.. Presidential Candidate 1888, _ 521 

Logan, Mes. John A., _.___. 115 

LoEiLLAED, PiEEEE, Tobacco Enterprise, _ _ _ 114 

LoTHEOP, Geoege V. N., U. S. Minister to Russia, . . 226 

Lowell, James Russell, American Author, . . 39 

Luce, Admiral, U. S. K, ...... 344 

Lyman, Chaeles, Commissioner Civil Service, . . 391 

McCaethy, Justin, Irish Nationalist, . _ _ . 166 

MacDonald, Sie John, Premier of Canada, . . 135 

McDonald, Jos. E., Indiana Statesman, _ . . 278 

McGlynn, Rev. E., Ex-Priest, New York, . _ . 28 

Maynaed, Isaac, Assistant Secretary U. S. Treasury, . 390 

Melville, Geo. W., Engineer-in-Chief U. S. N., . 274 

Michel, Louise, Leader French Anarchists, . . 324 

Milan, King of Servia, .-_.__ 304 

MiLBUEN, Wm. H., Blind Chaplain Forty-Ninth Congress, 123 

Miles, Nelson A., Brigadier-General U. S. A., . . 178 

MiLLEE, Joaquin, American Poet, _ _ . _ 164 

MiLLEE, Maey, Woman Captain, .... 453 

Mitchell, Maggie, American Actress, ... 393 

Mulhattan, Joseph, Champion Liar, . . . 332 



vlil CONTENTS. 

Moody, Dvvight L., Great Evangelist, . . - 95 

Moonlight, Thomas, Governor of Wyoming, _ . 21 

Morrill, J. S., U. S. Senator from Vermont, . . 280 

Morris, Clara, American Actress, ... 420 

Morrison, William R., Statesman, Illinois, . . 219 
Morse, Edward S., American Scientist, ... 436 
Morton, Levi P., Republican Candidate V. President 1888, 559 

Most, Herr, Dynamiter and Revolutionist, _ . 212 
Muldrow, Henry L., First Assistant Secretary Interior, . 331 

Nast, Thomas, American Caricaturist, . _ . 204 

Nicholas, Prince of Mingrelia, . . . . 303 

Nilsson, Christine, Swedish Prima Donna, . . 145 

Nordenskjold, Baron, Arctic Explorer, . _ . 221 

Nye, Edgar Wilson (Bill Nye), Writer, . . _ 469 

Oglesby, R. J., Governor of Illinois, . - . 429 

Oscar, Prince of Sweden, . . . . . _ 418 

Paddock, A. S., U. S. Senator from Nebraska, . . 466 
Parnell, Charles, Irish Patriot, .... 50 

Parnell, Mrs., Mother of Above, . . . . 51 

Pasteur, Louis, French Hydrophobia Specialist, . . 222 

Patti, Adelina, Prima Donna, - . . . 120 

Payne, Henry B., U. S. Senator from Ohio, . . 468 

Peck, George W., Humorous Writer and Editor, . 487 

Pennoyer, Sylvester, Governor of Oregon, . . 403 

Phelps, Hon. Wm. Walter, Member Congress, . 438 

Pitman, Isaac, Inventor of Shorthand, . . .189 

Platt, 0. H., U. S. Senator from Connecticut, . . 353 

Playfair, Sir, English Scientist, . . . .455 



CONTENTS. ix 

PoMEROY, " Brick," Journalist, . . . . 181 

Pope, Gen^. John", U. S. A 250 

Porter, David D., Admiral TJ. S. N., . . . 113 
Potter, Mrs. James Browjst, Actress, . _ . ,56 

PowDERLY, T. v.. Head of K. of L., . . . 105 

Proctor, Prof. R. A., Eminent Astronomer, . . 426 

PuGH, Jas. L., U. S. Senator from Alabama, . . 400 

Pulitzer, Joseph, Editor New York "World," . . 186 

Pullman, G. M., Pullman Palace Car Co., . . 175 

Randall, S. J., American Statesman, . - _ . 270 

Ranavalona hi. Queen of Madagascar, . . 291 

Ransom, M. W., U. S. Senator from North Carolina, . 256 

Reagan, John H., U. S. Senator from Texas, . . 300 

Redpath, James, Journalist and Lecturer, . . . 492 

Reid, Whitelaw, Editor New York " Tribune," . 77 

Riddleberger, H. H., U. S. Senator from Virginia, . . 351 

Rea, John P., Commander-in-Chieif G. A. R., . _ 468 

Rodgers, Elizabeth, Female Leader K. of L., _ _ 199 

Rose, Col. Thos. E., Tunnel Escape from Libby Prison, _ 96 

Rosecrans, Gen. Wm. S., Register U. S. Treasury, _ 305 

RossA, O'DoNOVAN, Dynamiter, . v- - - 147 

Rusk, J. M., Governor of Wisconsin, ... 251 

RusKiN, John, Great English Author, ... 297 

Sagasta, Don Pedro Manuel, Spanish Statesman, _ 315 

Sage, Russell, Wall Street Broker, ... . 90 

Samuels, S. S., Captain of " Dauntless," _ . . 218 

Sartoris, Nellie, Gen. Grant's Only Daughter, . . 240 

ScHAEFFER, Jacob, Billiardist, ..... 23 

ScHURZ, Carl, Journalist and Statesman, ... 494 

ScRiBNER, Charles, Publisher, .... 208 



3j CONTENTS. 

Sheridan, Phil, General U. S. A., . . - - 64 

Sherman, John, U. S. Senator from Ohio, . . 194 

Sherman, Gen W. T., U. S. A., . . - - 126 

SiGEL, Gen. Franz, Pension Agent, New York City, •_ 201 

Sitting Bull, Indian Chief, _ . . - - 157 

Small, Sam, Revivalist, . _ . . . - 179 
Smith, Henry, Labor Member Congress from Wisconsin, 173 

Spalding, Al., Base Ball Manager, . . _ 188 

Spencer, Earl, British Statesman, . . . _ 417 

Spencer, Herbert, English Philosopher, _ . _ 131 

Spreckels, Claus, Sugar Monopolist, . . _ _ 491 

Springer, Wm. M., Illinois Statesman and M. C, _ 398 

Spurgeon, Rev. C. H., English Divine, _ _ . 82 

St. John, John P., Prohibitionist, . _ . . 73 

Stanley, Henry M., African Explorer, . _ _ 110 

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Reformer, . _ . 98 

Stevens, Thomas, Around the World on a Bicycle, _ 424 

Stewart, Wm. M., U. S. Senator from Nevada, . 246 

Stowe, Harriet B., Author " Uncle Tom's Cabin," _ 257 
Streeter, a. J., Union Labor Candidate President 1888, 527 

Sullivan, Sir A., Composer "Pinafore," Etc., . _ 202 

Sullivan, John L., American Pugilist, . . _ 388 

Swing, David, Beecher of the West, ... 497 



Talmage, T. DeWitt, American Divine, ... 59 

Tennyson, Lord, English Poet Laureate, . . _ 137 

Terry, Ellen, English Actress, 360 

Thomas, Theodore, Orchestra Conductor, . . 190 

Thurman, Allen G., Dem. Candidate V. Prest. 1888, 544 

Tiffany, Charles, Head American JcAvelry House, . 26 

TiszA, KoLOMAN, Prime Minister Hungary, . _ 234 



CONTENTS. xi 

Trai:n-, George Francis, Eccentric Scholar, ... 180 

Trexholm, W. Lee, Comptroller of the Currency, _ 346 

TsEXG, Marquis, Chinese Statesman, _ . . . 299 

Turpie, D., U. S. Senator from Indiana, _ . > 443 

Tyndall, Prof. John, English Scientist, . . . 407 



Vance, Z. B., U. S. Senator from North Carolina, _ 365 

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, Millionaire, .... 370 

Verdi, Great Italian Composer, . _ . _ 29 

Verne, Jules, French Author, _ . _ . _ 460 

Vest, G. G., U. S. Senator from Missouri, . . 415 

Victoria, Queen of England, _ _ . . . 141 

Vilas, W, F., Secretary of the Interior, . 1 . 350 

ViLLARD, Henry, President N. P. Railroad, . . . 248 

VoN MoLTKE, Chief Marshal of Germany, . . 193 



Walker, Dr. Mary, Woman's Rights Advocate, . .171 

Wallace, Gen. Lew, Author of "Ben Hur," _ . 361 

Wanamaker, J., Philadelphia's Leading Merchant, . 326 

Warner, A. J., Silver Compromise, ... 389 

Watterson, H., Editor Louisville '' Courier-Journal," . 454 

Whitman, Walt, American Poet, .... 48 

Whitney, W. C, Secretary of the Navy, . . 54 

Whittier, John G., Eminent American Poet, . . 101 

Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, Author "Poems of Passion," Etc., 117 

Wilde, Oscar, Lecturer and Esthetic, _ . _ 19 

William II, Emperor of Germany, .... Ill 

WiLLARD, Frances E., Temperance Leturer, . . 151 

Wiggins, E. Stone, Canadian Weather Prophet, . . 116 



xii CONTENTS. 

Wilson, Ephraim K., U.S. Senator from Maryland, . 451 

WiNDTHORST, HoN., German Statesman, - _ . 481 

WoLSELEY, Sir Garnet, British General, - . 169 

Young, James Russell, Journalist, . . . .323 



CAMPAIGN APPENDIX, 601 



The Biographical Review 



PERSONS OF PROMINENCE, 



witli linancidl ffdin iii 



OSCAR WILDE. 

There seems to be nothing more remarkable about Oscar 
Wilde than an intense peculiarity, which his admirers call 
genius, practical-minded folks humbm 
view, and a remaining class 
who call it consummate 
weakness and folly. Mr, 
Wilde's singularity is part- 
ly due to nature, partly to 
affectation, and largely to 
profit by that weakness in 
human nature which causes 
people to run after any new 
and curious thing. 

In this instance, the ob- 
ject of curiosity, confined 
pretty much to people ot 
" society" proclivities, is a 
young man and fairly good 
looking, of gentle blood, 

well-educated, with a won- oscar wildb. 

drous turn to suave and persuasive talk. This noted lectur- 
ing aesthete, through the astute methods of his business man- 
ager, netted quite a large sum of money from his lecturing 
tour through this country a few years ago; especially as pro- 
fessional aestheticism was at a premium in the American mar- 




20 ' THE mOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 

ket at that time. Both English and American caricature had 
been helpful to this substantial result, that of Gilbert and 
Sullivan's "Patience"' most particularly. Between the cari- 
cature and the real aesthete there do appear to be many 
strong points of resemblance, for Oscar Wilde's appearance, 
talk and manners are sufficiently distinct from that of other 
men to give him an individuality which perhaps the most of 
people laugh at but many admire. 

And who is this Oscar Wilde? He is a young. Irishman— 
the son of Sir William Wilde, who was an eminent oculist, 
surgeon-oculist to Queen Victoria; also founder and chief-of- 
staff of St. Mark's Ophthalmic and Aural hospital, Dublin > 
and an eminent archaeologist and author, twice distinguished 
by his election as president of the Royal Irish Academy. 
Not only had the. subject of this sketch such an eminent fa- 
ther, but his mother also was a poetess and novelist, and 
known to fame as "Speranza." 

Born in an enviable social status, Oscar enjoyed the edu- 
cational advantages of his position, but neither at school nor 
college manifested great ability. 

However, since about the year 1882 he has been acknowl- 
edged as the leader of that class of persons in London soci- 
ety who profess to find the secret of life in beauty, and who 
industriously spend their time, or fancy they do, in the en- 
joyment of the beautiful where less gifted mortals fail to 
find it. 

He has published a volume of poetry, which, though severe- 
ly criticised by the press, is not destitute of good verses; but 
on the contrary, the volume contains many poems of merit. 
He probably has been too severely dealt with by the critics, 
who are ever ready to apply the lash to the apostle of any 
new innovation. While lecturing in this country, he usually 
appeared on the platform dressed in full dress coat, white 
vest, black knee breeclies. black silk stockings and low shoes. 
He is now in London editing a paper exclusivelv for women. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



21 



THOMAS MOONLIGHT. 

Born Nov. 10, 1833. 

Col. Thomas Moonlight, appointed by President Cleve- 
land to the position of governor of Wyoming Territory, is 
a Scotchman, being born near Arbroath, Forfarshire. He 
was a sailor boy when he came to this country, quite young 
but full of Scotch grit and determination, and the ambition 
to excel in learning and 
social position. 

Building upon the good 
foundation laid at school 
in his early childhood, he 
made the best use of such 
opportunities as he could 
find for study, and was dil- 
igent and saving. 

In 1857 he settled in 
Kansas, and when the war 
began, in 1861, was estab- 
lished as a farmer in that 
state. He joined the union 
army as a private soldier;| 
when the war ended he^ 
was Colonel Moonjight, in 
command of a regiment of 
cavalry, with the brevet 
rank of brigadier-general. 
After the war he returned 
to Kansas, with which state his interests have been identified 
nearly thirty years. 

General Moonlight's earliest political preference was for 
the Douglas branch of the democratic party, and he adhered 
to the democrats until after the convention of IS 64, which 
declared the war a failure. As a republican, he was elected 




THOMAS MOONLIGHT. 



C2 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

in 1808 to the office of secretary of state. After serving out 
liis term of two years, in which he assisted in securing the 
establishment of a branch of the state normal school at 
Leavenworth, the city of his residence, he returned to the 
democratic fold. 

His services to his party, particularly since 1 870, have been 
of extraordinary value. Mr. Moonlight was a state senator 
in 1872, and was re-elected to that ofhce two years later. In 
1880 he was elected president of the state convention which 
appointed delegates to the national democratic convention 
of that year, and was a presidential elector -at-large on the 
Hancock and English ticket. He worked hard for his can- 
didates, and his services are believed to have increased by 
many thousands the democratic vote, in a state which was 
then overwhelmingly republican. 

To the action of General Moonlight is attributable in a 
large measure the nomination and election of Gen. Glick, 
the first democratic governor of Kansas. In 188-1 he was 
again a presidential elector-at-large, and in the campaign in 
behalf of Cleveland and Hendricks, he even exceeded his 
energies and triumphs of four years previous. He was nom- 
inated for governor of Kansas, and although defeated, he 
polled one hundred and sixteen thousand votes — the largest 
democratic vote ever cast in Kansas. 

Mr. ^Moonlight was an applicant for another position, but 
the president, it is said, was so favorably impressed with him 
that he selected him for the ottice of governor, wnich posi- 
tion expires December 30, 1890. The former incumbent, 
Francis S. Warren, was found to be involved as an offender 
against tlie law prohibiting the fencing of public lands, and 
was therefore suspended. George W. Baxter, son of the 
late Judge Baxter of Tennessee, was named as Warren's suc- 
cessor, but it was discovered later that he too had fences not 
permitted by law, and so was forced to ^'decline" in favor of 
Mr. Moonliglit. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, 23 

JACOB SCHAEFER. 

Born Feb. 2, 1855. 

The champion billiardist, Jacob Schaefer, is a Western 
man of German descent. He tirst came into prominence 
about 1880, since which time he has made great progress in 
his mastery of the game. 

Cool and daring, he never plays so well as when elated by 
success, and his boldness 
often leads him to attempt 
feats that other men would 
avoid. 

In the Chicago tourna- 
ment of a few years ago, 
he defeated every oppo- 
nent^ in one game making 
an average of forty, the 
highest on record. 

In the game with Vig- 
naux,the French champion ^^^t|l 
billiardist, the opinion that^^ 
had generally prevailed ! 
was in favor of the French- 
man, but Schaefer disap- 
pointed expectation, and|^ 
won the championship of ''cf^ 
the world. '^'^^^^^^i^^^^^^^^^ 

In this contest the first jacob schaefek. 

fine playing was made by Yignaux in the fifth inning, when 
he ran up to one hundred and thirty-nine, and displayed mar- 
velous coolness and skill in driving and holding the balls in 
position. At this Schaefer was fairly aroused and went in 
for business, making a run of two hundred and twenty before 
taking his seat; he won the championship of the world and 
a five-hundred-dollar ffokl emblem. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



ANNA E. DICKINSON. 

Born Oct. 28,1842. 
The chilhood of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson was one of 

trial, loneliness, poverty and disappointment, but by the power 

of her own indomitable will and courage combined with rare 

genius, she has struggled against and overcome every 

obstacle. 

The vices, follies and trivial weaknesses which have cast 

a shadow over the names 

of many noted and noble 

women, she had avoided, 

through all her temptations 

and discouragements, and 

had maintained a moral 
purity and probity of char- 
acter which adds not only 
lustre to her fame but hon- 
or to her sex. 

She is a native of the 
city of Philadelphia. Way- 
ward, headstrong, intense- 
ly earnest and imaginative, 
as a child, no attempt was 
made to "break her will.'' 
Solomon's proverb met 
with at least one glorious 
exception, for though the 
rod was here spared, the ^^^^ ^- ^^^ckinson. 

child was not spoiled. Owing to her mother's limited means, 
she was educated at the free schools of the society of Friends, 
and the taunts of her better dressed companions, in regard 
to the lack of elegance in her wearing apparel, seemed to 
sting and goad her on to strong and noble energies for the 
bettering of her condition. Wlion about twelve years of age, 




I 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL nEVIEV/. 25 

she entered Westown " Boarding School of Friends;" and 
remained two years; from here she went to the "Friends' 
Select School " In Philadelphia, where she pursued a dozen 
branches of study at a time, yet seldom failed in a recitation. 
At fourteen she published an article on slavery, in the 
"Liberator." At seventeen she left school and began the life 
work which has been blessed with such glorious results. A 
remark, which slie made about this time to the committee- 
man of a country school, aptly illustrates her independent 
spirit. He had told her that the position she was about to 
fill had formerly been occupied by a man at a salary of 
twenty-eight dollars a month, but that they would not pay a 
girl more than sixteen. 

Something in his manner aroused the rebellious spirit 
within her, and she replied, with great vehemence: "Sir! 
Are you a fool, or do you take me for one ? Though I am 
too poor, to-day, to buy a pair of- cotton gloves, I would 
rather go in rags than degrade my womanhood by accepting 
anything at your hands." 

After a few efforts in the line of speech making at the 
meetings of the "Progressive Friends," she was invited to 
speak in Mullica hall, New Jersey, in April, 186*0. Her 
subject was " Woman's Work." At this meeting, and also 
many that followed at which s!i3 spoke, she created a pro- 
found sensation. Her earnestness of manner, the cogency 
of her arguments, her entire forgetfulness of self, held the 
audiences spell-bound, and she seemed to be able to rouse 
them to enthusiasm or fill their eyes with tears, at will. Uer 
success was assured, and speech after speech followed in 
rapid succession, for which she received a hundred dollars a 
night. As a campaign speaker she did wonders. Wherev- 
er she went, the halls were packed. Her vigorous efforts 
during the contest between Seymour and Buckingham in 
Connecticut, during the war, may well be ranked among the 
crowning glories of her life. 



,y, THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Her name was on every lip; gifts were showered upon her; 
she was serenaded wherever she went, and even thie democrats 
tore off their party badges and substituted her likeness. For 
her lecture on the night preceding the victory of the repub- 
licans she received four hundred dollars. 

Miss Dickinson has attempted the stage during recent 
years, appearing in her own and in Shakespearean plays, but 
her success has not been marked, and the press advised 
lier to hold fast to the platform, where she has achieved so 
much. 

She however started out again, playing Hamlet, Lady 
Macbeth, and other Shakespearean roles. 



CHARLES TIFFANY. 

Born about 1825. 

The head of the world's retail jewelry business (Tiffany 
and Company), is Charles Tiffany, a native of the state of 
New York, 

When a young man he was partner in a store for the sale 
of fancy ^stationery, and has continued in business ever since, 
adding to the scope of his stock as circumstances directed 
his enterprise. From the days of Tiffany, Reed and Company 
to the present time is a long period, during which a humble 
beginning had developed into the business done by the stock 
company of Tiffany and Company, the greatest retail jewelry 
house in the world. The headquarters are in New York, 
in a splendid building opened about the year 1875, and 
covering three numbers in the Union square. 

It is divided into three grand departments, and as many 
floors. On the first is the jewelry department; second, the 
bronze department; and the third, the porcelain department. 

In this splendid store is the largest stock of its kind in the 
world, computed to be five times as large as that of any 
similar place of business in London or Paris. Tiftany and 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 27 

Company have an establishment in Paris and another in Ge-' 
neva, Mr. Tiffany is an affable, pleasant old gentleman, 
usually to be seen in the New York house at any time during 
business hours. Mr. Charles Cook acts as manager. By 
those who know him best he is described ae a wonderful 
business man. Still young, he is a member of the company, 
a man of wealth, and be- 
gan as a boy at Tiffany's 
with a salary of three 
dollars a week. More than 
money-getting is practiced 
in the establishment which 
above all other business 
places is the pride of New 
Yorkers. It includes as 
one of its very complete 
practical departments, that 
which virtually answers 
the purpose of a school of 
design. 

Under Mr. Whitehouse's 
superitendence^ young 
men are taught and practic- 

,, 1 • „ , 1 • 1 i. CHARLES TIFFANY. 

ed in art as applied to 

jewelry, with results which are gratifying especially as they 

are advantageous to the country as well as the individual. 

Mr Whitehouse is an English gentleman who has been in 
the employment of the firm a good many years. He design- 
ed the Bryant vase, which was the subject of unstinted praise 
at the time of its production. 

The prosperity of Mr. Tiffany and his associates is largely 
due to the fact that while making no pretence to sell more 
cheaply than competitors, and seeking no reputation of this 
kind, their customer is sure to find that what he has bought 
is exactly as represented to him. 




THE BIOdRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



EDWARD M'GLYNN. 

Born in 1837. 
Dr. McGLYNNwasone of the most popular priests in the 
oitv of New York, not only with catholics but with people 
of all denominations. The difficulty between the reverend 
g-entleman and his superiors arose from the peculiar views of 
Dr. McGljnn on the land question, which are the same as 

those held by the celebrat- 
ed Henry George and his 
adherents. 

The Rev. Edyvard Mc- 
Glynn, D. D., is a native 
of the city of New York, 
where he received the rud- 
iments of his scholarship 
at one of the public gram- 
mar schools. 

At the age of fourteen 
he was sent by Archbishop 
Hughes to the college of 
the Propaganda in Rome, 
where he remained several 
years. 

In the last year of his 
studies he was transferred 
to assist in the establish- 
ment of the American C*)l- 
lege in Rome, of which in- 
stitution he was for a time acting vice-president. He was 
ordained at the early age of twenty-two and a half years, and 
received at the same time his degree of doctor of divinity. 
Some months later he sailed for his native country, and un- 
dertook active ministerial duty in the city of his birthplace. 
After lioldiug two ap])ointment8 he was assigned to the mil- 




EDWARD M GLYNN. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 29 

itary chaplain ship of the Central Park hospital, in the city of 
New York, which he held during three years of the war of 
the rebellion. 

On the death of the Rev. Dr. Cummings he became the 
parish priest of St. Stephen's, one of the largest places of 
worship in the city of New York. When the local authorities 
of the church instituted a system of parochial schools. Father 
McGlynn remained alone among catholic priests in his ad- 
hesion to the public school system, and he did not advise 
the people of his parish to withdraw their children from the 
public schools to put them in parochial schools. 

Dr. McGlynn was also a friend of the land league when 
it lacked friends. Later he was one of the first men of note 
to join the labor party headed by Henry George. The the- 
ory of taxation as advocated by Henry George has also been 
endorsed by the subject of this sketch. 



GIUSEPPI YERDI. 

Born in 1814. 

The great Italian composer, Giuseppi Yerdi, who revolu- 
tionized lyric enthusiasts by his opera of •' Othello," is the 
son of an innkeeper, and was born at Rancola, in the Duchy 
of Parma, Italy. He received his first lessons in music from 
an organist in Milan, where he lived from 1833 to 1836. 
He afterward studied diligently under Lavinga, and in 1839 
published his earliest work, a musical drama entitled "Ober- 
to di San Banifacio." 

Verdi's principal compositions are serious operas, and the 
" Lombardi," one of his first productions, made a strong im- 
pression throughout Italy, and laid the foundation of his 
fame. His best and widest known operas are: "Nabucco;'' 
" Ernani," founded on Victor Hugo's tragedy "Duo Fosca- 
ri;" "Macbeth;" "Masnadieri," founded on the the " Rob- 



.;., THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

bers " of Scliiller; -Louisa Miller;" '' Rigoletto;" '^11 Tro 
vutore;" "La Traviata;" " Un Balloin Maschero;" and 
'' -Don Carlos.'" 

The "Masnadieri" was produced in 1847, with Jenny 
Lind as heroine, proved a failure in London, though it has 
since been successfully received in Italy. "II Trovatore'' 
and " La Traviata " have had great success not only in Italy, 

but in Germany, France, 
and England. 

Signor Verdi's more re- 
cent operas are ' ' Giavan- 
no d'Arco" in 1868, '.'La 
Forza del Destino " in the 
following year, and "Aida" 
in 1874. 

Verdi regards "Othello" 
as his greatest work. The 
libretto, which follows the 
tragedy of Shakespeare as 
closely as possible, is from 
the pen of Boito, who is 
known in America as tlie 
composer of "Mefistofele." 
Verdi was elected a 
member of the Italian par- 
liament in 18G1, and in 
GiusEPn VERDI. 1871 he went to Florence 

in order to assume the post offered him by the Italian minis- 
ter of public instruction, for the improvement and reorgani- 
zation of the Italian Musical Institute. Verdi, who is a mem- 
ber of the legion of honor, was elected corresponding mem- 
ber of the Academy des Beax Arts in 1859, and was made 
grand cross of the Kussian order of St. Stanislaus in 1862; 
and honor after honor in quick succession were bestowed up- 
on this great Italian composer by many nations. In 1874 




I HE BIOOBAPHICAL REVIEW, 31 

Victor Emmanuel created Signor Yerdi an Italian senator. 
To speak of Verdi personally, it is said his favorite occupa- 
tion is farming when he has anytime to spare for it. He is 
as much at home in crops and cattle and agricultural opera- 
tions of all sorts as he is in counterpoint and thorough base. 
The farmers in the vicinity of his villa, at La Agata, look up 
to him as an authority on all questions connected with the 
cultivation of the soil, and he is daily to be seen on the 
grounds of one or another of his neighbors, giving advice 
or directing the laborers in their tasks, in which he is not 
above lending a hand himself when occasion requires. 

Verdi's nature is two-sided, and while in a circle of tried 
and genial friends he is as genial and jovial as a young -Bo- 
hemian triumphant and radiant with his first success, to vis- 
itors actuated by curiosity he is frequently morose and sus- 
piciouSi He is loath to a6cord friendship readily, but when 
he becomes a friend he is loyal and faithful. Any parade of 
his celebrity is very distasteful to him. 

During the preparations for the premiere of "Othello, "no 
one was admitted to interview him; and it is owing to his 
self-contained and reclusive nature that no complete biogra- 
phy of the composer has, ever been written. 

It is a difficult matter to know the real Verdi; he can on- 
ly be judged by his works. He has always been a devoted 
patriot, and he has demonstrated his love of country and his 
sympathy with the cause of freedom not only in a j)ractical 
way, but by the sentiments expounded in many of his won- 
derful compositions. 

The subject of "Othello" has frequently tempted the 
greatest of operatic composers; and it is intimated that Ver- 
di has, himself, considered the theme since 1855. Truly, an 
evidence that genius is not to be forced, tie realized that the 
subject was a massive and difficult one. Although the words 
of this opera were written by Boito in 1884, Verdi did not 
complete his arduous task until 1887. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



MRS. HENRY WARD BEECHER. 

Borii in 1812. 
The devoted wife of the late Rev. Henry Ward Beecheris- 
a native of the state of Massachusetts, and of English descent, 
and is the daughter of Dr. Bullard, a physician. 

Mr. Beecher was at Amherst college at the same time that 
her brother was, who invited young Beecher to his home. 

Then Miss Bullard met 
Master Henry for the first 
time, when the young lady 
was seventeen years of 
age. The lovers were en- 
gaged for seven years, not 
being married until 1S3T, 
when Mr. Beecher was pas- 
tor of a church at Law- 
renceburg, Indiana, h i s 
first charge. For two years 
after their marriage they 
<- lived quietly at Lawrence- 
burg, when they removed 
to Indianapolis, remaining 
there for eight years. 

After that time he was 
engaged as pastor of Ply 
mouth church, Brooklyn. 
Of Mrs, Beecher's ten 
children only four are living— one daughter and three sons. 
The daughter, who is t!ie eldest of the four, is the wife of 
the Rev. Samuel Colville, of Stamford, Connecticut. Colonel 
Henry B. Beecher, the eldest son, served in the regular army 
during the war. He afterwards entered the lumber business, 
and is now an insurance agent having an office both in New 
\ ork and Brooklyn. Mrs. Beechers second son is an attor- 




MRS. H. W. BEECHER. 



THE BIO GBAPEICA L RE VIE W. 33 

torney, doing a business in the city of New York and resid- 
ing in Brooklyn. Herbert Foote Beecher, the third son, is 
captain of a mail steamer on Pnget Sound, Washington Ter- 
ritory, and has his residence at Seattle in the same terri- 
tory. 

Since about 1870 Mrs. Beecher has contributed articles, 
chiefly on domestic subjects, to various periodicals. Many 
of these have been published in book form, making three 
volumes. She has also written a work entitled "Letters 
from Florida." 

Her book, "From Dawn to Daylight," so named by the 
publisher, contains reminiscences of her first years as a min- 
ister's wife. It was written with no thought of publication, 
but to beguile the weary hours of a tedious sickness; and 
when the author had been persuaded to place it in the hands 
of a publisher, it was nameless. 

Only a small edition was printed, but the work was well 
received, and friendly criticisms were quite numerous. As, 
unfortunately, the publisher failed shortly after its produc- 
tion, arrangements were not made for its publication in a 
second edition. This book is the one' respecting which the 
rumor has been circulated that it was suppressed by Mr. 
Beecher, But there is no truth whatever in this statement 
of the case. 

The portrait of Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher presented in 
this article is from a recent photograph by Sarony, which 
fails to give, it is but in justice to say, that pleasing anima- 
tion which appears in the eminent lady's countenance when 
she is in company. 

Her constant devotion to her husband was worthy of emu- 
lation. She removed from his shoulders many of the world- 
ly cares that fall to the lot of a public man. The letters 
received by the eminent divine, consisting of begging letters 
and correspondence of every description, were generally an- 
swered by Mrs. Beecher. 



SA 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 



WILLIAM EWAKT GLADSTO^T. 

Born Dec. 29, 1S09. 
"Probably no one, past or present."' writes Justin McCar- 
thy. *«had in combination so many gifts of voice, manner, 
fluency and argument, reason and passion, as Gladstone." 

Beginning his career as an orator, Gladstone, the greatest 
of living statesmen, has achieved an unrivaled reputation as 
a parliamentary speaker, the intense gravit}' and earnestness 

minds of his 



ither 



oi his utterances carrying conviction to the 
hearers. In over fifty years of publir- life lit 
stigated or participated in a 
series of measures which 
have caused a most admir- 
able change in the English 
laws and government, the 
most notable being the ex- 
tention of the franchise to 
every man who has an es- 
tablished home. 

The only predecessors in 
English statesmanship who 
can approach him, are Pitt 
and Peel. But the periods 
of their fame were but 
short-lived in comparison 
with the half-century of 
Gladstone's public life, 
whose triumphs have all 
been triumphs of peace. .^illiam e. Gladstone. 

He was born at Liverpool — an Englishman by birth, 
but of Scotch descent. His father was a wealthy merchant, 
who acquired a large fortune in the West India trade. 

He was educated at Eton and the University of Oxford, 
and graduated before attaining the age of twenty-two years.' 




THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 3-5 

He entered parliament in IS 32 as a member for jSTew. 
ark, jS'ottingliamshire, wliieli borough be continued to repre- 
sent until lSi6. During these rears honors fell profusely on 
the head of the youthful commoner, '• Handsome Glad- 
stone," as he was called. At this time he was a constant con- 
tributor to the "Quarterly Review,"' chiefly on literary and 
ecclesiastical subjects. 

In 1834, he was made junior lord of the treasury; and 
three months later, under-secretary for colonial affairs. 
In 1841, Mr. Gladstone was made vice-president of the 
council and master of the mint. In 1843 he relinquished the 
first-named of these offices in order to assume that of presi- 
dent of the board of trade. In 1845 he entered the cabi- 
net as secretary of the colonies, under the premiership of 
Sir Robert Feel; but soon resigned this office and also his 
seat in parliament. In 1851 Mr. Gladstone broke away from 
the conservative party. The following year he became chan- 
cellor of the exchequer, a position for which he showed a 
marvelous aptitude, handling the national accounts with an 
easy mastery, and presenting them before the house of com- 
mons and the country with a degree of eloquence which per- 
haps had never before adorned so unattractive a matter as 
national finance. 

In 1858 Mr. Gladstone declined a position in the cabinet, 
but accepted a special mission to the Ionian Islands. In 
June, 1859, he again became chancellor of the exchequer, 
under Lord Palmerston, at whose death, in 1865, Mr. Glad- 
stone became the leader of his party in the house of com- 
mons. In 1868 he became premier for the first time, which 
office he held until 1874, when the conservative reaction dis- 
placed him. While in power he disestablished the Irish 
church, passed the Irish land bill of 18 TO, and also an edu- 
cational reform bill; he abolished the purchase of commis- 
sions in the army, and established the system of voting by 
ballot in elections. 



36 THE BIOGRArmCAL BE VIEW. 

In 1S80 the country welcomed the liberals back into pow- 
er, and Mr. Gladstone again become premier, which office 
he held until 1886, with the exception of brief intervals. 
Under this great statesman's leadership, the permanent 
f-ood that has been accomplished in English domestic reform 
is most remarkable. 

In 1839 Mr. Gladstone was married to Miss Catherine 
Glvnne. Two of his sons are members of parliament; a 
thiitl son is clergyman of the church of England; and one of 
liis daugliters is married to a minister of that denomination. 

Hawarden Castle, near Chester, in Flintshire, now the 
beautiful home of Mr. Gladstone, came into his possession 
through his wife. The ancestors of this lady have owned 
the property for more than a century; her family is a very 
ancient one, tracing its Welsh descent to about A. D. 830. 
Mr. Gladstone has constructed an addition to the castle, 
where he has his study, which he calls his "temple of peace." 
It contains fifteen thousand volumes, and of this storehouse 
of knowledge any resident visitor is allowed, on entering his 
or her name in a book kept for the purpose, to borrow at 
pleasure. The apartment contains three tables, one of which 
^Ir. Gladstone uses when busy with political work and cor- 
respondence; another is reserved for literary work; and the 
third is used by Mrs. Gladstone, who is her husband's constant 
helper. The grand old park of the castle, of two hundred and 
fifty acres in extent, abounds in fine trees and rhododendrons, 
which in spring form masses of bloom; its banks and glades, 
richly timbered, afford splendid views of the Plain of Ches- 
ter and the glorious hills of Fordsham and Peckforton. 

The villagers regard Mr. Gladstone almost in the light of a 
patron saint, and speak proudly of his prowess as a wood- 
chop]>er, in which he equaled the late Horace Greeley. Like 
Mr. Greeley, he took this form of exercise late in life, but he 
has developed a skill which is astonishing. Mr. Gladstone 
Is a devout man, and when at his country seat, reads a por- 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



37 



tion of the service of the morning prayer in the parish church 
of which his son is minister. 

As a statesman, Mr. Gladstone is stronger now than ever 
before, his efforts in the amelioration of the Irish being ap- 
plauded on both sides of the Atlantic, His personal power 
and magnetism seem unlimited, so great is the confidence of 
the majority of the British people in his integrity, sagacity 
and capacity; and if a few more years are spared this ener- 
getic statesman, his supremacy and power will be still more 
manifested in the admirable reforms he is now engaged in. 



PKINCE BISMAKCK. 

Born April 1, 1815. 
The unification of Germany, and the political greatness of 
Prussia and the empire, are ascribed to the sagacity and 
statesmanship of Bismarck, 
which has justly made him 
famous. He guides the for- 
eign policy of the empire 
and also administers the 
domestic affairs of state 
with vigilance and fore- 
sight. 

Karl Otto Yon Bismarck 
Schonhausen, unquestion- 
ably one of the greatest and 
most notable men of the 
century, was born at Schon- 
hausen, April 1st, 1815. 
Having studied jurispru- 
dence at the universities of 
Berlin and Gottingen, he bismaeck. 

lived in retirement for some years on the paternal estate in 
Pomerania. He married in 1817, and soon afterwards began 




3S THE BIOaHAPHICAL EEYIEW. 

the piirliamcntarv ]K.'ri(Kl of his career, as a member of the 
constituant assembly of Prussia. From 1851 to 1859 he 
was minister plenipotentiary of Prussia in the diet of the Ger- 
manic Confederation at Frankfort-on-the-Main. Having 
chari^e of the Prussian j)ress bureau while at Frankfort, he 
was enabled through it and by ever}' other means available 
to prepare the way for Prussia to become the leading Ger- 
man power. He was also working quietly to the outcome 
which re-made the map of Europe. In 1859 he was sent as 
the Prussian ambassador to the court of St. Petersburg, where 
he remained until 1802, wdien he was transferred to the cor- 
responding position in Paris. On Sept. 23 of the same 
year he was made minister of foreign affairs in Prussia. 

Bismarck's long-cherished project of making Prussia the 
real head of Germany, resulted in a declaration of war against 
Austria, when Austria's strength was broken at the terrible 
battle of Sadowa. The North-German Confederation was 
formed, of which he was chancellor from 1867 to 1870. 

When the German empire took the place of the Confeder- 
ation in 1871, he became chancellor of the empire, and was 
also given the title of "Prince," the highest title that can be 
attained by him as a minister. It was undoubtedly his mas- 
terly policy, which placed Prussia at the head of the Ger- 
man states, crushed the French empire, and consolidated 
Germany into the leading power of the European continent. 

The domestic policy of Bismarck has not been equally suc- 
cessful with his foreign. He is somewhat opposed to the 
progress of liberalism in Germany, which steadily opposes 
him and outvotes his party at the polls. 

Under Bismarck, Germany is a vast barrack, and the work- 
ing people of the empire groan under the enforced military 
service, enormous taxation and low wages. 

Bismarck, the minister of "iron and hre," has a gentle side 
to his nature, and is most affectionate and genial in his social 
and domestic relations, and is a believer in Christianity. 



THE BIOGSAPEICAL BE VIEW. 39 

There is a little story in Count Beust's memoirs about Bis- 
marck which deserves to be recalled: "What do you do," he 
asked Count Beust, "when you are angry and grieved^ Don't 
you find it a relief to destroy something when you are angry? 
I was over there once," he pointed opposite — to where the 
emperor lives, — "and I flew into a rage. In going out I 
slammed the door and pulled the key, which I took with me 
into Count Lehndorf s room and threw into the basin, which 
flew into a thousand pieces. Count Lehndorf asked: 'Are you 
ill?' I was. That cured me." How natural is this, and how 
childlike! But what a blessing it would be if statesmen could 
always cure their anger by smashing a basin! Sometimes, like 
Lord Eandolph, they smash a cabinet; or, like Mr. Chamber- 
lain, a party. But even these modes of relief are innocent 
compared with the usual methods of emperors and kings, 
and of Demos himself, all of whom find war occasionally 
necessary as a .vent for their spleen. 



JAMES KUSSELL LOWELL. 

Bom Feb. 22, 1819. 

James Kussell Lowell, the distinguished American poet, 
ex-minister to England, and professor of Belles-Lettres at 
Harvard University, was born on Washington's birthday, at 
' ' Elmwood, " in Cambridge. His family came from England, 
settling in Massachusetts in 1639. His father was the Rev. 
Charles Lowell, for many years the pastor of the West Church 
of Boston. The Hon. John Lowell, grandfather of the subject 
of this sketch, was a lawyer of eminence and one of the fram- 
ers of the Constitution of Massachusetts; indeed, it was he who 
inserted therein the words "All men are created free and 
equal^" and, after the Constitution had been adopted, held 
in the courts that under it no man could beheld in bondage. 
This led to the abolition of slavery in that state. 



40 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BEVIEVr 



Mr. Lowell was married in 1844 to Miss Maria White, of 
Watertowii.a lady who had written some beautiful little poems. 
Of the several children of the couple, all died in youth with 
the exception of one daughter, who subsequently became 
Mrs. Edward Burnett. In 1852 he returned from Europe, 
after traveling, with his first wife, in England, Italy, Switzer- 
land and France; but that lady died the following year. 

In 1854 he delivered a course of twelve lectures in the Low- 
ell Institute in Boston, to large audiences, on the subject of 
British poets. In 1855 he was appointed professor of litera- 
ture to succeed the late Mr. 
Longfellow who had resign- 
ed; he did not take his 
seat, however, until 1857, 
devoting the interim to 
study in Europe. 

When the ^^ Atlantic 
Monthly" was started by 
the leading literary men of 
Boston in 1857, Mr. Low- 
ell w-as made the editor-in- 
chief. 

He was also married in 
this year to his second 
wife, Miss Frances Dunlop, 
of Portland, Maine, with 
whom he visited England 
in 1S73. 

He was oflPered the Austrian ministry, but refused it; he 
subsequently, in 1870, accepted the Spanish portfolio, and from 
there was transferred, in 1880, to the English Court of St. 
James, which position he held until 188G. 

^Ir. Lowell received the rudiments of his education from a 
private tutor, and at a classical institute in Boston, and enter- 
ed Harvard college at the age of sixteen. He graduated at 




JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 41 

the age of nineteen, and was the class poet. He then entered 
the law school, and took the degree of LL.D. in 1840, and 
opened a law office in Boston, He published a small vol- 
ume of poems, entitled "A Year's Life," when but twenty-two 
years of age. He then published the "Pioneer," but it ex- 
isted only three months, although it contained contributions 
from Foe, Hawthorne, and others of like ability. He has also 
written for the "Miscellany," "Putnam's Monthly," and is a 
contributor to many of the best magazines. His writings are 
eagerly looked for, and contain many sparkling gems. 

In 1844, "A Legend of Brittany," "Prometheus," and 
some sonnets and miscellaneous poems, appeared in one vol- 
ume. The third collection of Mr. Lowell's poems appeared in 
1848, which was a most prolific year, for it gave to the world 
the first series of his "Bigelow Papers," the "Vision of Sir 
Launfal," and the "Fable of Critics." "Fireside Travels" 
appeared in 1864. His latest published volume of collected 
poems, with the title "Under the Willows," was issued in 
1868. This volume contained his "Commemorative Ode," 
which has been considered Mr. Lowell's greatest poem, though 
the one he read beneath the "Washington Elm," July 3, 
1875, is perhaps its superior. 

Among his later successful poems are "The Cathedral" 
and a second series of the "Bigelow Papers." Mr. Lowell 
has written much fo.r the press, and has edited the poetical 
works of Marvell, Donne, Keats, Wordsworth, and Shelley 
for the collection of poets. 

In 1881 a new edition of his complete works, in five vol- 
umes, was published. He received in person, at Oxford Uni- 
versity, during his sojourn in Europe in 1872 to 1874, the 
degree of D. C. L. 

Since his last return from Europe, he has resided at Deer- 
field Farm, with his daughter, — now the wife of Congress- 
man Edward Burnett. Here he does Ins writing, and never 
a day without accomplishing some literary work. 



42 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

THOMAS A. EDISON. 

Born Feb. 11, is::. 

Thomas Alva Edison, the wizard of Menlo Park, America's 
greatest inventor, has risen like a meteor, and shines with the 
steady glow of the fixed stars. Daily he adds to his triumphs. 
With an irresistible force he overcomes all obstacles, solving 
problems that have been declared by scientists to be insolvable. 
His birthplace is Milan, Ohio. At twelve years of age he began 
his career as a train-boy, soon having four other train-boys 
in his employ. He published a weekly newspaper on the train, 
it being the only journal that was ever printed on a railway 
train — a fact noted at the time by the London ''Times." 
Telegraphy from the first took great hold upon him, and 
having one day snatched a station-master's child from in 
front of an approaching train, the grateful father taught him 
telegraphy; and from that time he became a systematic stu- 
dent. His ready ingenuity suggested all sorts of adaptations. 
One day the ice jam broke the cable between Port Huron 
and Sarnia (on the Canada side); the river at that point being 
a mile and a half in width, all communication by telegraph 
was cut off. Young Edison seized the valve of an engine 
that controls the whistle, which he tooted into long and short 
notes, like the dots and dashes in telegraphy. '' Hallo, Sar- 
nia, do you get mef he tooted; no answer. ''Hello, Sarnia, 
do you hear what I say?" A third and a fourth time the 
message was sent over, and finally came the answer from an 
engine on the other side; the connection had been made, and 
communication easily carried on until the cable was repaired. 

Edison's many inventions are legion, but his phonograph, 
megaphone, the quadruplex and duplex systems of tele- 
graphy, his telephone — which alone netted him over one 
liundred thousand dollars,— the electric railway and incan- 
descent electric light, are but a few of the best known of his 
most wonderful and valuable inventions. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



He now promises to place before the world his phono- 
graph or •• talking machine," perfected in such a manner as 
to faithfully record sounds of the human voice — utterances 
that can be readily reproduced many times. 

The invention is also announced of a submarine telegraph, 
designed especially to prevent collisions at sea. 

Mr. Edison resides at Menlo Park, Xew Jersey, where he 
continues his experiments and inventions in the application 
of electricity in the me- 
chanical arts. His patents 
relating to telegraphy num- 
ber nearly a hundred. 

Edison was married in 
1873 to Miss Mary Still- 
well, of Newark. An inci- 
dent of the honeymoon is 
related to show how ab- 
sorbed this inventor be- 
comes in his work. He was 
taxing his mind on some 
problem, oblivious of the 
fleeting hours, but roused 
himself and wearily asked 
the hour; "-Midnight," was 
the reply. ••Then," said 
this illustrious inventor, 
to-day." 

"When Edison's phonograph was first exhibited at the Acad- 
emy of Sciences, a murmur of admiration was heard, which 
was succeeded by repeated applause. Some of the skeptical 
members started the rumor that the Academy had been 
mystified by a clever ventriloquist, and repeated experi- 
ments were required to convince these incredulous persons 
that no chicanery was used, and that the ••talking machine' 
could be readily manipulated by anyone. 




THOilAS A. EDISON. 



I must 2:0 home. I was married 



THK lUiniHAVHlCAl. REVIEW 



KOBEKT J. lUUDETTE. 
Horn July 30, 1S34. 

KoBEKT J. I^iKOKiTK, oiio of tlio luost oriirinrtl and pro- 
litio lunnoroiis writers of to-dav, was born in the little vil- 
la^> of Greeiisborough, Green County, Pennsylvania, on the 
80th of July, 1844, which incident, he says, ••interested me 
about as little as any event that ever occurred." 

In 184(» his parents emigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, and six 
years later removed to Peoria, Illinois, lie was there edu- 
cated, graduatiniT at the 
high school. 

In the summer of 1802, 
he writes, "at the tender 
age of eighteen, I was in- 
vited by President Lin- 
coln, in a proclamation is- 
sued about that time, to 
save the country. I did so. 
I entenni Company •C 
Forty-seventh Illinois In- 
fantry, as a private gentle- 
man, and put down the i^e- 
bellion with a musket lon- 
ger than myself, for I was 
brief of stature, being but 
five feet three inches short. 
I Sieved my cvnmtry, al- kobert j. bi-rpetts. 

though I have not got a deed for it yet. Tlie government 
wouldn't pn.>mote me, and couldn't reiluce me; sol held my 
rank steadily— which is more than some generals did." 
^ After the close of the war, he was appointed clerk in the 
Ptvria postoffice, occupying that position for two rears. 
He subsequently entereil journalism as a proof-reader on 
the Peoria " Transcript," afterwards becoming night editor. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 45 

The editor of the "Transcript " had no faith **in my so- 
called humor," and on one occasion he said," Yonng man, I 
want you to learn to walk before you try to prance;" and at 
another time he said, ' ' See here, young man. when I want 
anything funny in the paper 111 write it myself." 

O I 4th, 1870, Eobert J. Burdette was married to 

Mi.^., Ca-rrlc; S. Garrett, a Peoria lady, « the best and sweet- 
est little woman in all the wide, wide world." From this 
time on, so much of her hand and influence ran not only be 
tween but in the lines of his work, and he says that what- 
ever he wrote should have been .signed ••Robert and Carrie 
Burdette." 

At this time he started an evening journal, the Peoria '-Ee- 
view," of which he says •• the gods loved it, though the ad- 
vertisers didn't, and in one short year it died," but it estab- 
lished his reputation as a humorist. 

In 1874, he was engaged on the editorial staff of the Bur- 
lington '• Hawkeye" as city editor: later on he wrote the po- 
litical editorials; soon afterwards becoming the managing 
editor, giving rnucli of his time to the humorous department, 
winch gained for himself and the journal a world-wide repu- 
tation. Mr. Burdette"s fine literary abilities are not confin- 
ed to making mankind laugh: as a political ^\-riter he has 
few equals, and can accomplish a great variety of literary 
work in a comparatively short space of time. He started 
lecturing in 1876, and has since been one of the drawing 
cards of the platform. lie has written several humorous 
books which have attained fair circulations: but they have not 
been as successful as his lectures, which have always been 
attended with financial success. 

In 1884 he severed his connection with the •• Hawkeye.'" 
being engaged on the Brooklyn ••Eagle," the only journal 
with which he is now connected. In 1879 he removed to 
Philadelphia, and since 1882 has resided at Ardmore. 

Mr. Burdette's wife, "Her Little Serene Highness," died 



4G THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

in 188-i, wliicli was and is the groat sorrow of his life, for 
he writes: "The first tlirob of literary ambition, my earliest 
and later successes, so far as I have been successful, what- 
ever words of mine men may be pleased to remember most 
pleasantly, whatever earnestness and high purpose there is 
in my life, whatever inspiration I ever had or have that en- 
ters into my work and makes it more worthy of acceptance, 
I owe to the gentlest, best and wisest of critics and collabo 
rators — a loving, devoted wife. And if ever I should win 
one of the prizes which men sometimes give to those who 
amuse them, the wreath should be placed, not on the head 
of the jester who laughs and sings, but on her who inspired 
the mirth and the song." 



BENJAMIN F. BUTLER. 

Born Nov. 5, ISIS. 

In mental attainments Benjamin Franklin Butler stands 
pre-eminent among the great men of America. A most gen- 
erous, large-hearted man, the willing friend of the needy — a 
fact apt to be lost sight of in the cognizance of his persist- 
ency of will, defiant self-assertion and uncommon courage in 
the expression of his opinions. Indeed, he has alwa'ys been 
very popular with the working classes, and undertakes with- 
out charge, the cause of the poor and oppressed ; in fact, it 
is said that a fee was never accepted for any of the many 
hundreds of claims that have been adjusted by him. 

Benjamin Franklin Butler was born in Deerfield, New 
Hampshire. His father, John Butler, commanded a cavalry 
company in tlie war of 1812, afterwards commanding amer- 
cliant vcssi'l. on board of which he died in 1819, w^hen 
Benjamin, the subject of this sketch, was but a few months 
old. As a child he was very frail, and much given to the 
perusal of books. His mother, wishing him to become a bap- 
tist-minister, sent him to Waterville (Maine) college. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



47 



During the course at college one of the professors deliver- 
ed a lecture which set forth that only one in one hundred so- 
called christians would be saved. Butler thereupon remark- 
ed that at that rate but six persons in the college could ob- 
tain salvation, and as there were nine doctors of divinity in 
the institution, it would be folly for outsiders to attempt to 
obtain salvation. The faculty, appreciating the humor of 
his remarks, saved him from expulsion. Graduating from 

this college in 1838, he at 

once took up the study of 
law, teaching school in the 
meantime to eke out his 
income. He was admitted 
to the bar in 1840, and 
from that time his career 
has been marked and very 
brilliant, not only as a 
most successful lawyer but 
also as a soldier and states- 
man. 

In 1853 he was elected 
as a member of the house 
of representatives of Mas- 
sachusetts, and six years 
later became a state sen- 
ator. 
Entering the federal army with the rank of brigadier-gen- 
eral when the civil war broke out, he was promoted to ma- 
jor-general in May, 1861. He effected quietly the occupation 
of Baltimore, whence he marched to Fortress Monroe, and, 
having completed his duties there, assisted Admiral Farragut 
in the capture of New Orleans. Butler subsequently admin- 
istered the government of that city with a firmness that, as 
was natural, increased the confidence already felt in him by 
Union people everywhere, but evoked the undisguised hatred 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLEE. 



48 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



of tlic more rabid secessionists. His services in the cause ot 
the Union will go down in history. 

In 1.S03 he liekl command in the states of Virginia and 
Nortli Carolina. Ben. Butler was returned to congress as a 
republican in 18G6, and re-elected consecutively to the three 
following congresses. Being an eminent lawyer, learned and 
fertile in resources, his career in congress was distinguished 
by his extraordinary ability in debate. 

He was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1882, which 
position was won after two failures to achieve it. He is now 
a member of the democratic party, but has the confidence 
of a large number of voters who do not attach themselves to 
either of the great political organizations. 



WALT WHITMAN. 

Born May 31, 1819. 

Whatever the critics may say of the poems of Walt Whit- 
man, their perusal produces the feeling that there is a certain 
something in them which rivets the attention and commands 
respect. Who has read his later poem, "With Husky, Haughty 
Lips, Oh Sea," without being struck with its solemnity? There 
is no one who has stood, alone, upon the sea shore, on a 
stormy day, but has experienced the feelings that are embod- 
ied in that poem. The sea, the wonderful awe-inspiring 
theme that has called forth the enthusiasm of not only the 
subject of this sketch, but also of such illustrious poets as 
Byron, Tennyson, Cervantes, and others. 

His birthplace is Huntington, Louisiana, but he passed his 
youth in the cities of New York and Brooklyn, receiving but 
a common school education. He worked in a printing office 
when a young man. 

Engaging as a volunteer nurse in the war of the Kebellion, 
it is said that during the course of the war he attended to the 



i 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 49 

wants of a hundred thousand wounded soldiers, treating both 
confederates and federals alike. He suffers from partial par- 
alysis caused by this severe labor, and is entitled to a pension, 
but has steadily refused to make application for it. 

He has written a book of prose, entitled " Specimen Days 
and Collection, "but his crowning work is "Leaves of Grass," 
which was commenced in 1855, and completed in 1882. 

"Perhaps, the best of a song heard, or of any or all true 
love, or life's fairest episodes — or sailors', soldiers' trying 
scenes on land or sea — is 
the floating resume of them, 
long afterwards, " writes 
the subject of this sketch. 
"And although, from a 
worldly point of view, the 
'Leaves of Grass' has been 
worse than a failure, I now 
look upon it as my definite 
carte visite to the coming 
generations of the New 
World,* if I may assume to 
say so. It spans those thir- 
ty eventful years from 1850 
to 1880 — a floating resume 
of the marvelous events of 
America's history." ^^^t whitman 

"Leaves of Grass" is, or seeks to be, a faithful record of the 
author's thoughts, in song, — solely of America and to-day. 
He now lives in a little house, owned by him, situated in 
Camden, N. J., near the Delaware. He continues to write a 
little for different magazines, and still retains his buoyancy 
of spirit and cheeriness. 

*Wlien Champollion, on his deathbed, handed to the printer the revised 
proof of his Egyptian Grammar, he said, gayly,'-^Be careful of this, it is 
my carte de visite to posterity. " 




50 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW 



CHARLES STEWART PARXELL. 

Born in 1846. 
The great Irish statesman, Charles Stewart Parnell. was bora 
at Avondale,Coimty of Wicklow. He was educated at and grad- 
uated from the Magdalene College of Cambridge, England. 
Parnell was made high sheriff of Wicklow in 1874, and the 
following year was sent to parliament from Meath, from 
which county he was re- 
turned for three constitu- 
encies: 

In 1879, Mr. Parnell was 
elected president of the Ir- 
ish National Land League, 
in the formation of which 
he had taken part; the ob- 
ject of the League being 
the reduction of rents, and 
to facilitate the obtaining 
of the ownership of the soil 
by the occupiers. 

In 1880, Parnell visited 
the United States, lectur- 
ing in all of the princi- 
pal cities; he also address- 
ed the house of repre- chaeles stewart parnell. 
sentatiA'es at Washington. The result of his visit created a 
feeling which crystallized itself in the formation of the Grand 
League Associations, which have proved the main financial 
support of the home organization. 

He has been twice arrested for his connection with the 
land league, which has been declared illegal. The jury dis- 
agreeing on the first trial, he was discharged; the second ar- 
rest (October, 1881), as a " suspect," he was sent to Kilmain- 
ham jail, but was released in the following May. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



51 



Mr. Parnell's policy in the leadership of his party, has 
been to obstruct business in the house of commons, and to 
unite with the home rule question an agitation against the 
high rents paid by the Irish tenantry. In this way he has 
united the common people of Ireland in his favor, and made 
it no longer possible for the English to ignore the demand 
for home rule. 



MES. PAENELL. 

The fact is not generally known that the mother of Charles 
Stewart Parnell, the "Uncrowned King of Ireland," as he 
is ofttimes called, is an Amer- 
ican lady. 

Mrs. Parnell is the daughter 
of Commodore Stewart, of the 
United States navy, who com- 
manded the old frigate "Con- 
stitution," which captured sev- 
eral English vessels in 1812. 
The Constitution was called 
"Old Ironsides," and this was 
the "name given to the Stewart 
estate at Bordentown, E", Y. 

Mrs. Parnell has always 
been a zealous supporter of the 
liberty of Ireland, and in the 
Irish National League she has 
ever been an active worker. 

The high respect with which 
she is held may be judged from the fact that, upon one occa- 
sion, at a meeting for Ireland in the Academy of Music in 
New York, when she appeared in one of the boxes, the whole 
house rose to its feet to do her homage. 




MRS. PARNELL. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



ROBERT J. INGERSOLL. 

Born in 1833. 
Robert J. Ingersoll was born at Dresden, New York. 
His family removed to Illinois when he was twelve years of 
age, where he was educated, studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar; here he also entered the political arena as a dem- 
ocrat, being nominated for congress in 1860, but was de- 
feated. Two years later he entered the army, was taken 

prisoner but was exchang- 
ed. Returning to civil life 
he became a republican, 
and in 1868 was made at- 
torney-general of Illinois. 
At the republican con- 
vention in 1876, in propos- 
ing Mr. Blaine's name for 
the presidency, his speech 
aroused general attention 
for its eloquence and pow- 
er, and since that time Col. 
Ingersoll has been promi- 
nent before the country as 
an orator. His skepticism 
to Christianity and bible 
views has given him much 
celebrity. 

Col. Ingersoll now resides in Washington, where he has a 
lucrative and extensive practice; indeed, it is said that he re- 
ceived one hundred thousand dollars in the Star Route trial. 

IngersolPs numerous lectures and eulogies have attracted 
attention throughout the United States as emanating from a 
brilliant mind. "In my judgment," he says, "slavery is the 
child of ignorance. Liberty is born of intelligence. • • • • All 
I claim, all I plead for, is simply liberty of thought." 




ROBERT G. INGERSOLL. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



53 



HENEY W. GKADY. 

Born in 1840. 

Henky W . Grady, a native of Atlanta, Georgia, received 
a thorough collegiate education. After engaging for some 
years successfully in business, his ambition turned to jour- 
nalism. He v^as the leading writer of several popular news- 
papers, and became the Georgia correspondent of the New 
York "Herald." His writings through a series of letters under 
the title of "Sheep, Gold, and Oranges," proved to be the 
means of reopening indus- 
tries to the southern classes 
which were at the time in 
a drooping condition. Sub- 
sequently he became the 
editor and part owner of 
the Atlanta "Constitution" 
which is now one of the 
most influential organs of 
tlie South. Numerous ar- 
ticles are contributed by 
him on Southern subjects- 
to both "Harper's" and 
the "Century Magazine," 
which have attracted na- 
tional attention. 

The writings of Mr. Gra- 
dy generally carry convic- 
tion, being both forcible and impressive; he is also a most 
brilliant and forcible speaker. Indeed, he is destined yet to 
occupy some higher public position than he now enjoys. 

The influence of the Atlanta "Constitution" in political 
affairs is widely felt throughout the southern states. Its 
doctrines advocate the closer unison of the North and South 
in all things that tend to the prosperty of the nation. 




HENEY W. GEADY. 



54 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY. 

Born in 1839. 
William Collins Whitney was born in 1839 at Conway, 
Mass. He is a graduate of Yale College' and attended the 
Harvard Law School, graduating therefrom in 1865. He 
finally settled in New York, there becoming popular as a 
party leader, at the same time being the foremost in the or- 
ganization of the now famous "Young Democratic Club," 
and was also most active in opposition to the Tweed Ring. 

So vigorous and determin- 
ed were his onslaughts that 
he attracted the attention 
of the great reformer, Sam- 
uel J. Tilden, and was ma- 
terially assisted by that 
sage in all his subsequent 
efforts. He has held num- 
erous public offices, which 
have been filled with great 
credit to himself and to 
the entire satisfaction of 
the public. 

IMr. Whitney has been 
one of the warmest and 
most intimate of friends of 
Grover Cleveland since 

WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY. -.oco 4-4-1, 4.- J.^ 

1882, at the time the pres- 
ident was a candidate for governor of 'the Empire state; and 
when Mr. Cleveland became president, Mr. Whitney was 
made a member of his cabinet as secretary of the navy. 

Mr. Wliitney is reputed to be wealthy. He is an ardent 
lover of horses, takes his drives daily, and is somewhat of a 
sportsman. As secretary of the navy, Mr. Whitney has shown 
great executive ability in naval affairs. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



55 



MKS. FRANK LESLIE. 

Mrs. Frank Leslie is one of the leading lights of the 
American newspaper world, her numerous publications tak- 
ing as much enterprise and executive ability as is required 
to run ii metropolitan daily. She was born on a southern 
plantation in the French quarter of New Orleans, and comes 
of Huguenot stock. At twenty she could speak live lan- 
guages fluently, and was well versed in literature. She mar- 
ried Mr. Leslie when he 
was well advanced in years, 
and succeeded him in the 
Frank Leslie Publishing 
House. The firm was in sore 
financial distress at the time 
of his death, being fifty 
thousand dollars in debt, 
which was liquidated by her 
in a very short time. 

Mrs. Leslie is one of the 
most handsome and attrac- 
tive women in New York. 
She has a clear complexion 
and large wonderful gray 
eyes with dark and curl- 
ing lashes; they are ready 
alike with a smile or a tear, and are radiant with expression. 
Mrs. Frank Leslie has traveled extensively, being gener- 
ally acco7iipanied by artists. She has given the world much 
knowledge and pleasure from the perusal of her sketches and 
the many illustrations that have appeared from time to time 
in her numerous publications. She signs all checks and 
money orders, makes contracts, looks over proofs, writes 
articles, and is virtually at the head of the house — one of 
the largest in America, yielding an enormous income. 




MRS. FRANK LESLIE. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 



MRS. JAMES BROWN POTTER. 

March 29, 1887, Mrs. James Brown Potter made her de- 
but, as an actress, in the London Hajmarket theater. The 
play was taken from a story by Wilkie Collins, she tak- 
ing the part of Anne Sylvester, a poor and persecuted gov- 
erness. Her acting was crude, but rough and unpolished as 
it was, there was power; in her earnestness there was the 
best of nature's gifts, the 
germ of a true emotion. 
The declaration of Anne's 
innocence was noble, wo- 
manlike and touching. 

There was a true ring of 
emotion in the voice when 
Anne yields up her miser- 
able life on the altar of 
friendship, and the final 
determination to cling to 
tlie dying man was full of 
truth and beauty. Mrs. 
Potter has for the past 
few years been known as 
an amateur actress and elo- 
cutionist, and one of the 
leaders of society both in 
Washington and New York. 
for some time by the reading of Mr. George R. Sim's poem, 
"'Ostler Joe," by Mrs. Potter, at a private entertainment 
given at the house of Secretary Whitney. The poem, which> 
is given in full, undoubtedly teaches a great moral lesson. 
It appeared at the time in many of the leading American 
newspapers, and called forth much criticism and comment. 
It is announced tliat slie will appear as a star actress, dur- 
ing 1888, in the principal cities of the Union. 




MRS. POTTER. 

Society was put all in a flutter 



TEE BIOGEAPEICAL REVIEW. 57 

'OSTLEK JOE. 

I stood at eve, as the sun went down, bj a grave where a woman lies, 
Who lured men s souls to the shores of sin with the light of her wanton eyes: 
Who sang the son^ that the siren sansr on the treacherous Lurley height, 
Whose face was as fair as a summer day and whose heart was black as nigh;. 

Yet a blossom I fain would pluck to-day, Irom the garden above her dust- 
Not the languorous lily of soulless sin, nor the bloo 1 red rose of lust; 
But a sweet white blossom of holy love, that grew in the one green spot 
In the arid desert of Phryne's life, where all was parched and hot. 

In the summer, when the meadows were aglow with blue and red 

Joe, the 'ostler of the Magpie and fair Annie Smith were wed. 

Plump was Annie, plump and prt tty, with a cheek as white as snow, 

He was anything but handsome, was the Magpie's 'Ostler Joe. 

But he won the wins me lassie. They'd a cottage and a cow, 

And her matronhood sat lightly on the village beauty's brow. 

Sped the months av d came a baby, such a blue-eyed baby boy ; 

Joe was working in the stable when t ey told him of his joy. 

He was rubbing down the horses, and he save them then and there 

All a special feed of clover, just in honor o the heir. 

It had been his great ambition, and he told the horses so, 

'That the fates would send a baby who might bear the name of Jo . 

Little Joe, the child was christened, and like babies, grew apace ; 

He'd h s mother's eyes of azure and his father's honest face, 

:Sw:ft the happy years went over, years of blue and cloud ess sky, 

Love was lord of that small cottage and the tempests passed them by. 

Passed them by for years, then swiftly burst in fury o'er ' heir ome. 

Down the lane by Annie's cottage chanced a gentleman to roam; 

Thr ce he came and saw her sitting by the window with her child, 

-And he nocded to the baby,.and the baby laughed and smiled. 

5o at last it grew to know him — little Joe was nearly four. 

He would call the " pretty gemplin," as he patsed the open door; 

And one day he ran and caught him, and in child's-play pulled him in; 

And the baby Joe had prajei for brought about the mother's sin. 

""Twas the same old wretched story that for ages bards have sung, 

''Twas a woman weak and wanton and a villain's tempting tongue, 

"'Twas a picture deftly painted for a silly creature's eyes, 

'Of the Babylonian wonders and the joy that in them lies. 

Annie listened and was tempted, she was tempted and she fell, 

As the angels lall from 1 eaven to the blackest depths of hell; 

She was promised wealth and splendor and a life of guilty sloth, 

Yel.ow gold for child and husband, and the woman le.t them both. 

Home one eve came Joe ihe 'Ostler, with a cheery cry o£ "Wife." 

Finding that which blurred forever all the story of his life. 

She had left a si ly letter — through the cruel scrawl he spelt, 

Then, he sought the lonely bedroom, joined his horny hands and knelt. 



.58 . THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 

"Now O Lord, O God, forgive her, for she ain't to blame," he cried, 

" For I owt't a seen her trouble and gone away and died ; 

Why, a wench like her, God bless her, twasn't likely as her'd rest 

With that bonny head f arever on a ostler's ragged vest. 

" It was kind o' her to bear me all this long and happy time. 

So for my sake please to bless her, though you count her deed a crime: 

If so be I don't pray proper, Lord, forgive me, for you see 

I can talk alright to 'osses, but I'm nervous-like with Thee." 

Ne'er a line came to the cottage from the woman who had flown : 

Joe, the baby, died tha winter, and the man was left alone. 

Ne'er a bitter word he uttered, but in silence kissed the rod 

Saving what he told the horses, saving what he told his God. 

Far away in mighty London rose the woman into fame 

For her beauty won men's homage and she prospered in her shame. 

And from lord to lord she flitted, higher still each prize she won. 

And her rivals paled beside her as the stars beside the sun. 

Next she made the stage her market, and she dragged Art's temple down 

To the level of a show place for the outcasts of the town. 

And the kisses she had given to poor 'Ostler Joe for nought 

With their gold and costly jewels rich and tilled lovers bought. 

Went the years with flying footsteps while the star was at its height 

Then the darkness came on swiftly, and the gloaming turned to night, 

Shattered strength and faded beauty tore the laurels from her brow: 

Of the thousands who had worshipped never one came near her now. 

Broken down in health and fortune men forgot her very name, 

Till the news that she was dying woke the ec loes of her fame : 

And the papers in their gossip mentioned how an "actress" lay 

Sick to death in humble lodgings, growing weaker every day. 

One there was who read the story in a far off country place, 

And that night the dying woman woke and looked upon his face ; 

Once again the strong arms clasped her that had clasped her long ago, 

And th weary head lay pillowed on the breast of 'Ostler Joe. 

All the past had he forgotten, all the sorrow and the shame, 

He had found her sick and lonely, and his wife he now could claim 

Since the grand folks who had known her one and all had slunk away, 

He could clasp his long lost darling and no man would say him nav. 

In his arms death found her lying, in his arms her spirit fled : 

And his tears came down ia torrents as he knelt beside the dead: 

Never once his love had faltered through her bad unhallowed life: 

And the stone above her ashes bore the hallowed name of wife. 

That's the blossom I fain would pluck to-day, in the garden above her dust. 
Not the languorous lily of soulless sin, nor the blood red rose of lust. 
But a sweet white blossom of holy love that grew in the one green spot 
In the arid desert of Phryne's life wnere all was parched and hot. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



THOMAS DE WITT TALMAGE. 

Born Jan. 7, 1832. 

Thomas De Witt Talmagb, one of the best known clergy- 
men in America, is also a most noted lecturer, having deliv- 
ered lectures not only in the principal cities of the Union, 
but also in England. His sermons are generally delivered 
ex tempore, and the pitch he sometimes works himself and 
his audience is ascribed to this fact. The sermons are report- 
ed and published in many of the leading religious and secular 
newspapers on both sides of the Atlantic. 

He was born at Bound 
Brook, a small town about 
equidistant from NewYork 
and Philadelphia. He com- 
pleted his education at the 
New York University, and 
graduated in 1853. He 
then entered the Theolog- 
ical Seminary of Kew 
Brunswick, N. J., and in 
turn graduated therefrom 
in 1856, being then in 'his 
twenty-fifth year. 

His first appointment 
was as pastor to the Dutch 
Reformed church at Belle- 
ville, N. J., subsequently 
KEV. TALMAGE. bccomiug conncctcd Math 

the Dutch Reformed church at Syracuse, IST. Y., serving that 
congregation about three years. He was then, in 1862, called 
to serve as pastor of the Second Reformed church of the city 
of Philadelphia. 

Mr. Talmage first became connected with the Central 
Presbyterian church of Brooklyn. IST. Y., in 1869, and it was 




00 THE BIOGIIAPHICAL REVIEW. 

while serving as its pastor that he became famous. In the 
following year the Brooklyn Tabernacle, with a seating ca- 
pacity of nearly four thousand, was erected by his congrega- 
tion, but it was destroyed by fire on December 22, 1872. 
This was a severe blow to Talmage and his congregation, 
but the same year a new structure arose, phoenix-like, from 
the ashes, with a seating capacity of fully five thousand per- 
sons — the largest protestant church in America. This vast 
edifice is maintained solely by voluntary subscriptions, no 
pew rents being charged. 

Mr. Talmage organized a lay college, open to all denom- 
inations, for instruction in philosophy, logic, and general 
literature; also for instructions in natural and systematic 
theology, sacred history, the evidence of Christianity, and the 
interpretation of Scripture and sacred rhetoric. 

In 1874 Mr. Talmage became editor of the " Christian at 
Work," and succeeded in giving it an extensive circle of 
readers. In addition to the four volumes of his sermons al- 
ready published, he has written a number of other books. 
The more notable of these works being his "Abominations 
of Modern Society," which appeared in 1872, and in 1875 
"Every Day Religion" was published, both books being ex- 
tensively read throughout the world. 

His work on '^ Daily Thoughts" has been widely read, 
and it contains much food for reflection, being a work that 
has been written in a masterly manner. 

This eminent divine's life has not only been a busy one, 
but also very useful in the propagation of truth. His works 
are highly appreciated, from a religious standpoint, not only 
in this country, but also in Europe ; and w^ienever on a lec- 
turing tour, his presence is always greeted by remarkably 
large audiences. Yet, although his years number over three 
score, he is still a hearty and well-preserved man^ and many 
years he undoubtedly will enjoy in ministering to his congre- 
gation, who regard their pastor with reverence and love. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



61 



SAMUEL L. CLEMENS. 

[MARK TWAIN.] 
Born Nov. 30, 1835. 
Samuel L. Clemens is much better known to tlie reading 
public as "Mark Twain. " Over or under the latter name he has 
provoked a greater number of smiles than has any other half 
dozen American writers. A solemn visaged person, no one 
seeing him without knowing his identity would ever suspicion 
him as being the arch humorist he is. 

He condenses all his 
smiles into the point of his 
pen, for few are ever seen 
to illumine his counte- 
nance. Mr. Clemens had 
a varied and trying expe- 
rience before he was able 
to turn his capital of inimi- 
table humor into the very 
handsome fortune he now 
enjoys. His birthplace is 
Florida, Monroe County, 
Missouri. The pen name 
of this American humorist 
was suggested by the tech- 
nical phraseology of Miss- 
issippi navigation, where 
in sounding a depth of two 
fathoms the leadsman calls out to "mark twain." His early 
education was meagre, and at thirteen he was apprenticed to 
the trade of a printer. His restless American temperament 
soon exhibited itself, and he traveled from place toplace,tind- 
ing employment as a compositor for the newspapers. In 




SAMUEL L. CLEMENS. 



e2 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

1855 be took service on a Mississippi river steamboat, of 
wbicb be became pilot. 

Tbis occupation enabled bim to observe many strange and 
picturesque pbases of life, some of wbicb be bas described in 
bis volume, entitled "Life on tbe Mississippi." 

In 1865 be went to San Francisco, occupying a position 
as reporter on tbe Morning Call. He tben tried gold mining, 
but baving no success, be returned to San Francisco, and 
resumed newspaper work. He tben spent six montbs, in 
1866, in tbe Hawaiian islands, but returned to tbe United 
States, and delivered bumorous lectures in California and 
Oregon; and tben returning to tbe East, be publisbed "Tbe 
Jumping Frog and Otber Sketcbes. " 

In 1867 be joined a party of religious tourists, making a 
voyage to Egypt and Palestine, and paying brief visits to 
France, Italy and tbe Levant. The entertaining recoiid of 
tbis journey was publisbed in* 1869 under tbe title of "Tbe 
Innocents Abroad; or, Tbe New Pilgrim's Progress." Tbe 
book achieved a remarkable success, and Mark Twain be- 
came famous tbe world over. In five years from tbe diate 
of its publication, tbe aggregate sale of tbe author's works 
exceeded 240,000 copies. 

For a time be was editor of a daily newspaper, "Tbe Ex- 
press," published in Buffalo, N. Y., where be -also married a 
lady possessed of a large fortune. In 1872 be visited 
England, giving several bumorous lectures. A London 
publisher made a collection, in four volumes, of his humor- 
ous papers, adding, however, many which the author asserts 
were never written by bim. In 1874, he produced in New 
York a comedy, "The Gilded Age," which had a remarkable 
success, owing mainly to the personation, by Mr. Kaymond, 
of the leading character, "Col. Mulberry Sellers. " Mark Twain 
is a frequent contributor to the magazines, and in addition to 
tbe books mentioned above, has published, "Roughing It" 
(1872), "Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876), "Punch, Broth- 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 63 

ers, Punch" (1878), "A Tramp Abroad" (1880), "The Prmce 
and the Pauper" (1882), "The Stolen White Elephant " and 
other tales in 1882, and " Life on the Mississippi" in 1883. 
He has been a resident of numerous cities of the United 
States, but now resides at Hartford, Connecticut, where he 
does his literary work, and superintends the publication of 
his numerous books. 

In 1885 he brought out Gen.U. S. Grant's "Memoirs," the 
share in the profits accruing to Mrs. Grant . from the pub- 
lication, under a contract signed by Gen. Grant before his 
death, amounted in 1886 to $350,000, which was paid to 
her in two checks, of $200,000 and $150,000. 
- In speaking of the late Benjamin Franklin, he misquotes 
him as saying "Never put oflJ" till to-morrow what you can 
do after to-morrow just as well," and says Benjamin Frank- 
lin early in life prostituted his talents to the invention of 
maxims and aphorisms calculated to inflict suffering upon 
the rising generation of all subsequent ages. "His maxims 
were full of animosity towards boys. Nowadays a boy can- 
not follow out a single natural instinct without tumbling 
over some of those everlasting aphorisms, and hearing from 
Franklin on the spot. 

"If a boy buys two cents' worth of peanuts, his father 
says, ' Remember what Franklin has said, my son: A groat 
a day 's a penny. a year,' and the comfort is all gone out of 
those peanuts. If he wants to spin his top when he has work 
to do, his father quotes: ' Procrastination is the thief of 
time.' If he does a virtuous action, he never gets anything 
for it, because ' Yirtue is its own reward;' and that boy 
is hounded to death and robbed of his natural rest, because 
Franklin once said, in one of his inspired flights of maligni- 
ty: ' Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy and 
wealthy and wise, ' " 

Mark Twain's works have been re-published in England, 
and translations of the principal ones in Germany. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



GEN. PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN. 

Born March 6, 1831. 
This great warrior and statesman, the commander-in-chief 
of the United States army, is of small statue. He was one 
of the most dashihg officers during the war of the Rebellion, 
and was the idol of his men, to whom he imparted much of 
his vim. 

Born of Irish parents at Somerset, Ohio, Sheridan, as a boy, 
had but few opportunities. The family was poor and his 

school days were few. 

He was always a leader 
among his associates, bow- 
ever. His time when not 
at school or engaged in do- 
ing chores, was largely de- 
voted to the juvenile show 
business, where a charge 
of from three to five pins 
constituted the admission 
fee. Phil was invariably 
the "slack-rope perform- 
er,"' and if a menagerie was 
attached he performed the 
feat of going into the 
"lion's den," which was a 
large box with wooden slats 
nailed on the front side and 
generally contained two or three dogs and a number of cats. 
He also took a great fancy to drilling, and had a company of 
eighteen or twenty of his playmates. His old playmates and 
the older people generally say he has a mania for riding vic- 
ious horses, and, although young and small for his age, he 
never found a horse he could not manage. Phil was known 
as a good-dispositioned, manh^ boy. but was as wild as any 




GEN. PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN. 



THE BIOGRAPHIOAL REVIEW. 65 

of them, and stood ready to assert his boyhood at any time 
with bare knuckles if necessary, though he was by no means 
quarrelsome. An old resident who is full of reminiscences 
of Phil tells this story of his early days: 

" Phil was a little bit of a fellow, but I guess he whipped 
every fighting lad in Somerset. He became early in life a^ 
most daring horseback rider. His first experience as a cav- 
alryman was on the bare back of an ugly beast without a 
strap of leather anywhere about liim. The horse started in- 
to a terrible run and did not halt until he came to a tavern 
some miles away. There he ran in the stable-shed. Sher- 
idan hung on like an Indian and did not seem to be in the 
least frightened. When asked how he had managed to stick, 
the five-year old answered: 'I'd been told how to do it. I 
just hugged his neck and stuck my knees in his side.' No 
one had ever before succeeded in clinging to the horse's 
back." 

At the age of twelve Phil went to work, being employed 
as a clerk in the dry goods business until 1847. 

While preparing himself for the academy he came near 
never seeing West Point. While lying on his bed at night, 
tired out after his day's work in the store, he was hard at his 
studies, a lighted candle standing near the bed. Gradually 
his eyes grew heavy, the book slipped from his grasp, and 
he fell asleep. . In some way the candle fell and set the 
bed on fire, and he barely awakened in time to save himself 
and the building. 

At the age of seventeen, he was admitted to West Point. 
While there he was put back a year for whipping a higher 
classman. Thus it took him five years to graduate, but still 
he was only 22 when he came out, graduating in 1853. After 
graduation he was assigned to the frontier in Texas, whence 
lie was transferred to Oregon, where he was stationed at the 
breaking out of the civil war. 

He was then appointed quartermaster of the army of South- 



63 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

western Missouri, and in April, 1S62, cliief-cjuarterraaster of 
the western department. The following May he was made 
colonel of the second Michigan volunteers cavalry; was com- 
missioned brigadier-general of volunteers in July of the 
same year; and after a brief period he was put in command 
of the eleventh division of the army of the Ohio. A divi- 
sion of the army of the Cumberland was commanded by liim, 
and at Stone River saved the army from rout by his stubborn 
resistance. For his gallant conduct he was made major-general 
of volunteers, and on the fourth of August was appointed to 
the command of the middle military division, and sent to 
operate against the Southerners in the Shenandoah Yalley. 
His assaults upon the army's position at Five Forks (April 11, 
186-1) and Sailors Creek, being particularly brilliant. 

In November, he was made major-general of the United 
States army. Then joining General Grant's army at City 
Point, whence he started, March 25, 1865, to strike the final 
blow for the overthrow of Lee's army. On June 3d of the 
same year, Sheridan was assigned the command of the 
military division of the south w^est, and on June 17 that of 
the Gulf. 

In 1867 he was assigned to the fifth military district by 
Johnson, and to the department of the Missouri shortly after. 
In 1869 he became, by promotion, lieutenant-general; and 
upon the retirement of Sherman, became commander-in- 
chief. 

The recent outbreaks among the Indians of the southwest 
necessitated his presence, with Gen. Miles, upon the field of 
hostilities. 

The name of Gen. Philip Sheridan has been put forward 
as a candidate for the presidency of the United States. The 
gallant general, however, does not wish to figure at all in the 
coming contest; but he is assuredly very popular, and a man 
that could be implicitly trusted with so important an office as 
that of President of the United States. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 67 

Gen. Sheridan's serious sickness of 1888 filled many a 
veteran's heart with sadness, for he was a general favorite 
everywhere in the army. While commanding his regiment, 
the second Michigan cavalry, he showed the mettle of which 
he was made. 

He was a fighter, and that is why he was so popular. His 
motto was as Irish as his heart: " Whenever you see a head 
hit it, and hit it hard." His methods were most simple in- 
deed, and were generally devised on the spur of the moment 
and to suit the occasion. No doubt he had studied the 
science of war, as he was a graduate of West Point and had 
been in continual service, but he went on the field to whip 
somebody, and not to demonstrate theories of old masters. 

While he was with the army of the Cumberland he acquir- 
ed the title of Little Phil. It was not because he was a dim- 
inutive creature, but when in company with Pap Thomas, 
Garfield and Eosecrans, he was the smallest of the lot. They 
were all large men, which made him look slender, if not 
small. Then the term little is often applied to a favorite as 
a sort of pet name. As a matter of fact, however, he was 
a much smaller man than those when he became lieutenant- 
general. 

When in the army of the Cumberland he was one of the 
boys in camp, yet he never became familiar with the men. 
He was not a dandy by any means, as far as his clothes were 
concerned. Indeed, his superior officers and boon coni> 
panions often lectured him for looking so shabby. He would 
answer that he felt better in his old clothes. In addition to 
feeling better he also looked better in a common fatigue 
uniform than in a dress-parade suit. 

When he went into a fight he went in to win. It was for 
that reason that he never made any provision for a retreat. 
His men were always confident of victory, or at least never 
feared defeat. At Stone river his men stood like statues, 
and held positions that were seemingly forlorn hopes. 



68 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



THOMAS H. HUXLEY. 

Born in 1S25. 
Professor Huxley has received nearly all the honors us- 
ually offered to learned men in his line of research. He has 
been president not only of the Royal Society, but of the 
Geological Society and of the British Association, and Lord 
Rector of the Aberdeen University. Breslau, Dublin, Ed- 
inburgh and Cambridge have conferred on him their honora- 
ry doctorates. 

Thomas Henry HusIca, 
F.R.S. , LL.D., the natui al- 
ist, was born at Ealing, 
Middlesex, England, M^heie 
his father vi^as master of a 
school. After recei^ ing 
his preliminary education, 
he studied medicine, and 
in 1846, he took thedii)lo- 
ma of M.R.C.S., in or- 
der to qualify himself toi 
the medical service of the 
royal navy, which he en- 
tered as assistant surgeon. 
He was next appointed to 
a ship commissioned for 
the survey of the Austra- 
lasian coast. His next appointment was as assistant surgeon 
to H. M. S. "Rattlesnake," and he spent the greater part 
of his time from 1847-51 on the eastern and southern coasts 
of Australia. The results of his studies in natural history, 
for which the cruise afforded facilities, appeared in a M'ork 
entitled "Oceanic Hydrozoa.'' 

Upon his return to England, in 1854, Professor Huxley 
found himself a man of some note in the scientific world. 




PROFESSOR HUXLEY. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 69 

He now left the navy, and succeeded Edward Forbes in the 
natural history chair of the School of Mines, and from that 
day he continued to occupy a prominent place in the public 
life of the country. 

Honor after honor has fallen to him, and had he cared 
for political distinction, it is certain that the popularity 
which secured his election to the first school board of Lon- 
don, would have carried him into parliament, and doubtless 
into the ministry. 

In the next few years which followed, Mr. Huxley en- 
riched zoology with numerous memoirs; and in 1857, the 
same year that he joined Dr. Tyndall in studying the nature 
of glaziers, he delivered his able lecture on "The Theory of 
the Yertibrate Skull." In 1860, he delivered a series of 
lectures, which were published under the title of "Lectures 
on our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phenomena of Or- 
ganic Nature." Mr. Huxley also contributed largely to the 
English Cyclopedia; published his lectures on " Comparative 
Anatomy" in 1864; "Lessons in Elementary Physiology" 
in 1866; an introduction to the "Classification of Animals" 
in 1869, and numerous other works. 

When the Darwinian theory was first promulgated. Pro- 
fessor Huxley immediately ranged himself on its side. It 
may, indeed, be doubted whether without his powerful sup- 
port the doctrines of the great English naturalist would have 
found so ready an acceptance in the highest scientific circles. 

No one has ever excelled Mr. Huxley in expressing in a 
clear, masculine language the facts which he desired to en- 
force. Hence, not only his "Hume" in the English Men 
of Letter series, but his "Lay Sermons," Addresses, Keviews, 
etc., may be taken as models for the imitation of every one 
desirous of acquiring a correct English style. 

He has been made a member of scientific societies in all 
parts of the world, and is the author of many popular sci- 
entific works. 



70 THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 

HENRY GEORGE. 

Bor-n in is:]!). 

Born at Philadelpliia, he entered a counting lionse in 
1853, then learned printing, and afterwards took to the sea. 
In 1858 he settled in California, and in 1866 joined the staff 
of a San Francisco paper as reporter, subsequently becoming 
editor of the San Francisco "Times'' and "Post" in succes- 
sion. His attention had already been directed to the land 
question, and his views are 
embodied in "Our Land and 
Land Policy," published in 
1!-;T1. In 1876 he became 
state inspector of gas met- 
ers for San Francisco, and 
in 1879 atrusteeof the San 
Francisco Free Public Li- 
brary. 

While visiting Ireland he 
was arrested as a " suspect" 
under the coercion act thenj 
in force; and although hei 
was immediately released, 
the event directed attention 
to the work "Progress and 
Poverty," which appeared 
in 1876, having an enor- 
mous sale. The charm of henry george. 
"Progress and Poverty" is the simplicity of its style, and 
the drastic remedy proposed for an exasperated people. 

Mr. George, maintaining that the " unearned increment " 
is rent, as Mill had called it, was rightfully the property of 
the nation, proposes to " appropriate rent by taxation," which 
he argues would be no injustice, for "it is not necessary to 
confiscate land; it is only necessary to confiscate rent." 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 71 

The falacies in Mr. George's reasoning seem to be due to 
a mistaken notion of the real causes of poverty, and a some- 
what superficial acquaintance with economic works and eco- 
nomic history. In a lecturing tour throughout the United 
States in 1883-4, Mr. George was enthusiastically received 
in many districts. 

In 1886 he was a candidate for the mayoralty of New 
York, but was defeated. 

Though Henry George has acquired such large celebrity, 
his wife's name has hardly been mentioned in the papers that 
speak of him so often and so much. She is a thorough home 
body, devoted to her husband and their four children. She 
is one of the small, plump, cheery bodies that never get down- 
hearted, and people who have known them a long time say 
that but for her unflagging devotion and enthusiastic belief 
in him, Mr. George would never have been able to come 
triumphantly through the long period of straitened means 
and hard work which preceded his sudden success. 



JOHIN CHARLES FREMONT. 

Born Jan 21, 1S13. 

At Los Angeles, California, on Jan. 21, 1888, upwards of 
two thousand people were present at the reception of Gen. 
John C. Fremont and his wife, given on the general's sev- 
enty-fifth birthday. It is the intention of the general to set- 
tle down in that beautiful city, where the general and his 
wife are the objects of much respectful admiration and love. 

He was detailed in 1842 by the government to make a 
survey of California, with instructions to pick his own men, 
and to seize the country if the English made any hostile 
demonstrations; he subsequently took possession of Califor- 
nia in the name of the United States. 

"Memoirs of My Life," which was issued in February, 



72 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEVr. 

1887, by Gen. Fremont, with the aid and assistance of his 
wife, Jessie Benton Fremont, abounds in breezy sketches 
and incidents of far western life. John Charles Fremont 
was born in Savannah, Ga., his father having been a French 
emigrant to this country. Though left an orphan at the 
early age of four years, he received a good education, grad- 
uating at Charleston College at the age of seventeen. He 
taught mathematics, and 
turned his attention to en- 
gineering, having received 
a commission as lieutenant 
of engineers in the United 
States army. 

Subsequently most of his 
time was for several years 
occupied in government 
surveys and explorations in 
tiie Eocky Mountains. In 
1842 he explored the South 
Pass, and his exploits dur- 
ing the Mexican war gave 
him much distinction. 

Col. Fremont was one of 
the first two senators from 
California, serving from Fremont. 

1849 until 1861. In the year 1S5G he was the republican 
candidate for the president of the United States in opposition 
to James Buchanan, the democratic candidate. In 1861 and 
1862 he was a major-general of the United States army, and 
became governor of the territory of Arizona from 1878 to 
1882. No man can claim the glory of the true American 
by a better title than Col. Fremont, who has made the 
knowledge and the development of the resources of this con- 
tinent the great end of all his exertions, and has pursued it 
with a self-sacrificing devotion. His name is stamped in- 




THE BIOGEAPHICAL REVIEW. 73 

delibly with an imprint that can never be obliterated over the 
whole breadth of its geography. Gen, Fremont's personal 
history is in many essential particulars (especially in refer- 
ence to western affairs, and most particularly California,) the 
history of the country. 

Gen. Fremont, though his hair and beard are as white as 
snow, is as bright and active as a boy in his teens. When 
relating his experiences his eyes sparkle and dance, and 
his voice is as strong as that of many a man half his age. 

Mrs. Jessie Benton Fremont was born in 1825, and was 
married to Gen. Fremont when she was a little over twenty 
years of age. Mrs, Jessie is a plump and well-preserved 
matron, almost as vivacious and livelj' as she was when she 
captivated the heart of the young soldier-scholar, who dared 
to steal away the daughter of "Old Bullion" (Col. Benton), 
whom it grieved so sorely that his daughter should run away 
with and wed a young teacher of mathematics and surveying, 
who had only two years before been appointed a second lieu- 
tenant of topographical engineers. But these events occurred 
over forty-five years ago, and Mrs. Jessie Benton Fremont's 
enthusiasm for her husband has never abated in all this time. 



JOHN P. ST. JOHN. 

Born in 1833. 
In a lecture on "Prohibition," given in Chicago in 1887, 
ex-gov. St, John said: "It is not always to a man's discredit 
to be in the minority. I have been there three times — once 
when I voted for freedom in 1856, then when I ran for gov- 
ernor of Kansas, and when Cleveland and Blaine beat me as 
a candidate for the presidency The liquor traf- 
fic must be wiped out. High license is a fraud and a sham. 
Why not apply the license to the marriage relation? A man. 
who marries one wife to pay one hundred dollars; two wives, 
one hundred and fifty dollars; three wives, two hundred dol- 



74 THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 

lars; ten wives, four himdred dollars; and the man who mar- 
ries a whole seminary, one thousand dollars!'' 

St. John, the great prohibitionist, was born at Broekville, 
Franklin county, Indiana. Before he was twenty years of age 
he cauglit the ^'gold fever'' and started for California. For- 
tune, however, did not smile upon him, and he was compelled 
to do all sorts of odd jobs for a living. He made several 

voyages to South America, 
Mexico, Central America, 
and the Sandwich Islands, 
and in 1852-53 took part 
in the Indian wars of Cal- 
ifornia and Oregon. In 
1860 he returned to Illi- 
nois, entering the law oflSce 
of Starkweather and Mc- 
Lean in Charleston. He 
was soon after admitted to 
a partnership in the firm. 
At the opening of the M-ar 
he did not wait to be draft- 
ed, but voluntarily entered 
the army to battle for his 
JOHN p. ST. JOHN. country. He served in the 

sixty-eighth Illinois volun- 
teers as private, but was elected captain. He next became as- 
sistant adjutant-general, later commanding troops at Mattoon, 
Illinois. When the 143d regiment was formed, he was chos- 
en lieutenant-colonel. He resumed his law practice at the 
close of the war, at Charleston, whence he removed to Olathe, 
Kansas, in 1869. In 1872 he was elected to the state senate, 
and six years later he was elected governor of Kansas, and 
again in 1879. Two years later he was defeated for governor; 
and in 1884 he was defeated as prohibition candidate for the 
presidency, but polled 25,000 votes in New York state alone. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



75 



MAJOR ADOLPHUS W. GREELY. 

Born March 27, 1844. 

Mr. Greely's birthplace is Newburyport, Massachusetts. 
He enlisted in the army in 1861, and six years later he was 
detailed for duty in the United States signal service. 

In 1880 President Garfield appointed Greely leader of the 
United States arctic expedition, a post which, although he 
lacked a seaman's training, he was eminently fitted to occupy 
from his intimate acquaintance with metereological research. 
In 1881, Lieutenant Gree-. 
ly, at the head of an expe- 
dition of twenty-five men, 
set sail for the arctic re- 
gions. They were soon lost 
sight of, and nothing was 
heard from them till June, 
1881, when they were res- 
cued off Cape Sabine, by 
the United States explor- 
ing vessels "Thetis" and 
"Bear," under Captain 
Schley — the third expedi- 
tion that had gone to their 
relief. 

In the meantime Gree- 
ly's party had suff'ered ter- greely. 

rible privations, and were 

accused of cannibalism, an accusation that was emphatically 
denied. Twenty of the crew had perished. He went farther 
north than any preceding expedition, reaching to within 
eight degrees of the North Pole, and the good results of the 
expedition are numerous; and he suggests the North Pole as 
the habitat of primitive man. He is now at the head of the 
signal service, being appointed to that position in 1887. 




76 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

The weather bureau of the signal office has so far out- 
grown the other divisions of the office, that people are apt 
to forget that the signal service has any other duty than that 
of weather predicting. The weather bureau was established 
in accordance with a joint resolution of congress passed in 
1870, which imposed on the signal office the duty of "giving 
notice, by telegraph and signals, of tne approach and force 
of storms." The work is now done by the bureau as follows: 
Stations are established in all parts of the United States, and 
tri-daily reports are sent to Washington, D. C. By means of 
these simultaneous reports, which are very minute, the bureau 
is enabled to keep an accurate weather map of the entire 
union; and by noting the course of storms, to predict, from 
one to two days in advance, what the weather in any partic- 
ular locality will be. These predictions are not certain to be 
fulfilled, but experience has shown that the probability is 
largely in favor of fulfillment, so that the announcements of 
the bureau may be made a guide to action. 

The percentage of verification has been given as high as 
eighty-seven to ninety per cent. And in the larger cities, 
when rain is predicted, people can be seen carrying umbrellas 
in Anticipation of the fulfillment of the prediction. 

From the bureau in Washington, despatches are sent out 
— at least as often as three times a day — to the signal offi- 
cers at all ports and inland stations; and these, by the dis 
play of signal flags and by publication in the papers, warn 
the people what kind of weather to expect. 

In accordance with a recent order of the war department, 
a special weather forecast is made for the railroads of the 
United States, and telegraphed to the managers of the vari- 
ous lines shortly after midnight. On many roads the loco- 
motives of the morning trains display the flags indicating the 
probable weather for the next twenty-four hours. These sig- 
nals are square flags of white, bearing blue and red suns, 
crescents or stars in the center. 



THE BIOGEAPHICAL REVIEW. 77 

WHITELAW REID. 

Bor7i Oct. 27, 1S37. 
Whitelaw Eeid, who edits the paper founded by Horace 
Greeley, was born at Xenia, Ohio, and graduated at the 
Miami University in 1856. After acting for a year or so 
as superintendent of the graded schools at South Charleston, 
Ohio, he bought the Xenia "News," editing it for two years. 
lie took an active part in the campaign of 1860-1 and went 
to the convention as correspondent for three daily newspa- 
pers. At the close of the session he became city editor of 

the Cincinnati "Gazette," 
and at the outbreak of the 
civil war went to the front 
as w^ar correspondent for 
that journal. He served 
on the staff of Gen. Mor- 
ris in West Virginia with 
the rank of captain. 

At the close of the £rst 
West Virginia campaign 
he returned to Cincinnati 
and wrote for the " Ga- 
zette" until the opening of 
the second campaign, when 
he again went to the front 
with Gen. Kosecrans. He 
WHITELAW EEID. ^rote letters over the sig- 

nature of "Agate," and 
witnessed the whole of the battle of Pittsburg Landing. 
His description of this gave him great distinction as a war 
correspondent. 

In the spring of 1862 he went to Washington, and was 
appointed librarian of the house of representatives, and act- 
ed as correspondent of the Cincinnati "Gazette." He was 
at the battle of Gettysburg, and his description was a vivid 




78 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

narration of that engagement. In 1805, accompanied by 
Chief Justice S. P. Cliase, he made a tour of the south. 
Mr. Chase made the tour upon the request of President 
Johnson for the purpose of ascertaining the condition and 
interests of the white and black races. Mr. Reid published 
''After the War, a Southern Tour," as a result of this excur- 
sion. In 1865-7 he engaged in the cotton planting business in 
Louisiana and Alabama, and published "Ohio in the War." 
In 1868 he returned to the Cincinnati " Gazette," and be- 
came one of the leading editors. Soon after Horace Gree- 
ley renewed his offer first made in 1862 of a position on the 
N. Y. "Tribune." The offer was accepted, and in 1869 Mr. 
Reid became managing editor. Upon nomination of Gree- 
ley for president in 1872, Mr. Reid became editor-in-chief, 
and upon the death of the founder became the owner. 



GEN. GEORGE ERNEST BOULANGER. 

Born in 1837. 
The army in France has from time immemorial been the 
nation's pride. No Frenchman can look back into his coun- 
try's history without a thrill of exultation. To this senti- 
ment has been added since 1870, one of deep-seated hatred 
and an insatiable thirst for revenge; and the army, though 
beaten, has become a greater factor than ever in the nation's 
existence. The law by which every Frenchman, unless inca- 
pacitated by bodily infirmities or a few other set causes, is 
enrolled among the possible defenders of his country, was 
enacted July 27, 1872. By its provisions every unexempted 
citizen must render military service, first for five years in 
the regular army, then for four years in the regular reserve, 
then for five years in the territorial army, and finally for 
six years in the reserve of the territorial army. In other 
words, France expects him to be ready at her call during 
twenty successive years of his life. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL EEVIEW. 79 

The scrupulous enforcement of this law has enabled France 
to maintain a force of 492,143 men constantly under arms, 
which, together with the territorial army and regular troops, 
over one and three-quarters million men could be placed un- 
der arms in defense of the country. 

But where is the man who shall lead these brave soldiers 
against the enemy? Such is the question modern French- 
men ask themselves. Of the living generals capable of ser- 
vice, there remain but Saussier, commandant of Paris and 
commander-in-chief of the 
French army; Negrier, the 
hero of Tonquin; and last, 
but not least, Boulanger 
— all three comparatively 
untried soldiers. 

"And who is Boulan- 
ger?" He is the son of a 
lawyer, and during 1886-7 
Irench minister of war. 
There was often "more 
bread than butter" to be 
had in the domestic circle. ■ 
The mother, after whom 
the son takes in personal, 
appearance, is an English- 
woman, Young Boulan- 
ger showed the lion's paw 
even while yet at St. Cyr, 
where, on free days, he gen. boulangek. 

dined on potatoes in order to buy a pair of yellow gloves. 
He served as lieutenant in the Italian campaign, and had 
the good fortune to be wounded and decorated. Since then 
he has been everywhere where Frenchmen have been fight- 
ing, and once he has been seriouslj wounded. His voice 
was much feared by the pupils of St. Cyr, whom he used to 




(,;0 THE BIO GRAPHIC A L RE VIE W. 

apostrophize as "ignores," but even at tliat time he courted 
popularity. There are two little Boulangers, one of whom 
bears the romantic name of Yvonne. 

He was educated for the army, and served as an officer in 
the Italian, Algerian and Mexican campaigns; and was rais- 
ed to rank of colonel for gallantry in tne field during the 
Franco-Prussian war. He was made division connnander of 
troops in 1877, and chief of the infantry department in the 
year following; he was also sent to Tunis as chief command- 
er of troops in 18S1, but was soon afterwards recalled. 

A Frenchman who has known him for a long time says 
there is something effeminate in him; overstrung nerves, un- 
equal temper, vanity and amiability. Whenever he chooses, 
he is a perfect soldier. Often he is cold, absent-minded, 
swinging his pince-nez like a censer. His forehead is low, 
but vaulted like that of a thinker; his head is small, and his 
face like that of a bird of prey. His beard, which is light- 
er round his mouth, and his hooked nose confirm the im- 
pression. He looks like a vulture, with his veiled gray 
eyes, but not like an eagle who soars towards the sun. His 
thin, long hands are adorned w^th jeweled rings. And 
when the war begins? Then Boulanger will mount his 
horse, leave the white scarf of the w^ar minister to some- 
body else, and call out, as Gambetta did before him. ''The 
general for whom thou art waiting am I." 

Of course, great opportunities often make great m«n, and 
Boulanger or some as yet unknown officer may prove a sec- 
ond Napoleon Bonaparte before the end of another Franco- 
German war. But whatever the final outcome of such a con- 
flict may be, the Germans can rest assured that with a huge 
chain of forts to rend asunder and over a million brave sol- 
diers to overcome, their task next time will as little resem- 
ble the "walkover" of 1870 as the recent half-breed rebel- 
lion in the Northwest resembled our own terrible civil strife 
a score of vears ajro. 



THE BIOOBAPHIGAL REVIEW. 



81 



KATE FIELD. 

Miss Kate Field, who is so outspoken against the Mor- 
mons, is known to every school boy by her writings. Her 
sketches on the follies and foibles of the human race have 
been widely read; and she has, in her lectures, been listened 
to by thousands of people. Her stand against what she calls 
"The Mormon Monster," has brought her into prominence. 
Kate Field was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and was edu- 
cated in Massachusetts and 
Europe. She enjoyed the 
friendship, during the la- 
ter years of his life, of 
Walter Savage Landor, 
who was a volunteer in the 
Peninsular war and there 
attained the rank of colo- 
nel; he was also an author 
of note. 

During her stay in Eu- 
rope, Miss Field was the 
correspondent of the ' 'Bos- 
ton Courier and Tran- 
script" and the New Or- 
leans "Picayune," and af- 
terwards the well known 
"Straws, Jr.," of the 
Springfield "Republican" in 1867. She was also a frequent 
contributor to the New York "Tribune," Chicago " Tribune,"' 
Philadelphia "Press," and the various London journals. 

She is the author of "Pen Portraits of Dickens' Read- 
ings," "Ten Days in Spain," and other works. Miss Field 
is an able dramatic critic, and in 1874 made her first appear- 
ance on the stage as "Peg Woffington,"in New York. She 
also excels in horsemanship, of which she is passionately fond. 




MISS KATE FIELD. 



82 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BEVIEW. 

KEY. CHAS. HADDOX SFUKGEOK 

Born June 19, 1834. 
The "Pall Mall Gazette" exposures, in 1886, of the in- 
iquities of the upper classes of London, produced a sensation 
rarely equaled in journalistic annals, and public opinion 
was much divided as to the advisability of publishing so 
much obsceneness in a journal makipg pretensions to decency. 
The proprietors of the paper, however, asserted that they 

had acted with a moral 
purpose, and although the 
journal was ostracized in 
many of the better houses 
and clubs, its course was 
sanctioned by many emi- 
nent men; among these 
was the great London di- 
vine, Chas. H. Spurgeon, 
whose fame is world wide, 
and in a sermon delivered 
by him, he spoke boldly 
in d-efense of the course of 
the "Pall Mall Gazette." 
"St. Paul," the preach- 
er said, "felt it necessary 
to mention the hideous vi- 
REV. c. H. SPUROEON. ces of the heathens, and 
left on record an exposure of the sins of his day wdiich crim- 
soned the cheeks of the modest when they read it 

Every secret sin is secret only by a lying phantasy of the 
imagination. It is public before God. It is necessary for 
the church to warn men of what will happen if they continue 

in their sins It becomes every preacher to 

cry out, and spare not." 

The Eev. C. II. Spurgeon was born at Kelridon, Essex. 




THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 83 

and was educated at Colchester. He became the usher in a 
school at New Market, at an early age, and while thus en- 
gaged competed for a prize offered by Mr. Arthur Morley, 
for the best essay on a religious topic, and although Mr. 
Spurgeon did not receive the prize, he was rewarded by a 
grant of money for the able manner in which he treated his 
subject. Some of his relatives, who were independents, pro- 
posed that he should enter one of their colleges, and under- 
go a training for the ministry, but as he held anabaptistic 
views, he joined the congregation which had been presided 
over by the late Kobert Hall, at Cambridge. From this pe- 
riod he became a village preacher and tract distributor at 
reversham,a village near Cambridge, under the designation 
of "The Boy Preacher." Shortly after this he accepted a 
pastorship of Waterbeach. 

The lad of seventeen became a well known character; and 
the barn in which he preached was always filled to overflow- 
ing with auditors. Invitations to preach were sent to him 
from the surrounding places, and at last his fame reached 
London. He was offered the chapel in New Market street, 
and made his first appearance before a London congregation 
in 1853. His success was so great that before two years 
had elapsed the chapel had to be enlarged. His hearers 
multiplied so rapidly that it became expedient to engage Sur- 
ray music hall, and his followers erected a new chapel call- 
ed the "Tabernacle," which was formally opened in 1861. 
Hundreds of Mr. Spurgeon's sermons have appeared in 
print, and extracts are published in many of the English pa- 
pers shortly after their delivery. His sermons have been ca- 
bled to America, and his admirers in this country have thus 
been enabled to partake of his wisdom. Mr. Spurgeon has 
been most zealous in the founding and continuance of char- 
itable institutions, especially such as assist young men to 
obtain an education. The Stockwell Orphanage, established 
in 1867, is one of the most enduring fruits of his labors. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 



WILL CARLETON. 

Born in 1845. 
Among the younger American poets, there is perhaps none 
better known or universally admired than Will Carleton. It 
is a singular fact that the western poets seem always to 
strike a new vein of thought or feeling. It is useless for the 
pedagogue to pcint out the faults of Carleton's poetry and 
tell us that his verses are not properly constructed here or 

ungrammatical there, for 
they pointed out the same 
errors inPoe; they showed 
us where the great Dick- 
ens was at fault; in fact, 
everyone whom the people 
admired was faulty in their 
eyes. But notwithstand 
this, Dickens touched the 
heart strings of his read 
ers — they wept or laugh- 
ed at his bidding. And as 
it was with Edgar A. Poe, 
so it is with the subject of 
this sketch. 

Carleton is a master hand 
in sounding the human 
heart strings. He was born near Hudson, Lanark county, 
Michigan, and was brought up as farmer boys usually are. 
His desire for knowledge, however, led him to walk five 
miles to the district school, where he studied Latin, algebra, 
etc. In ] 8Go he entered college, helping to defray his ex- 
penses by teaching school. Graduating in 1869, he joined 
the editorial staff of a Chicago paper, and later became edi- 
tor of the Detroit '^Weekly Tribune." In 1868 he wrote his 
first poem ''Fax." and at his graduation in 1869, "Rifts in 




WILL CAKLETON. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 85 

the Clouds." The following lines are taken from his beau- 
tiful poem, written in 1870, for Decoration Day, entitled 
"Cover Them Over:" 

Cover them over with beautiful flowers; 
Deck them with garlands^ those brothers of ours; 
Lying so silent, by night and by day. 
Sleeping the years of their manhood away: 
Years they had marked for the joys of the brave; 
Tears they must waste in the sloth of the grave. 



Cover them over — yes, cover them over--- 
Parent, and husband, and brother, and lover: 
Crown in your heart those dead heroes of ours, 
And cover them over with beautiful flowers.'^ 

In 1871 appeared his master work, entitled "'Betsy 
and I Are Out," and soon after "How Betsy and I Made 
Up," and " Over the Hills to the Poor-house." In 1873 he 
produced "Farm Ballads," and in 1875 "Farm Legends;" 
"Farm Festivals" appeared in 1881, all of which were hand- 
somely illustrated. 

The works of Will Carleton are published in a very neat 
and attractive form. His " Farm Ballads" and other poems, 
many of which have appeared in magazines throughout the 
country from time to time, have been read and appreciated high- 
ly. Indeed, by the American public he is regarded as a 
truly great poet; while his "Betsy and I Are Out" is 
especially well known, having become as familiar to the 
reading public, we might venture to say, as any poem of 
modern times. 

Some of his work gives evidence of hasty production; but 
taken altogether, Carleton is a poet of whom Americans can 
justly be proud. 

In his books, the author has aimed to give expression to 
the truth; and surely his literary faults can be overlooked 
"for the sake of the truths he was struggling to tell." 



86 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

ROBERT TODD LINCOLN. 

Bor7i Atig. 1, 1843. 

The oldest and only surviving son [of a family of five 
children] of the martyred Abraham Lincoln, is Robert Todd 
Lincoln, who was born in Springfield, Illinois. He is as yet 
best known as the son of his father, and while he exhibits 
few of the characteristics which made a name (that will never 
die) for this illustrious stateman, there seems to be a certain- 
ty that the family name will suffer no detraction through any 
action of Robert Todd Lincoln. He makes no pretentions, 
does everything he undertakes in a quiet undemonstrative 
way, and is faithful to all the obligations of life. 

His parents at the time of his birth owned no home, and 
he first saw the light in the Globe tavern, a famous old-time 
hostelry, where they boarded. When he was about a year 
old the family moved into the house which continued to be 
their home until the father became president. 

Robert went to school in Springfield, but after getting 
through with his primary studies, was sent to the Illinois 
State University, a Lutheran institution of very modest char- 
acter, which like most small western colleges, rejoiced in an 
ambitious name. He went east in 1859, and one year later 
entered the Phillips Academy of Exeter. After a brief at- 
tendajice at this school he was admitted to Harvard Univer- 
sity as a member of the class of '64, having passed a highly 
creditable examination. Graduating in due time he entered 
the law school of the university, from which he retired after 
a brief stay to accept a commission as captain in the army 
and assistant adjutant general of the staff of Gen. Grant. 

He witnessed the fall of Petersburg and the pursuit and 
capture of Lee's army. After Petersburg was evacuated, he 
was sent with an escort to City Point, to bring the president 
[his father] to the front. He was at Appomattox and 
witnessed the surrender of Lee. The next day he started 



TSE BIOGRAPHICAL BEVIEV, 



87 



with Gen. Grant for City Point. He arrived in Washing- 
ton, April 14, the day of the assassination. Eobert Lincoln 
made haste to reach the White House, and was the first to 
give the president news of the surrender of the rebel army. 
The murder of his father threw upon Kobert Lincoln the re- 
sponsibility of the management of the aifaiis of the family. 
After the funeral he left 
Washington with his moth- 
er without waiting to wit- 
ness the grand review, and 
hastened to Chicago. 

His service, though brief, 
was severe and, as the say- 
ing is, "made a man of 
him." 

After the war he resign- 
ed his commission and 
went to Chicago, where he 
resumed the study of law, 
and was admitted to the 
bar in 1S6T. 

In 1876, he was elected 
supervisor of tbe south 
town of Chicago. He kobeet todd Lincoln. 

was an elector on the republican ticket for the state of Illi- 
nois, and was appointed as a trustee of the Illinois Central 
Railroad by the governor. He was at Springfield in the of- 
fice of Gov. Cullom in 1881, when he received the news of 
his selection as secretary of war, which position he occupied 
during 1881-84. 

He was married in 1868, to Mary Harlan, a daughter of 
ex-senator Harlan, of Iowa; he has three children — a girl 
born in 1869, a boy born in 1873, and a girl born in 1875. 
As a republican candidate for president, his name stands next 
to that of Blaine and Sherman, and as vice-president he is 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



enipharicallv first choice. The real danger to the Lincoln 
"boom" lies in tlie probability that Blaine or Sherman may 
be put up, with Lincoln as the "tail of the ticket." Since 
Van Buren, no vice-president has stood any chance of being 
elected president. On the other hand, the governorship is a 
recognized stepping stone to the presidency, and Mr. Lin- 
coln could be readily elected governor of Illinois in 1888. 



NORMAN J. COLMAN. 

Born in 1840. 
Norman J. Colman was appointed commissioner of agri- 
culture in 1885. He is a thorough and practical agricultu- 
rist, and publisher and proprietor of ' ^ Colman's Rural 

World," a weekly agricul- 
tural journal of wide circu- 
lation, published in St. 
Louis, of which city he is 
a citizen. 

His duties as conmiis- 
sioner of agriculture are to 
collect and diffuse useful 
information concerning; ae- 
riculture as can be acquired 
through the means of books, 
correspondence, and prac- 
tical experiments; to col- 
lect new and valuable 
seeds, and to learn by ac- 
tual cultivation their mer- 
its; and to distribute such 
seeds as may be deemed worthy of profitable propajjation. 
He is assisted in his important work by an entomologist, a 
statistician, a botanist, a chemist, and a microscopist." The 
efforts of Mr. Cohnan, during 1887. to stamp out pleuro- 
pneumonia, were highly creditable in their results. 




NORMAN J. COLMAN. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



POUFIRIO DIAZ. 

Born St.2)L 15, 1S30. 

Under the administration of Gen. Diaz, president of Mex- 
ico, manufactures have increased, the resources of the coun- 
try have been developed, commerce has multiplied, educa- 
tion has advanced, the revenues have been appropriated to 
the purposes for which they were designed, travel is safe, 
bandits have been dispers- 
ed, and railroads and tel- 
egraphs ere extending. 

Diaz was born in Oaxa- 
ca, Mexico, where he receiv 
ed his education and stud- 
ied law^. He participated 
in the war of 1847, during 
the American invasion, 
and subsequently was made 
captain of artillery. After 
being engaged in active 
service for several years, 
he was appointed govern- ; 
or and military command- 
er of the state of Vera 
Cruz; but was soon, at his 
own request, transferred to 
the army of operation, and 
later accepted command. poefieio diaz. 

He was made chief magistrate of Mexico in May, 1877, 
a position that he held until November, 1880, being suc- 
ceeded by Gen. Gonzalez. In 1880 he was a second time 
inaugurated as president of the Mexican republic, which of- 
fice he occupies at the present time (1888). 




THE BlOdRAPHICAL UEVIEW. 



EUSSELL SAGE. 

Born Aug. 4, 1816. 

Russell Sage, than whom there is not a shrewder opera- 
tor in Wall street, as many unfortunates who have purchased 
options of him can attest, was born in Oneida county, New 
York. He received a common school education and began 
active life as a clerk in a dry goods store at Troy, New 
York. Until 1853 he was almost wholly engaged in mer- 
cantile pursuits. In 1841 
he was elected an alder- 
man in the city of Troy, 
and by annual elections 
served for seven years in 
that capacity; he was al- 
so treasurer of Rensselaer 
county for a number of 
years, and was especially 
po] nlar in that position. 

In 185-3 he was sent to 
congress as representative 
and served until the year 
1857. During his congres- 
sional career he served on 
the committees of invalid 
pensions and on ways and 
means. He was the first 
man to advocate, on the floor of congress 
the government of Mount Yeruon. 

Mr. Sage is the most extensive dealer in options in New 
York, and at the time of the Grant and Ward failure was be- 
sieged by those who held claims against him. His office 
was surrounded by a mob, and to prevent the claims from 
being presented too fast, hired men to retard business, and 
w.os thus enabled to meet all his obligations. 




RUSSELL SAGE. 

the purchase by 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



WALTER Q. GEESHAM. 

Born March 17, 1S32. 

Walter, or Wat Gi-esham, as every man, woman and 
child in Harrison comity calls him, grew up on his mother's 
farm with but two or three winters' schooling, such as the 
country districts then afforded, until he was sixteen years of 
age. A tall and slender youth, with remarkable fine hazel 
eyes, well-formed features and a complexion of beautiful 
pallor — ' ' the image of his 
father," his mother was 
_wont to say. A thought- 
ful boy, desiring to study, 
but without opportunity, 
and with but littlo in flie 
way of books to read. But 
his fine eyes took in a ho- 
rizon that extended far be- 
yond his mother's farm, 
and he lived in the hope 
that one day it might fall 
to his lot to attend an in- 
stitution of learning called 
the Corydon Seminary. 

He soon secured a posi- 
tion 'in the county audi- 
tor's office, where he earn- 
ed enough to pay for his board while attending the seminary. 
Two years at the Corydon seminary and one year at the 
Bloomington university completed his education so far as 
schooling was concerned; and he returned to Corydon, ob- 
tained a deputy clerkship in the county clerk's ofiice, and 
passed his leisure hours in the study of the law under the 
guidance of Judge William A. Porter, one of the noted char- 
acters of Southern Indiana. It is doubtful whether any young 




GRESHAM. 



92 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

man ever had a better instructor. After nearly three years 
of work by day and study by night, in the year 1854 Walter 
Gresham was admitted to the bar, and entered into partner- 
ship with Thomas C. Slaughter, an eminent lawyer of that 
time, afterward judge of the circuit court. 

In 1858 Mr. Gresham married Miss Matilda McGrain, the 
daughter of Thomas McGrain, a man of Scotch-Irish descent, 
long a resident of Harrison county. A son and a daughter 
have been born to them. Meantime 1860 had come, and the 
country was sweeping on toward great events. The death- 
grapple with slavery was at hand, and the republican party, 
rising like a youthful giant, was preparing for the conflict. 

Ml'. Gresham was born near Corydon, Indiana. Just before 
the outbreak of the war he began to take an interest in politics, 
and in 1860 was elected a representative in the legislature as 
a republican, from Harrison county, which had previously 
been always represented by a democrat. During the session, 
although a very young man, he became prominent in the 
war legislation of the period, and at the outbreak of the war 
became lieutenant-colonel in the thirty-eight regiment. He 
was with it but a short time only, when he was made colonel 
of the fifty-third regiment, and served with Grant before 
Yicksburg as a brigadier-general. He was subsequently 
with Sherman before Atlanta, commanding a division of 
Blair's corps, and it was in a battle at this time (1864) that he 
was so seriously wounded in the leg as to compel him to 
leave the field and return home. His injury was so serious 
as to compel him to stop at New Albany, wiiere he remained 
a year before his final recovery. 

In 1865 he was brevetted major-general, and subsequently 
made New Albany his home; being appointed state agent, 
his duty was to pay the interest on the state debt of New 
\ ork. He twice ran for congress against the speaker, Mr. 
Kerr, and although defeated, materially reduced the dem- 
ocratic majority. He was held in great esteem by General 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 93 

Grant; and when, in 1869, the latter became president, it was 
his desire to make Gresham secretary of the interior; but 
that being impracticable, he offered him the collectorship of 
New Orleans, which was declined. Afterward, upon the 
death of the late David McDonald, President Grant ap- 
pointed him United States judge for the Indiana district. 
In the republican national conventions of 1876 and 1880 
he supported Bristow and Grant respectively; and on the latter 
occasion being one of the celebrated "306." He was 
appointed postmaster-general by President Arthur in 1883, 
to fill the vacant place of the late Timothy Howe; and or. 
September 25, 1884, he was made secretary of the treasury 
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles J. Folger; 
and in the following October he was given a seat in the Unit- 
ed States circuit court. During his career on the bench, 
Gresham has heard and decided many noteworthy cases, ma- 
ny of his decisions illustrating in a remarkable degree his 
fearlessness, impartiality and judicial firmness. 

Gresham has been a man of action more than of study, 
and yet he has found time for wide reading. He possesses 
a thorough and minute knowledge of the history of the gov- 
ernment and of the country, of the measures of the various 
administrations, of the great debates, of the men who shaped 
and influenced legislation in their day, many of whom are 
now forgotten. He understands the relations of this country 
to foreign nations, the nature of the treaties in force and the 
government's diplomatic history. He has been a careful and 
thorough student of the decisions of chief justice Marshall, 
and understands the just relations of federal and state sover- 
eignty. In other fields of literature he may be classed as a well- 
informed man, without being what one would call profound- 
ly versed in books. What he reads he makes his own, not 
by a mere effort of memory, but by philosophizing upon it 
and getting at the heart of the matter. 



94 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

GEORGE W. CHILDS. 

Born 171 1829. 
Mr. Childs was born in Baltimore. Maryland, and at fl'e 
age of thirteen entered the United States navy, spending fif- 
teen months in the service. He then settled in Philadel- 
phia, where he obtained employment as shop boy in a book 
store. At the age of eighteen, having saved a few hundred 
dollars, he set up in business for himself; and in 1849, be- 
fore he was twenty-one 
years of age, he became a 
member of the publishing 
firm of Childs & Peterson. 
On December 5, 1864, he 
purchased the "Philadel- 
phia Ledger,*' a daily news- 
paper, which, under his 
management, has become 
a very influential and 
widely-circulated journal. 
Mr. Childs is noted not 
only for his success as a 
journalist and publisher, 
but also for his hospitality 
and liberality. Men of 

science and learning, prin- ' ' " 

ces and others of noble ^^^^^^^ ''' ^"'^^'• 

blood have alike partaken of his most genial hospitality. 
When .Mr. Childs purchased the "Ledger," it M-as losing 
scores of thousands annually; but he brought young blood, 
broad business intelligence and tireless energy to his task, 
and the newspaper that he bought for fifteen thousand dol- 
lars twenty years ago, now pays four hundred thousand dol- 
hirs annual ])rofit. The broad enduring foundation of its 
success is its entire reliability in all its departments, and in 




TEE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 93 

that it reflects the ripe business judgment and qualities of its 
successful publisher. What adds greatly to his honor is the 
quiet unostentatious way in which he helps the needy and 
afflicted. Between Gen. Grant and Mr. Childs there was a 
close friendship, and the former when in Philadelphia al- 
most invariably stayed at Child's house; indeed, he was one 
■of the pall bearers at the funeral of Gen. Grant. 



DWIGHT L. MOODY. 

Born Feb. 5, 1837. 
The birthplace of Dwight L. Moody, the great revivalist, 
is Northfield, Massachusetts. At seventeen years of age he 
was in the employ of his 
uncle, in Boston, as sales- 
man; at twenty he obtain- 
ed employment in Chi- 
cago, there joining the 
Plymouth congregational 
church. 

. The first mission he start- 
ed in Chicago was in a de- 
serted saloon, the worst 
characters of the city be- 
ing invited. Mr. Moody's 
success in this undertaking 
was without precedent, and 
he finally consented to de- 
vote his whole time to mis- dwight l. moody. 
sionary work. In 1863 Mr. Moody was installed in his new 
church, now situated on Chicago avenue, in the city of Chi- 
cago. A year prior to his instalment in this church, he be- 
came acquainted with Ira D. Sankey. In 18T2 Moody and 
Sankey conducted revivals throughout the United Kingdom, 
which created, at that time, a furore in the religious world. 




96 THE DioaliAPHICAL liEVIEW. 

COL. THOMAS E. ROSE. 

Among all the thrilling incidents in the history of Libby 
prison none exceed in interest the celebrated tunnel escape 
which occurred on the night of February 9, 18(U. It is one 
of the most thrilling and daring episodes of the civil war 

the escape of Col. Thomas E. Hose with one hundred 

and eight other union officers, by tunneling from a cellar 

fifty feet under a vacant 

lot, wdth no other tools 

than jack-knives and an 

old chisel, the earth being 

drawn out by means of a 

wooden spittoon and a 

rope. The difficulty of 

forcing air to the digger, 

whose body nearly filled 

the tunnel, increased as 

the hole was extended. 

Under a standing rule,| 
the twelve hundred pris-: 
oners were counted twice 
each day, the first count 
being made about nine in 
the morning, and the last 

about four in the after- col. thomas e. rose. 

noon. To conceal the absence of the five men wdio were 
daily at work at the tunnel, the comrades of the party otf 
digging duty resorted, under Rose's supervision, to a device 
of "repeating."" When the tunnel w-as completed, Col. Rose 
assembled his party (who had helped to construct the tunnel) 
in the kitchen, through the fireplace of which an opening had 
Vjeen made to the cellar that led to the entrance of the tunnel. 
After the last man had gone down, Rose followed, bidding 
Hobart good-bye. According to arrangement, Rose and his 
party were to have two hours' start, when another party was to 
be allowed to escape. But before nine o'clock the knowledge 




TEE BIOORAPEICAL REVIEW. 97 

of the existence of the tunnel and of the departure of the 
first party was flashed over the crowded prison, which was 
soon a convention of excited men. CoL Hobart made a brave 
effort to restore order, but the frenzied crowd that now' 
fiercely struggled for precedence at the fire-place was beyond 
human control. At this moment a sound as of tramping feet 
was heard, and. some idiot on the outer edge of the mob 
startled them with the cry, "The guards, the guards!" . 
Great was the panic in Libby when the next morning's 
roll revealed to the astonished confederates that one hun- 
dred and nine of their captives were missing; and as the 
tire-place had been rebuilt by some one and the opening of 
the hole in the yard had been covered by the last man who 
went out, no human trace guided the keepers toward a solu- 
tion of the mystery. Of the 109 men fifty-nine reached the 
Union lines, forty-eight were recaptured and two drowned. 

Eose passed out of Richmond, and at daybreak coming 
unexpectedly upon a camp of confederate cavalry, he crawled 
into a large hollow sycamore log. The February air was 
keen and biting, but he kept his cramped position until late 
in the afternoon. Toward night he cautiously came forth, 
and waded across the Chicahominy river, the bed of which 
being uneven, and full of holes, he was thoroughly soaked 
before he reached the other shore. His limbs became stif- 
fened, and he made a brave effort to throw off the horrible 
ague. By day he had to hide from the confederates. His 
tattered clothes were frozen stiff, but he pushed on resolutely, 
wading through deep and treacherous morasses that proved 
such dangerous fever pools to McClellan's army in 1862. 

After days of suffering he was again captured and sent 
back to Libby prison. However, a few months afterward he 
was exchanged for a confederate colonel, and on July 6, 
1864, he rejoined his regiment. 

Col. Rose, since the war, has served with the 16th United 
States infantry, in which he holds a captain's commission. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



MRS. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON. 

Born Nov. 12, 1815. 
One of the most celebrated exponents of woman's rights' 
doctrines, is Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Adverse deci- 
sions in some of the states seem now tending gradually to- 
ward removing every theoretical objection to woman's par- 
ticipation in public affairs. Mrs. Stanton was not the pio- 
neer in this field in America to openly discuss female suf- 
frage, but she was the first 
woman to formulate the 
doctrines that have since 
been adopted. Some par- 
agraphs from the woman's 
convention, at which she 
was the head and main- 
spring, read as follows: 
"The object of the con- 
vention is to discuss the 
social and religious rights 
of woman. He (man) has 
never permitted her to ex- 
ercise her inalienable right 
to the elective franchise. 
He has denied her the fa- 
cilities for obtaining an ed- 
ucation, all colleges being 
closed against her. He has created a false public senti- 
ment by giving to the world a different code of morals for 
men and women, whereby moral delinquencies, which ex- 
clude women from society, are not only tolerated, but deem- 
ed of little account in man. 

"Therefore, it is resolved, that it is the duty of the women 
of this country to secure to themselves the sacred right to 
the elective franchise." 




MRS. CADY STANTON. 



THE BIOORAFHICAL REVIEW. 99 

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born at Johnstown, New 
York, and was the daughter of Judge Daniel Cady and Mar- 
garet Livingston. Elizabeth Stanton had her attention early 
turned toward the disabilities of her sex. She married, in the 
year of 1840, Henry B. Stanton, and accompanied him to 
the world's anti-slavery convention at London. There she 
made the acquaintance of Lucretia Mott, signing with her 
the call for the first woman's rights' convention, which met 
July 19-20, 1848, on which occasion the first formal claim 
of suffrage for woman was made. 

After her return to America, she addressed the New York 
legislature in 1854 on the rights of married women, and in 
1860 in advocacy of divorce for drunkenness; and again in 
1867, both the legislature and the constitutional convention, 
maintaining that during the revision of the constitution, the 
state was resolved into its original elements, and that all the 
citizens had a right to vote for members of that convention. 

Since 1869, she has frequently addressed congressional 
committees and state constitutional conventions. She can- 
vassed the state of Kansas in the year 1867, and Michigan 
in 1874, when the question of woman's sufii'age was submit- 
ted in those states. She was one of the editors of a work 
entitled "The Revolution." Mrs. Stanton was also the pres- 
ident of the national committee from the year of 1855 until 
that of 1865, in which position and duration of time, she dis- 
played extraordinary knowledge of the management of pub- 
lic affairs. She was also president of the Woman's Loyal 
League in 1863, and of the National Association until 1873. 
Mrs. Stanton is a smooth and polished writer and is indefa- 
tigable in her efforts for securing for her sex the right of the 
franchise and the revision of many laws. 

Through the untiring efforts of such noble women as Eliz- 
abeth Cady Stanton, the woman's rights' doctrine now com- 
mands great respect, and numbers among its adherents many 
leading men of the day. 



100 



THE BIOGBAPHJCAL BE VIEW. 



CYRUS W. FIELD. 

Bor?i Nov. 30, 1819. 

The birthplace of Cyrus West Field is Stockbridge, Mass- 
achusetts, where he was educated. Entering a counting house 
in New York, he became in a few years the proprietor of a 
large mercantile establishment. Retiring from business in 
1853, he traveled for a while in South America, and on his 
return in 1854 he gave his attention to the subject of ocean 
telegraphs, and was instru- 
mental in procuring a char- 
ter from the legislature of 
Newfoundland to establish 
a telegraph from the con- 
tinent of America to that 
colony, and thence to Eu- 
rope. 

For the next thirteen 
years he devoted himself 
exclusively to the execu- 
tion of this undertaking. 
He was actively engaged 
in the construction of the 
land line of telegraph in 
Newfoundland, and in the 
two attempts to lay the 

submarine cable between ^^'^^^ ^- ^^^^°- 

Cape Ray and Cape Breton. He crossed the ocean more 
than fifty times with the expeditions for laying the cable un- 
der the Atlantic, the success of which was mainly due to his 
exertions. He received the unanimous thanks of congress, 
with a gold medal, in commemoration of the successful en- 
terprise; and at the Paris exposition he received the grand 
medal. Since 1877 he has been prominently connected 
with the elevated railways in New York city, and has been 
president of one of the companies. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 101 

JOHN GKEENLEAF WHITTIEK 

Boryi Dec. 17, 1807. 

"Who is the best American poet ? Shortly after the close 
of the Civil War, this question was asked (when conversa- 
tion on politics and finance began to lag) by one among a 
group of prominent men. Horace Greeley, who was one of 
the party, replied with the name of Whittier; and his judg- 
ment was instantly approved by all present. This shows his 
standing with typical Americans of his own times. 

On the primitive homestead in the beautiful Merrimack 
valley, about five miles distant from the market town of 
Haverhill, Massachusetts, the subject of this sketch was born, 
descended from Quakers and Huguenots. 

Although when young, he had but little to read — the Bi- 
ble, "Pilgrim's Progress," and the weekly newspapers; and 
a little schooling in the district school house — yet the boy's 
poetic fancy and native sense of rhythm were not inert. A 
great stimulus came in the way of Burn's poems, a cheap edi- 
tion of which fell into his possession. Of our leading poets 
he was almost the only one who learned Nature by working 
with her at all seasons, under the sky and in the wood and 
field. 

A piece of verse sent by young Whittier to the Newbury- 
port "Free Press" led William Lloyd Garrison, its editor, 
to look up his contributor and to encourage him with praise 
and counsel. From that time we see the poet working up- 
ward in the old-fashioned way. Supplementing his training 
by a year or more in the academy, and by a winter's practice 
as a teacher, he entered upon a journalistic career of varied 
experiences. His first work was a book of legends, in prose 
and verse. He now was doomed to years of disfavor through 
his efforts for the abolition of slavery, and he should be 
crowned as poet laureate by all anti-slavists. Whittier was the 
secretary of the first anti-slavery convention. We are told 



/' 



':\\ 



102 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

that from 1832 to the close of onr dreadful war in 1865, his 
harp of liberty was never hung up. Not an important occa- 
sion escaped him, and every significant incident drew from 
his heart pertinent and often very impressive verses. 

In 1831 Garrison had begun the '^ Liberator," with the 
watchword of unconditional surrender, and he was re-inforced 
by Whittier, with lyre and pen. "Snow Bound" was received 
with a warm welcome. 

He supplied his verse on 
the instant, and, of course, 
were not polished so finely 
as Longfellow and his com- 
peers; slight changes would 
have made that eloquent 
lyric, ""Randolph of Ro- 
anoke," a perfect one. 
Skilled in prose, the best 
articles and essays from 
his pen are written with a 
true and direct hand, 
though rather barren of 
the epigram which enrich- 
es the prose of Lowell, 
Emerson and Holmes. 

Johnson's tribute, a com- 
plement to Parkson's paid 
honor is "The poet of free- john geeenleaf whittier. 
dom,humanity, religion; whose words of holy fire aroused the 
conscience of a guilty nation, and melted the fetters of slaves. " 

He has tried to make the world a little better, 
to awaken a love of freedom, justice and good will, and his 
name will be enrolled '^as one that loved his fellow men." 
Li this person a grace is added to his poetry by the avowal, 
"I set a higher value on my name as appended to the Anti- 
Slavery Declaration than on the title page of my books." 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



103 



EGBERT BONNER. 

Born April 28, 1824. 
Born in the north of Ireland, near Londonderry, Robert 
Bonner was brought to America whilst yet a child, and was 
educated in Connecticut. Showing a liking for the printers' 
trade he was placed in the office of the Hartford " Courant," 
where he learned to set type. He soon became known as 
the best and quickest workman in Hartford, and upon one 
occasion set the astonish- 
ing number of seventeen 
hundred "ems" in one 
hour. In 1844, he went 
to New York, and worked 
on the American "Repub- 
lican;" and after the col- 
lapse of that journal, on the 
Evening ' ' Mirror. " He re- 
ceived charge of the "Mer- 
chants' Ledger," which be- 
came the New York "Led- 
ger " of to-day. After su- 
perintending the "Ledger" 
for a short time, it was 
bought by him. At that 
time New York had no lit- 
erary journal, Philadel- 
phia and Boston being recognized as the literary centers. 
When Mr. Bonner announced his intention to make a liter- 
ary weekly of tho "Ledger," his failure was predicted by 
all his friends. 

Fanny Fern was at the height of her popularity at that 
time; Mr. Bonner engaged her to write for the "Ledger " at 
one hundred dollars a column. He advertised the fact ev- 
erywhere. The announcements of his paper were in almost 




ROBERT BONNER. 



104 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



every journal in the land. The method was new and the 
sales of the "Ledger" were enormous. Mr. Bonner engag- 
ed the foremost writers of the day; and stories by Edward 
Everett, Alice and Phoebe Cary, H. W. Beecher, James 
Gordon Bennett, Henry J. Eaymond, Horace Greeley and 
others, appeared regularly in the "Ledger." 

Mr. Bonner is a noted lover of horses and owned "Dex- 
ter," the crack trotter of a generation ago; "Rarus"and 
"Maud S." He has an elegant country seat at Morrissania, 
Is'ew York, in addition to a fin^ residence in New York city. 



DANIEL S. LAMONT. 

Born in 1851. 
The private secretary of President Cleveland, Col. Dan- 
lei S. Lament, is a native of the state of New York, and is 

the only child of a country 
merchant. He was deputy 
clerk in the New York as- 
sembly for several years, 
and was afterward employ- 
ed in the state department. 
In 1878 he became legis- 
lative reporter to the Alba- 
ny "Argus, "and for a time 
was managing editor of 
that publication, having al- 
so a pecuniary interest 
therein. 

Mr. Lamont has filled 
many important political 
positions with great credit. 
So great are his perceptive 
powers, that he was called upon for advice by S. J. Tilden, 
when that astute politician was governor of the Empire state. 




DANIEL S. LAMONT. 



THE BIOORAPHIGAL REVIEW. 



105 



, TEEENCE Y. POWDERLY. 

Born in 1849. 
The general master workman, Terence Y. Powderly, is a 
native of Pennsylvania, and a machinist by trade. He is op- 
posed to strikes and boycotting, and has gained the respect 
of all classes, having shown himself to the public — through 
his open letters to the daily press of the country — to be an 
earnest student of capital and labor. 

As general master work- 
man of the knights of la- 
bor he commands the at- 
tention and confidence of 
the workingmen of the 
country. 

The leading political 
principles of the knights 
of labor are embodied in 
the state ownership of rail- 
roads, telegraphs, and the 
like means of transporting 
intelligence, passengers, 
and freight; a graduated 
income tax; that public 
lands be reserved for actual 
settlers, and all lands now 
held for speculative pur- 
poses to be taxed to their 
TERENCE V. powDEELY. full valuc, and the doing 

away with banks of issue. Mr. Powderly says: "The legisla- 
ture a few years ago would not have paid the slightest atten- 
tion to a labor organization, but now the knights of labor 
could defeat any candidate. I do not believe in boycotting, 
or in blacklisting: I believe in arbiti-ation, and I would make 
arbitration compulsory." 




106 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



WILKIE COLLINS. 

Born in 1824. 

William Wilkie Collins, the eldest son of the late 
William Collins, the well known painter of rustic scenes, 
was born in London. After being educated at a private 
school and spending two years with his parents in Italy, he 
was articled for four years to a firm in the tea trade, but soon 
ii::ave up the mercantile position to study law. 

His first literary produc- 
tion was a biography of 
his father, published in 
1848. 

From that time he de- 
voted himself entirely to 
literature, and published 
successively " Antonina " 
in 1851, "Basil'' in 1852, 
"Mr. Kay's Cash Book" 
in 1852, " Hide and Seek " 
in 1854, etc. Soon after- 
wards he became a con- 
tributor to "Household 
Words;" and his "After 
Dark" and -The Dead 
Secret " are reprints of the 
tales which orginally ap- 
peared in that periodical. In 1859 he published "Queen 
of Hearts," and in 18G0 his masterpiece, "The Woman in 
White." In 1862 "No Name" appeared, followed in 1863 
by "My Miscellanies," and in 1866 by "Armadale," "The 
Moonstone," -Man to Wife," and many other works fol- 
lowed in rapid succession. Of late years he has contributed 
largely to "Harper's Magazine." 

Mr. Collins' works have been translated into almost every 




wilkie COLLINS. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ' 107 

modern language, and have run through several editions. 
He is a member of the Guild of Literature and Art. He 
wrote "The Lighthouse," first played in private at 
"Tavistock House," and afterwards produced at the Olym- 
pic Theatre. In 1857 "The Frozen Deep" was produced 
at "Tavistock House" by a company of amateurs, among 
whom was Charles Dickens. Mr. Collins dramatized "The 
Moonstone" in 1877; but his play ''Rank and Riches," pro- 
duced in 1883, was a complete failure. 



WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS. 

Born March 1, 1837. 

In William D. Howells, America has an author of whom 
she can well be proud. Not only are his works most pop- 
ular in America, but in England and on the continent they 
are received most enthusiastically. In choosing his sub- 
jects, Mr. Howells has always taken those with which he is 
thoroughly familiar, and therefore most competent to write; 
and in this he has followed the example set him by the 
masters of fiction. 

His works are characterized by the cleanliness and freedom 
from those debasing subjects of the times, with which many 
writers, notably those of the French school, deem it neces- 
sary to introduce to their readers. 

William Dean Howells was born at Martinsville, Ohio. In 
1840 he removed to Hamilton, Ohio, with his father, who was 
a printer and journalist. Mr. Howells learned the printers' 
trade of his father, and was afterwards editorially connected 
with the Cincinnati " Gazette " and "Ohio State Journal." 
From 1861 to 1865 he was United States consul at Venice. 
Returning to America he engaged in literary labor, and in 
1871 became editor of the "Atlantic Monthly," a position 
which he retained until 1879, when he relinquished it to de- 



108 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

vote himself exclusively to writing. Besides his papers m that 
magazine and other periodicals, he has published "Poems of 
Two Friends'^ (himself and J. J. Piatt) in 1860, "Venetian 
Life" in 1806, followed by "Italian Journeys," "No Love 
Lost," "Suburban Sketches," "Their Wedding Journey,'^ 
"A Chance Acquaintance," "The Undiscovered Country,'' 
"A Modern Instance," and a long list of other works. 

Mr. Howells is an inti- 
mate friend of the Ameri- 
can novelist, Henry James, 
and the enthusiasm with 
which each admires the 
other's style, has made them 
the subjects of many jokes, 
and they are frequently 
called "The Mutual Ad- 
miration Society." 

Mr. Howells, according 
to the tenor of his novels, 
does not apparently ap- 
prove of talent in woman, 
for he makes one of his 
characters say, '-Talent is 
a trouble and vexatious 
even to men, but to women it is nothing but misery." Sum- 
ming up the case against professional and working women, 
he makes Cornelia Root say, "I don't know whether I want 
to join in any cry that'll take women's minds off of gettin' 
married. It's the best thing for 'em, and it's about all they're 
fit for, most of 'em." 

Mr. Howells gives us not truth but a half-truth. He brings 
out woman's faults and weaknesses; he ignores her virtues 
— except a general ineft'ective goodness — and her strength. 
He has all the outside, but there is little or no soul within. 
But his novels are highly entertaining and widely read. 




WILLIAM D. HOWELLS. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



109 



JOSEPH BENSON FORAKEK. 

Born in 1846. 

Born in Rainsboro, a farm village in Highland county, 
in the state of Ohio, young Foraker in 1863 enlisted as a 
volunteer, being at the time but sixteen years of age. In all 
the active service of his regiment he participated, and rose 
successively from orderly sergeant to the rank of first lieu- 
tenant. Late in the sum- 
mer of 1863 he was sent 
home on recruiting duty. 
On his return to the army 
he reached his regiment 
just as it was going into 
the battle of Mission Ridge. 
Taking charge of his com- 
pany, he led them to the 
assault, and was the first 
man of the regiment to 
scale the enemy's works 

After this he particip 
ed in the charge of Roc 
Face, in the Atlanta ca 
p a i g n , Buzzards' Roo 
Resaca, Burnt Hickory a 
other places. 

After the fall of Atlai 
he was detailed for duty in joseph b. forakee. 

the signal service corps. He marched with Sherman to the 
sea, and served to the close of the war, when he was mus- 
tered out at the age of nineteen. 

He then studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1879 
he was elected to Hamilton county superior court. In 1883 
he was nominated for governor, in 1884 led the Ohio dele- 
gation for Blaine,, and in 1885 he was elected governor. 




110 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



HENKY M. STANLEY. 

Born in 1840. 
This noted explorer and traveler is a native of Denbigh, 
Wales. At fifteen years of age lie ran away to sea, and go- 
ing to New Orleans, lie was there helped and befriended by 
a wealthy gentleman, whose name Stanley took, his real 
name being John Rowland. 

He enlisted in the confederate service, but was taken pris- 
oner; he then became sailor in the United States navy. Dur- 
ing the war he began news- 
paper correspondence with 
success, and in 1867-68 
was sent by the New York 
"Herald" to report the 
British invasion of Abys- 
sinia. 

In 1870-72 he went 
in search of Dr. Living- 
stone, and in the past fif- 
teen years he has made 
himself famous by his ex- 
plorations of the Congo 
river, and as founder and 
general manager of the 
Congo Free State, a quasi- 
commercial enterprise, es- 
tablished under the direct 
protection of Belgium, and 
by the consent of the Euro- 
pean powers, and of which so much has beCii said during the 
years 1886-87. In 1886 he was in America with a view of de- 
livering a course of lectures, but was recalled to conduct a 
relief expedition to Africa to institute a thorough search for 
Emin Bey, who led a part of the Khedive's troops in the war 
with El Mahdi, being at that time edged in by the enemy. 




HENRY M. STANLEY. 



TEE BIOORAPHICAL HE VIEW. 



Ill 



WILHELM II, GERMAN EMPEROR. 

Born in 1860. 

During the year of 1888 two German emperors have died 
, within four months of each other — the father and grand- 
father of the subject of this sketch. 

The grandfather, Wilhelm I, had a long and eventful reign, 
first as king of Prussia, and then as emperor of Germany. 
He was over ninety years 
of age at his death. His 
son Frederick, the father 
of the new emperor, was 
at once crowned Emperor, 
but died of cancer in the 
throat, after a reign of but 
a few months. 

The mother of the pres- 
ent emperor is Victoria, 
daughter of Queen Victoria 
of England, to whom his 
father was married in 1858. 

This nev/ emperor is the 
pride of the military par- 
ty, was the favorite of his] 
grandfather, and is the! 
hope of Prince Bismarck.; 
But the young man hates' 
everything that is not Ger- 
man, and much fear has 
been expressed that he will be a source of danger to the 
peace of Europe. At a banquet a few years ago he refused 
to drink champagne, saying: ''I drink nothing but German 
wine." However, his proclamation to the army on his accession 
to the throne was favorably received, being of a peaceful 
nature. The emperor was married in 1881, and the following 
year a son was born. Prince Wilhelm, now the heir-apparent. 




WILHELM II. 



1 12 THE BIO GRAPHICAL RE VIE H '. 

It is impossible to conceive a more unruly, noisv, and 
rough lot than the young men and boys who, for the purpose 
of acquiring foreign languages, have been placed under the 
care of some private tutor — generally a declasse English 
clergyman — in one of the provincial towns of Germany^ 
Switzerland, and France, many of whom have been expell- 
ed for misconduct from the public schools in England. 

It is to these English college " men" and boys that is 
mainly attributable the intense and notorious hatred of the em- 
peror of Germany for everything pertaining to Great Britain. 
They rendered his life at Bonn perfect misery and torture to 
him. During the whole period of his school years in that 
pretty town on the banks of the Rhine he was a butt of their 
practical jokes, an object of their ridicule and coutempt,and 
repeatedly exposed to the grossest kinds of insults at their 
hands. 

To give a solitary instance thereof it will be sufficient to 
state that no matter what hour he set aside for his swim in 
the river his young English tormentors w^onld make a point 
of taking their dip at the same time, and indulging in the 
roughest kind of horse play. Thus, no sooner would the 
emperor take his header off the diving-board than several of 
them would immediately plunge, as if by accident, on top of 
him, and prevent him from coming to the surface. 

This was all the more cruel as, owing to the fact of his 
left arm being withered and utterly useless, the poor boy 
was, and, in fact, still is little better than a cripple. These, 
and a thousand petty insults, he patiently bore in stoical si- 
lence, and without appearing to take any notice thereof, a 
fact which enraged his tormentors and always stimulated 
them to the perpetration of fresh outrages. That, however, 
he has not forgotten or forgiven their behavior has been fre- 
quently and openly shown since he has become a power in 
the land by his extreme and publicly shown dislike for every- 
thing English. 



THE BIOGRAPmOAL REVIEW. 



113- 



ADMIKAL DAVID DIXON PORTER. 

Born June S, 1814. 

Admiral D. D. Poktee is a native of Pennsylvania. He 
is the youngest son of David Porter, who commanded the 
Essex in the- war of 1812-14 with Great Britain, Young 
Porter entered the service as midshipman in February, 1829, 
and served in the Mediterranean until 1835, when he was 
employed for several years in coast survey and river explor- 
ations. At the close of 
1845 he was placed on 
special duty at the Wash- 
ington observatory, resign- 
ing in 1846 to take part in 
the Mexican war. 

At the outbreak of the 
late war he was promoted 
to the rank of commander, 
and in 1862 the mortar 
fleet for the bombardment 
of the forts below New Or- 
leans was placed under his 
orders. After the capture 
of New Orleans he went 
up the river with his fleet, 
and was engaged in the un- 
successful siege of Yicks- 
burg in July, 1862. During the second siege of that place, 
in the summer of 1863, he bombarded the works and mater- 
ially assisted Gen. Grant, who commanded the besieging ar- 
my. For this he was made rear admiral. He was also en- 
gaged in the two combined attacks on Fort Fisher, which 
commands the approaches to Wilmington, North Carolina. 
The first- of these attempts, at the close of 1864, miscarried; 
the second, in January, 1865, was completely successful. In 
July, 1866, he was made vice-admiral, and after the death 




ADMIRAL D. D. POKTER. 



114 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW 



of Farragut. was promoted, October, 1870, to the rank of ad- 
miral, which carries with it the command of the entire navy 
of the United States, subject only to the order of the president. 
Admiral Porter is urging the importance of protecting the 
coast approaches to all the large cities of the United States, 
with heavily armored monitors, carrying the heaviest guns. 
He has written to several of the congressmen and is in hopes 
that the bill appropriating five million dollars for the nation- 
al defence will include some of the most urgent demands of 
naval necessities. 



PIEKRE LORILLARD. 

The Lorillards are known to fame through their immense 
tobacco enterprise, and also as being enthusiastic turfmen. 
The Lorillard stables are 
world-famed, and Tuxedo 
Park, which Pierre Loril- 
lard has instituted in Jer- 
sey, is a swell thing con- 
ducted on English plans, 
ideas and principles. Mr. 
Lorillard spends lavishly, 
not only upon himself and 
friends, but also upon the 
employes of his factory. 
A recent addition to the 
privileges enjoyed by his 
workmen is a large library 
erected for the free use of 
employes on the presenta- 
tion of the factory card. A 
school is attached which 
seats three hundred children, and tlie entire expense of the 
establishment is borne by Pierre Lorillard & Company, who 
feel a just pride in the success of their work. 




PIERRE LORILLARD. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 115 

MRS. LOGAK 

Born in 1838. 
The widow of the late General John A. Logan was born 
in Sturgeon, Missouri, and in 1853 she was sent to St. Yin- 
cent college, and graduated two years later. Her father. 
Captain John M. Cunningham, served in the fierce Black 
Hawk war and in the Mexican war, and was a member of 
the Hlinois legislature in 1845-46. When still a child Mrs. 

Logan assisted her father 
in the duties of sheriff of 
the county, and became 
acquainted at that time 
with John A. Logan, who 
was then prosecuting attor- 
ney of the same county. 
An intimacy sprang up 
between them, which re- 
sulted in their marriage in 
1855, when she was but 
sixteen years of age, being 
twelve years younger than 
her husband. 

The young wife was 
MRS. JOHN A. LOGAN. both Companion and help- 

mate to her husband, and in 1856 saw him elected to the 
legislature. During the war Mrs. Logan took every opportu- 
nity that offered to be with the general during his campaigns. 
At Cairo, five hundred of the generaPs regiment suffered 
from an epidemic of measles, whose wants and comforts 
were nobly administered to by Mrs. Logan, aided by the 
assistance of the kind-hearted ladies of Carbondale. She also 
ministered to the sick and wounded In the Memphis hospital 
in 1863, and lent her aid to her husband's cause on every 
possible opportunity. She never failed to do her first of all 
womanly duties of the wife and mother. Her children were 




116 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



educated under her direct supervision, and lier household 
duties were paramount to all others. Her life has been full 
of adventures in war and politics that few women have expe- 
rienced, and she can relate them in a most graphic way; in- 
deed, it is rumored that she maybe prevailed upon to write a 
book of her reminiscences of the war. 



PKOFESSOR S. STONE WIGGINS. 

Born Dec. 4, 1H39. 
The noted weather prophet, S. Stone Wiggins, was born 
in Queens county, New Brunswick, Canada. He was edu- 
cated in Canadian and 
United States universities, 
having taken his degree of 
Doctor of Medicine at the 
Philadelphia University of 
Medicine and Surgery in 
1868; and Bachelor of 
Arts and Doctor of Laws 
at Albert University, Onta- 
rio. He distinguished him- 
self as an educator. He is 
tlie author of several works 
— scientific, educational, 
and religious. 

As a predictor of storms 
and earthquakes he has 
won world-wide fame. His 
great storm of March, 
1883, announced six months before it took place, was refer- 
red to by the press of all languages and nations between the 
polar circles, and although it did not prove as disastrous as 
predicted, yet it was a storm of almost unprecedented fury. 
He predicted the earthquake that appeared in England 
in 1884, and other ])redictions which liave been fulfilled. 




PKOFESSOR S. S. WIGGINS. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, 



117 



ELLA WHEELER WILCOX. 

Born about 1850. 

The Wisconsin songstress, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was born 
at Johnstown, Rock county, Wisconsin. Her father was a 
Vermonter, but settled in Johnstown in the year 1848. Her 
love for literature was inherited from her mother. When thir- 
teen years of age she began to write poetry, and in time 
found confidence to send 
her verses here and there 
for publication. She re- 
ceived no financial return 
for these early efforts, but 
gradually won the fame 
which led to handsome re- 
muneration. At the pres- 
ent time she is in receipt 
of a good income, and her 
residence at Meriden, Con- 
necticut, is one of the pret- 
tiest and best, not to say 
the most luxurious homes 
in that place. 

Ella has suffered from 
critics, in common with 
poets of every degree. A 
good story is told of how 
she got even with a news- ella wheeler wilcox. 

paper editor, who begged that she, instead of writing so ma- 
ny verses about babies, should devote a little of her time to 
puppies; Ella, ever willing to profit by suggestions, immedi- 
ately sat down and wrote a pleasant poem, where a child 
pleads for the lives of live puppies which she owns. One by 
one the little animals are taken from her, till finally but a 




118 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

single creature is left. At this juncture the child makes a 
piteous appeal, saying: ''Just save this one, for I want to 
make an editor of it." Ella had the poem published in a Mil- 
waukee newspaper, dedicated to the editor who had made the 
suggestion upon which she had acted. It is stated that he 
lost all interest in Ella's poems ever afterward. 

The book by which Mrs. Wilcox is best known is •• Poems 
of Passion." When this was first published she was given a 
reception at the academy of music in Milwaukee, and five 
hundred dollars was presented to her by her admirers. Her 
volume of temperance poems, "Drops of Water," has many 
admirers. A novel from her pen, '• Mal-Monlee," is less 
known, yet it contains some of her best verses. 

In speaking of past events, she says: "I had ceased to ex- 
pect any sudden success in literature when I published 
'Poems of Passion.' The intense excitement the book caus- 
ed, the hue and cry raised against its alleged immorality, 
and the consequently remarkable sales, were all a stunning 
surprise to me, I had written of human nature as I had 
found it; I had no idea even that I was saying anything un- 
usual. The abuse my book received was very bitter for me 
to bear, because I felt it to be unjust. One critic declared 
that the book would damn me socially and intellectually. I 
am still a welcome guest in circles where he could not even 
obtain a position as valet unless I gave him a recommendar 
tion; and my book has brought me warm words of praise 
from the most celebrated people in the land. And the pro- 
ceeds from its first sales enabled me to build over and en- 
large the old home, rendering my aged parents comfortable 
for life. As I read over my works, and painfully realize their 
defects, I am moved to wonder why I have been accorded 
such unusual success when many writers who far excel me 
as poets have failed to win recognition or remuneration. " 

Ella looks younger than shi3 really is. Her figure is slight 
and girlish, and her head is crowned with red-brown hair. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 119 

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL. 

Born March 3,1847. 

This well known inventor, Alexander Graham Bell, Ph.D., 
was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was educated in the 
high school and the university of that city. He also entered 
a university in London in 1867, but left on account of his 
health, and went to Canada with his father in 1870. 

In 1872 he took up his residence in the United States, in- 
troducing with success his 
father's system of deaf- 
mute instruction, and be- 
came professor of vocal 
physiology in Boston uni- 
versity. 

He had been interested 
for many years in the 
transmission of sound by 
electricity, and had devis- 
ed many forms of appa- 
ratus for the purpose; but 
the first exhibition of his^ 
invention was at Philadel-'y.^'^ 
phiainl876. Its complete^ 
success has made h i m| 
wealthy. ■ 

His invention of the' 
" Photophone, " in which 
a vibratory beam of light Alexander graham bell. 
is substituted for a wire in conveying speech, has also at- 
tracted much attention, but has never been practically used. 

After the shooting of President Garfield, Professor Bell, 
together with Sumner Tainter, experimented with an improv- 
ed form of Hughes' induction balance, and endeavored to 
find the location of the ball, but failed. 




120 



THE BIOOEAPHICAL REVIEW. 



ADELINA M. C. FATTI. 

Born in 184:1 

Patti, the sweetest singer of the age, was born in Madrid, 
Spain; her father was a tenor singer of no very remarkable 
ability, and her mother attained celebrity as a prima-donna. 

When their child was about a year old her parents remov- 
ed to New York, which tlie great singer speaks of as her 
home. In an article printed in the'^Centm-y Magazine," 
Eichard Grant White tells 
of having called upon hei 
mother when Patti was a 
little child — "a slender, 
swarthy, bright-eyed little 
girl, in short skirts, who 
ran into the r o o m and 
chirped at her mother, and 
ran out of it, carolling as 
she went through the pas- 
sage way, and then ran in 
and out again in the same 
fashion.'' 

As a matter of course, 
Patti's life from the begin- 
ning was musical, and 
while still very young, she 
became a student of her 
art. Her mother's influ- 
ence strongly assisted her adelina patti. 
progress, in which she received technical instruction from 
the eminent Maurice Strakosch, who had married her elder 
sister. 

When about sixteen she made her first appearance, in 
New York city, as Lucia in Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammer- 
moor," and acquitted herself in a manner which was more 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 121 

than satisfactory, her extreme youth being considered, and 
promising of futui'e eminence. She sang in America during 
the seasons of 1859-60. In 1861 she made her first appear- 
ance in London, and in Paris the next year. Her course has 
been a triumphant one. In 1870 she received the Order of 
Merit from the emperor of Russia. 

Her first marriage was in 1868, to the Marquis de Caux, 
a French nobleman, with whom she was unhappy, and the 
pair were legally separated. She is now married to Nico- 
lini, the noted tenor, who has traveled with her constantly; 
and they appear to be an affectionate couple. Patti is con- 
sidered to be the best prima-donna of the time. Her voice is 
pure and perfectly well managed, and her taste unexception- 
able. A competent critic speaks of her as being " equally, at 
home in the tenderness of deep passion and the sprightly 
vivacity of light comedy." 



GEOEGE BANCROFT. 

Born Oct. 3, 1800. 

George Banceoft is one of those literary characters of 
whom the United States has the best reason to be proud, and 
one, also, to whom his countrymen are indebted for having 
redeemed from mediocrity the literary standing of the young 
republic. There is no English speaking historian alive at the 
present day who is anything like his equal in the two most 
important characteristics of a faithful historian, devoted re- 
search and rigid impartiality. 

George Bancroft was born during the last year of the 
eighteenth century, at Worcester, Massachusetts, and was a 
scion of one of the most respectable and highly esteemed 
families in that section of the state. His parents, like most 
of the natives of New England, looked upon a good educa- 
tion as the one thing needful to a young man in order to ena- 
ble him to work out his own salvation in the world of strug- 



122 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 









gles and hand to hand conflicts. George graduated with 
high honors at Harvard college, and soon after his gradua- 
tion he continued his education by a long European tour, 
ending with some years of study at the Gottingen and Berlin 
universities, at the latter of which institutions he received 
the degree of Ph.D. His parents had intended that he should 
study for tlie ministry, but having had a taste of what liter- 
ary life and activity really 
was. and shrinking from the 
dull monotony of a New 
England parson's life, he 
at last decided to devote 
his whole time to making 
for himself a prominent 
place in the world of let- 
ters. He held for a short 
time the position of Greek 
professor at his alma 
mater. 

His first literary venture 
was the publication of a 
volume of poems, some of 
v^ I -v^Braasr^" which Were very beautiful, 

• on the politics of ancient 

GEORGE BANCRO]- 1 Gfcece, which were very 

well received by American scholars. Soon after this time he 
opened a very large school for the instruction of youth. Dr. 
Bancroft's greatest work, and the one which has given him 
a position at the head of America s prose writers, is his "His- 
tory of the United States." This historian has been a well 
known contributor to the "North American Review" and 
other periodicals, and has brought out a history of the form- 
ation of the United States constitution. In 1871 Dr. Bancroft 
was appointed minister to Berlin, but resigned in 1874. He 
is a most genial gentleman, and resides at Washington. 




I 



THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 123 

KEY. W. H. MILBURN. 

Born in 1823. 

The recent prayers of the blind chaplain of the house of 
representatives, the Rev. W. H. Milburn, has provoked 
much discussion. One of the prominent New York journals 
calls it an abuse of prayer. The prayer in question was direct- 
ed against the stock brokers and others of that ilk. " Deliver 
us," the chaplain prayed, "from the influence and power of 
robbers, who, enticing their victims to boards of trade, stock 
exchanges and bucket shops, name their practices of plunder 
'shearing the lambs.' " 

The chaplain's prayer against the brokers was so telling, 
that he next treated the labor question in the same way. He 
said: "But now the many have learned the secret of organ- 
ization, of drill and dynamite. Rouse the rich of the world 
to understand that the time-has come for the grinding, self- 
ish monopoly to cease. Teach the rich men of this country 
that great fortunes are lent them by Thee, for other pur- 
poses than to build and decorate palaces, to found private 
collections of art, to stock wine cellars, to keep racing studs 
and yachts, and to find better company than hostlers, grooms 
and jockeys, pool-sellers and book-makers." In accordance 
with the views of many members of the house, Mr. Milburn 
has, however, moderated the language of his prayers. 

When five years of age he received an accidental cut in 
the left eye from a sharp missile from the hands of a play- 
mate. The injury was not a fatal one, and if the doctors 
had treated him properly, he would have had the use of two 
good eyes for the rest of his life. But after the wound was 
healed, it was covered by a slight scab, which the physician 
said must be removed by the use of nitrate of silver. This 
was applied in so large a quantity that the eye was seared as 
by a hot iron, and the sight went out forever. But by the 
use of a shade over the eye, the middle finger of the right 



124 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



We left Cincinnati, in the 



hand under it, to make a kind of artificial pupil, the book 
near the end of his nose, in a strong daylight he could see a 
single letter of good print, and, slowly bringing every letter 
of the line to the point on which the sight was fixed, he man- 
aged to spell his way through school and partly through 
college. 

Speaking of the events that resulted in his election as 
chaplain of congress, he writes: 
steamer Hibernia, on a 
Friday morning in Novem- 
ber, 1845, the captain 
promising to land us at 
Wheeling by Saturday 
night. The boat was crowd- 
ed, and among the passen- 
gers was a number of con- 
gressmen, members of both 
houses, on their way to the 
capital to take their seats. 
I cannot say how I was 
shocked nor how indig- 
nant I became at discover- 
ing that not a few of these 
representatives of the sov- 
ereign people of the Unit- 
ed States swore outrage- 
ously, played cards day and night, and drank villainous 
whiskey to excess. 

''The river was low. Fogs came on. Sunday morning 
arrived; we were yet eighty miles below Wheeling, and there 
was no place where we could land to spend the Lord's day. 
At breakfast-time a committee of the passengers waited upon 
me to know if I would preach to them. Never did I say yes 
more gladly; for never had I been so anxious to speak my 
mind. A congregation of nearly three hundred persons as- 




REV. W. H. MILBURN. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 125 

sembled at half-past ten o'clock, and I took my stand be- 
tween the ladies' and gentlemen's cabins. Seated in the 
places of honor upon my right and left were the members of 
congress. At the close of the discourse I could not resist 
the impulse to speak a straightforward word to the men on 
my right and left; turning to them, therefore, I said: 'I un- 
derstand that you are members of the congress of the United 
States, and as such you are, or should be, the representatives 
not only of the political opinions but also of the intellectual, 
moral, and religious condition of the people of the country. 
As I had rarely seen men of your class, I felt on coming 
aboard this boat a natural interest to hear your conversation 
and to observe your habits. If I am to judge the nation by 
you, I can come to no other conclusion than that it is com- 
posed of profane swearers, card-players, and drunkards. 
I must tell 3^ou that as an American citizen I feel 
disgraced by your behavior; as a preacher of the gospel I am 
commissioned to tell you . . . .' At the close of the 
service I retired to my state-room. Soon after there was a 
tap at the door. A gentleman entered, who said he had 
been requested to wait upon me by the members of congress. 
They desired him to present me with a purse as a token of 
their appreciation of my sincerity and fearlessness in reprov- 
ing them; they had also desired him to ask if I would allow 
my name to be used at the coming election of chaplain to 
congress. My new friends went on to Washington, and I 
tarried in Wheeling to preach; they secured my election, 
and I entered upon my duties as chaplain to congress." 

Forty years have passed since the date of his first chap- 
laincy, being called to the place again in 1853. The Mexi- 
can war broke out during his first term; the republican par- 
ty was born in his second. He is there again, after an inter- 
val of more than thirty years. Not a man has a seat in con- 
gress who filled it when he was first there, and but two or 
three when he was there the second time. Three generations 
of public men have passed away since his first election. 



126 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN. 

Born Feb. 8. 1S20. 

One of the most brilliant of the Union commanders of the 
war of the rebellion is Gen. W. T. Sherman, a native of 
Lancaster, Ohio. In 1840 he graduated from West Point, 
and served dm*ing the Indian wars in Florida in 1840-42. In 
1847 he went to California, and was active assistant secretary 
there till 1850. He resigned his commission in 1853, and 
became a banker, carrying on his business in New York and 
San Francisco. In 1858-9 
he practiced law at Leav- 
enworth, Kansas. 

On May 14, 1861, he 
was re-appointed to the 
army with the rank of 
colonel, and on the 17th 
of the same month was 
made brigadier-general of 
volunteers. He command- 
ed a brigade at Bull Run 
on July 21. In October he 
was appointed to the com- 
mand of the army of the 
Cumberland. He directed 
a division in the Tennessee 
and Mississippi operations, 
and bore a prominent part before Vicksburg. From Memphis 
he received an order from Grant, who had succeeded Rose- 
crans, to cease all work and hasten to Chattanooga, where, 
on November 25, 1863, he succeeded in defeating Bragg. 
On February 4, 1864, Sherman moved to Meridian, the great 
railway center of the southwest, destroying all the confeder- 
ate stores, but was compelled to return on account of the 
failure of the cavalry, under Smith, to perform its duty. 




GEN. SHERMAN. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 127 

In March, 1864, Sherman was made commander of the 
military division of the Mississippi, which gave him com- 
mand of more than a hundred thousand eiFective troops with 
whom to operate against Gen. Johnston. 

On the 6th day of May, Sherman set out for Atlanta; at 
Dalton he defeated Gen. Johnston on May 13, and again on 
May 15th at Resaca. On June 1 Alatoonowas occupied by 
Gen. Sherman, and later he compelled Johnston to evacuate 
Kenesaw On September 2, after a severe engagement, 
he captured Atlanta, occupying the city with his army for 
ten weeks, when he commenced his march to the sea with 
sixty thousand men, having previously dispatched some forty 
thousand men under Gen. Thomas to repel Gen. Hood's ad- 
vance into Tennessee. In less than a month they had march- 
ed three hundred miles without resistance, but later captured 
Fort McAllister after some severe fighting. 

In the middle of January, 1865, Gen. Sherman began his 
invasion of the Carolinas, the march lasting six weeks. In 
North Carolina he encountered considerable opposition, and 
fought two pitched battles. 

On April 26, 1865, Gen. Johnston surrendered his army to 
Sherman on the same terms as had been granted to Gen. Lee 
by Gen. Grant. This surrender virtually closed the war. 

He continued in command of the military division of the 
Mississippi a year after the end of the hostilities, with the 
rank of major-general in the regular army. He was promoted 
to lieutenant-general when, in July, 1866, Grant had been 
made general of the army. 

On the election of Grant to the presidency, Sherman suc- 
ceeded him, in March, 1869, as general of the army. In 
1871-72 he visited Europe; and upon his return he made his 
headquarters at Washington, but removed to St. Louis in 
1874. The following year he contributed to the historical 
literature of this country by the publication of his memoirs. 
Gen. Sherman is now upon the retired list. 



128 THE BIOOEAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Gen. Sherman is famous for kissing girls at every opportu- 
nity, it is alleged, and although there have been some exag- 
gerated accounts of his doings in that line, it is nevertheless 
asserted that his fatherly kisses are apt to be bestowed upon 
the slightest provocation. He and Gen. Sheridan once visit- 
ed a private boarding school for girls. The misses did not 
dissemble their interest in the two warriors, but gazed on 
them after the manner of the aesthetic maidens at Grosvenor 
in "'Patience." Sherman bore it with' adamantine fortitude, 
and even seemed to enjoy it, but, the story goes, Sheridan 
seemed diffident and rather ill at ease. After awhile a matron 
presented her daughter to Sherman. He took her hand and 
said, "I am very glad to know you." 

"Oh, the gladness is all on the part of my daughter, lam 
sure," the effusive dame is reported to have said. "Now, 
general, if you would give her one of those celebrated kisses 
— '" Sherman needed no further invitation. He kissed the 
not unwilling girl with a smack on her cheek. There was 
some laughter and well-bred exclamations at this, and Sher- 
man turned to Sheridan, introducing the very pretty recipient 
of his kiss. 

"Now, Gen. Siieridan," said a gentleman, "you surely 
won't let Sherman get an advantage of you." Sheridan 
had to kiss the girl or run. She stood demurely ready for 
the contact. He reddened visibly, and then, they say, in- 
stead of kissing the girl on the cheek, as Sherman had done, 
he lifted her hand to his lips. It was something of a disap- 
pointment, at least to the spectators if not to the girl. 

At an Indiana school were a number of southern girls, whose 
rebel proclivities they were always ready to make known 
upon the slightest provocation, and the result was that there 
was a constant feud between them and the northern girls. 
Among the latter no one was more pronounced in hatred of 
the rebel cause than Miss Minnie Sherman, now the wife of 
Lieut. Thackera of the United States navy. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



129^ 



GEOKGE W. CABLE. 

Born Oct. 12, 1844. 

The distinguished novelist, Geo. W. Cable, was born in 
New Orleans. At the age of fourteen he lost his father, and 
the family was left in such reduced circumstances that young 
Cable was compelled to leave school in order to aid in their 
support. From this time until 1863, he was usually employed 
as clerk. In that year he entered the confederate army, and 

served therein until the 
close of the civil war. Re- 
turning to New Orleans, 
he made such a living as 
lie could, at first as an er- 
rand boy, although he was 
then almost twenty - one 
years of age; then in sur- 
veying, and finally secured 
a position in a prominent 
house of cotton factors. 
He stayed here until 1879, 
when he left to devote him- 
self entirely to literature. 

His first work in this 
direction was in the form 
of contributions to the New 
Orleans '•'Picayune," over the signature of "Drop Shot." 
His work, however, did not attract any very general attention. 
In this new capacity he was compelled to hunt up the docu- 
ments of the Creole settlers, and to this fortunate circum- 
stance does he ascribe his present success. 

The first noted work from the pen of Mr. Cable was '• Old 
Creole Days," which appeared in 1879 in " Scribner's Mag- 
azine," the story being subsequently published in book form. 
This was followed by the " Grandissimes " in 1880, and 




GEO. W. CABLE. 



130 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

"Madame Delphine " in 1881. In all these novels Mr. Ca- 
ble has shown such a mastery of the Louisiana dialect, and 
such a deep insight into the Creole character as to give him 
at once a prominence among American writers which few 
are fortunate enough to obtain in so brief an experience. 

In fact, his success is mainly due to his constant effort to 
excel. Even during his camp life Mr. Cable employed his 
leisure time in study, but yet saw his share of active service. 
Indeed, he is described as a good and daring soldier, and he 
was wounded in the arm, narrowly escaping with his life. 

In addition to his permanent residence in New Orleans, 
he has also a house in Hartford, Connecticut. He is an inti- 
mate friend of Mark Twain; and at the instigation of Cable, 
all of Mark Twain's friends applied simultaneously for his 
autograph. The autograph fiend is particularly objectionable 
to Mark Twain, and the effect of receiving several thousand 
requests for an autograph can better be imagined than de- 
scribed. The author of " Innocents Abroad " has intimated 
his intention of profiting by the joke, in publishing in book 
form the letters thus received. 

He has opened a new field in fiction, introducing to the 
outside world a phase of American life hitherto unsuspected 
save by those who have seen it. He has been the means, 
through his publicaticms, of effecting reforms in the contract 
system of convict labor in the southern states. 

He has successfully entered the lecture field, reading selec- 
tions from his own writings, and unaftectedly singing to 
northern audiences the strange, wild melodies current among 
the French-speaking negroes of the lower Mississippi. 

In 1883 he wrote the popular novel '' Dr. Sevier;" and in 
1884 appeared '^The Creoles of Louisiana," followed a year 
later by -The Silent South." 

He has also prepared for the government elaborate reports 
on the condition of the inhabitants of the Teche and Atta- 
kapas country in western Louisiana. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 131 

PROF. HERBERT SPENCER. 

Born in 1S20. 

This eminent scientist, Prof. Herbert Spencer, was born 
in Derby, England, where he received his education. 

At the age of seventeen Herbert Spencer became a civil 
engineer, but abandoned his profession after about eight 
years, having during this period contributed various papers 
to prominent publications. His first productions in general 
literature were in the shape 
of a series of letters on the 
"Proper Sphere of Gov- 
ernment." From 1848-53 
he was engaged as a writer 
for the "Economist," and 
during that time published 
his first considerable work, 
"Social Statics, or the Con- 
ditions Essential to Human 
Happiness." 

In 1855 appeared his 
'Principles of Psychology,' 
an attempt to analyse the 
relations between the or- 
der of the worlds of mat- ^^o^" heebekt spencee. 
ter and of mind. Herbert Spencer paid a visit to the United 
States in 1882, and in 1883 he was elected a correspondent 
of the French academy of moral and political science for the 
section of philosophy, in the room of Johnson. He published 
a volume of "Essays, Political and Speculative." A series 
of his review articles on "Education, Intelligence Moral and 
Physical, "were published collectively in 1881. The later works 
of Mr. Spencer are "Education, Intellectual, Moral and Phy- 
sical;" "First Principles," a system of philosophy; and vari- 
ous other works which have attracted universal attention in 
the scientific world. 




132 



THE BIOGUAPHICAL REVIEW. 



MKS. JULIA WARD HOWE. 

Born in 181.9. 
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe is a strong advocate of woman's 
suffrage. She is a native of New York city, has bright au- 
burn hair, a florid complexion, and a peculiarly mobile and 
expressive face, set off by dark sad eyes. Her father was a 
man of wealth and culture, and early perceiving signs of ge- 
nius in his talented young daughter, gave her every advan- 
tage for improving her lit- 
erary and artistic tastes. 
Like many of her temper- 
ament, she abhorred math- 
ematics, but delighted in 
music and philosophy. She 
acquired the German and 
Italian languages with per- 
fect ease, and Goethe and 
Schiller became her divini- 
ties. She married Samuel 
G. Howe, of Boston, sailing 
immediately for Europe. 
She was twenty-three years 
of age at this time, but was 
received merely as the wife 
of the '^ New Bayard," who 
had aided Greece so effec- 
tively in her struggles for independence. Mr. Howe became 
editor of the '^ Commonwealth " in 1851, when Mrs. Howe 
began her career as a journalist. She wrote editorials, poetry, 
stories, and witty paragraphs, and otherwise gave life and 
tone to the paper. Her first book, " Passion Flowers," 
was followed by ''Words of the Hour;" and later on appear- 
ed "A Trip to Cuba," after having visited that country. 

During the civil war she was strongly interested in the 
cause of the north, and worked, lectured, and wrote in aid of 




JULIA WARD HOWE. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 133 

the federal government. Her " Marching On," sung to the 
John Brown chorus, became the battle-hjmn of the republic. 
Her stirring "Appeal to Womanhood Throughout the World " 
is pronounced the ablest peace manifesto ever written, and 
has been translated into French, German, Italian, and Swed- 
ish. She is one of the editors of the "Woman's Journal." 

Mrs. Howe resides in Boston in winter, but in summer re- 
tires to a "nook among the mountains, to which none but 
friends with the password are admitted." Being a most de- 
voted and loving mother, she is adored by her children. 

Mrs. Howe is one of the founders of the New England 
women's club, of which she has been president since 18T2. 
She has also presided over several similar associations, in- 
cluding the American woman-suffrage association. In 1872 
she was a delegate to the world's prison reform congress in 
London, and in the same year aided in founding the wo- 
man's peace association there. In 1884-5 she presided over 
the woman's branch of the New Orleans exposition. 

Mrs. Howe has delivered numerous lectures, and has often 
addressed the Massachusetts legislature in aid of reforms. 
She has preached in Rome, Italy, San Domingo, and from 
Unitarian pulpits in this country; she has also read lectures 
at the Concord school of philosophy. 

In 1876 Mr. Howe died, which was a severe blow to his 
devoted and loving wife. Notwithstanding the fact that Mrs. 
Howe has the intellectual powers generally looked for in 
the male sex, she has lost none of her womanly nature. Her 
literary productions rank with those of the Boston and Con- 
cord literary men. In her appointment to the presidency of 
the Woman's Association, tribute has been paid to those traits 
that have made her pre-eminent among her sex. 

She has written numerous poems, dramas, and lectures; 
and the two works from her pen, " Life of Margaret Fuller " 
and "Sex in Education," have especially received much 
praise from press and public. 



134 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



ABEAM STEVENS HEWITT. 

Born July 31, IS22. 
The expressions of Mayoi Hewitt, in explaining his refusal 
to permit the Irish flag to be raised on the city hall on St. 
Patrick's day, will strike a responsive chord in the breast of 
every true American. In a communication sent to the board 
of aldermen, Mr. Hewitt says that he is of the opinion that 
no flag but the American has any right to float from any 
public building in any city 
in the United States. He 
cannot see, as he indicates, 
why, if Germany is to be 
ruled by Germans and 
France by Frenchmen, 
America ought not to be 
ruled by Americans. Fur- 
ther on he says: '^I invite 
your careful study of the 
facts presented, which will 
serve to show why candi- 
dates for office are ko anx- 
ious to secure the foreign 
vote, and to prove also that 
the danger line has been 
reached when it must be 
decided whether American 
or foreign ideas are to rule in this city." The mayor seems 
to have located the danger line with remarkable exactness. 
It is refreshing in these days, when American politicians are 
ready to bespangle themselves with shamrock in order to 
catch the Irish vote, or to wear thistles in their boots if nec- 
essary, to secure the Scotch vote, to know that there is at 
least one public man in America who is not afraid of offend- 

population. The mayor's atti- 




ABRAM STEVENS HEWITT. 



the foreign element of 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 135 

tude cannot be construed as resulting from any hostility to- 
ward the Irish. As he himself indicates, Mr. Hewitt has al- 
ways sympathized with the Irish in their struggle for home 
rule. And Americans will be glad to know that he also sym- 
pathizes with them in their efforts for home rule. 

Mr, Hewitt was born in Haverstraw, New York, and was 
educated first at a public school in New York city , where by 
a special examination he gained a scholarship at Columbia 
college, and graduated in 1842, at the head of his class. 
During his college course he supported himself by teaching, 
and after his graduation he remained as an assistant, being 
in 1843 acting professor of mathematics. 

In 1844 he visited Europe with his class-mate, Edward 
Cooper, whose partner he afterward became, and whose sis- 
ter he married in 1855. Meanwhile he studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1846. 

He soon gave up the profession on account of impaired 
eyesight, and became associated with Peter Cooper in the 
iron business, a firm that now controls and owns the Tren- 
ton, Ringwood, Pequest, and the Durham iron works. He 
was elected mayor of New York in 1886, as a democrat, re- 
ceiving ninety thousand votes, against seventy thousand for 
Henry George, and sixty thousand for Theodore Roosevelt. 

His management of the municipal government has been 
marked by a rigid enforcement of the various departments 
to a strict accountability. 

He received the degree of LL.D. in 1887 from the Col- 
umbia college, and many other honors have been bestowed 
upon him. 

SIR JOHN ALEXANDER MACDONALD. 

Born Jan. 11, 1815. 
The subject of this sketch was born and educated at 
Kingston, Ontario, and in 1835 was admitted to the bar. In 
1844 he was sent to parliament from Kingston, being elect- 



136 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



ed as a conservative. He was appointed a member of the 
executive comicil and receiver-general in May, and commis- 
sioner of crown lands in December, lSi7. The cabinet of 
which he was a member resigned in March, 1850. 

Mr. Macdonald again became minister of militia, which 
office, with that of attorney-general of Upper Canada, he con- 
tinued to hold until the 
confederation. This union 
of the province of British 
North America he was 
mainly instrumental in 
bringing about. 

In 1871 Sir John was 
one of her majesty's joint 
high commissioners and 
plenipotentiaries to act in 
connection with the com- 
mission named by the pres- 
ident of the United States 
for the settlement of the 
Alabama claims, resulting 
in the treaty of Washing- 
ton, May, 1871. 

In 1865 Mr. Macdonald 
received the honorary de- 
gree of D. C. L. from the 
university of Oxford, and in 1867 was made K. C. B.; in 
1872 he was created knight of the royal order of Isabel la 
Catolica (of Spain). 

In 1878, on the fall of the Mackenzie reform government, 
Mr. Macdonald was entrusted with the task of forming a 
new administration, taking himself the position of minister 
of the interior and premier of the Dominion. 

For over forty years Sir John has been the acknowledged 
leader of the conservative party of Upper Canada. 




SIK JOHN A. MACDONALD. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 



137 



ALFRED TENNYSON. 

Born Aug, 6, 1809. 
Tennyson is a born poet; that is, a builder ef airy palaces 
and imaginary castles. But the individual passion and ab- 
sorbing preoccupations which generally guide the hands of 
such men are wanting to him; he found in himself no plan 
of a new edifice; he has built after all the rest; he has sim- 
ply chosen amongst all forms the most elegant, ornate, exqui- 
site. Of their beauties he 
has taken but the flower. 
At most, now and then, he 
has here and there amused 
himself by designing some 
genuinely English and mo- 
dern cottage. If in this 
choice of architecture, ad- 
opted or restored, we look 
for a trace of him, we shal] 
find it, here and there; but 
we only find it marked and 
sensible in the purity and 
elevation of the moral 
emotion which we carry 
away with us when we quit 
his gallery of art. 

Alfred Tennyson was 
born at Somersby, a village in Lincolnshire, England. He 
was one of a family of twelve children, the father of whom 
was the Rev. G. Clayton Tennyson, LL.D., rector of Somers- 
by and vicar of Grimsby. Alfred was taught the rudimentary 
subjects partly at home and partly at the village school. His 
first verses were written upon the model of Thomson's ^' Sea- 
sons." In 18^27 he went to Trinity college, aud the following 
year gained a gold medal for a poem on '^Timbuctoo." 




ALFRED TENNYSON. 



138 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

The story of Tennyson's life can be little else than the 
story of his successive poems, tliough some glimpses of his 
pleasant family and personal life and of the slight eccentrici- 
ties of his character maybe gleaned from a charming article 
in a recent number of '' Harper's Monthly." 

Bibliomaniacs are eager to give a high price for the little 
anonymous volume of ''Poems by Two Brothers," published 
in 1827, the earliest published verses of Alfred and Charles 
Tennyson. In 1830 appeared "Poems, Chiefly Lyrical, " and 
from that time on Tennyson's fame as a poet grew rapidly. 
The '-Mort d' Arthur," ''Locksley Hall," the "May Queen," 
and "Two Voices" followed each other in rapid succession. 

"In Memoriam," the laureate's greatest poem, recently 
called by a competent critic "the most, some say the only 
influential poem of the century," was suggested by the death 
of young Arthur Hallam. It is a series of marvelously touch- 
ing monodies, is resplendent with religious and philosophical 
speculation, and was the work of many years. In this work 
appear the well-known lines: 

'Tis b^:tter to have loved and lost, 
Than never to have loved at all. 

And also appears in the same work that beautiful refrain 
commencing — 

Rmg otit wild bells to the wild sky. 

Tennyson succeeded Wordsworth, in 1850, as poet laureate 
of England, and the noble poems as that on the death of the 
Prince Consort, and the famous " Charge of the Light Brig- 
ade," show that the laureate did not consider his ofHce an 
idle honor. The " Charge of the Light Brigade " is by many 
regarded as Tennyson's most famous production; and as a 
lyric it is unsurpassed in any language. 

At the present time, this notable poet, who is a man of 
studious and industrious habits, is still living at Petersiield, 
Hampshire, England. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



139 



CHARLES A. DANA. 

Born Aug. 8, 1819. 
Perhaps, to a greater extent than in the case of any other 
conspicuous journalist, Mr. Dana's personality is identified 
in the public mind with the newspaper that he edits — the 
New York "Sun." 

This great xlmeriean journalist was born at Hinsdale, 
New Hampshire, spending his boyhood in Buffalo, New 

York, where he worked in 
a store until he was eight- 
een years of age. At that 
age he first studied Latin 
grammar, and entered 
Harvard college in 1839, 
but was compelled to leave 
after two years because of 
a serious trouble with his 
eyesight. He received an 
honorable dismissal, and 
was afterward given his 
bachelor's and master's 
degree. 

In 1842 he became a 
member of the Brook Farm 
association, being associa- 
ted with George and So- 
phia Ripley, George William Curtis, Nathaniel Hawthorne, 
Theodore Parker, William Henry Channing, John Sullivan 
Dwight, Margaret Fuller, and other philosophers more or less 
directly concerned in the remarkable attempt to realize at 
Roxbury a high ideal of social and intellectual life. 

Mr. Dana's earliest newspaper experience was gained in 
the management of the "Harbinger," which was devoted to 
social reform and literature. Then after two years of editorial 




CHARLES A. DANA. 



HO THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

work on a daily newspaper, the Boston ^^ Chronotjpe," Mr. 
Dana joined the staff' of the New York '• Tribune" in 1847. 
The next year he visited Europe, and on his return became 
managing editor and one of the proprietors of the '•^Trib- 
une," a position which he held until 18(12. The extraordi- 
nary circulation attained by that newspaper during the ten 
years preceding the war, was in a degree due to the devel- 
opment of Mr. Dana's genius for journalism. 

The great struggle of the "Tribune" under Greeley and 
Dana was not so much for the overthrow of slavery where it 
already existed, as against the further spread of the institu- 
tion over unoccupied territory. 

Kesigning his position on the "Tribune," he was engaged 
by Secretary Stanton in special work of importance for the 
war department, and in 1863 was appointed assistant secre- 
tary of war. 

Mr. Dana was in the saddle at the front much of the time 
during the campaigns of northern Mississippi and Yicks- 
burg, the rescue of Chattanooga, and the marches and bat- 
tles of Virginia in 1864-65. 

He next edited the Chicago "Kepublican," a new daily, 
which failed through causes not under his control. 

In 1867 he organized the stock company that now owns 
the New York "Sun," a democratic paper, and became its 
editor. The first issue appeared January 27, 1868, and for 
the past twenty years he has been actively and continuously 
engaged in its management. 

Mr. Dana has written numerous works. He planned and 
edited "'The American Cyclopedia," which has since been 
revised and issued in a work of sixteen volumes. In 1868 
he wrote, with Gen. James H. Wilson, a "Life of Ulysses 
S. Grant," and in 1883 edited "Fifty Perfect Poems." He 
has also translated several books into English; and aside 
from his newspaper woik, he has contributed to and edited 
numerous miscellaneous works. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



141 



QUEEN VICTORIA. 

Born May 24, 1819. 

The happiest and most popular of English queens, is 
Victoria Alexandrina, Queen of Great Britain and Empress 
of India. She was born within "the homely brick walls of 
Kensington palace, England. Her father died when she was 
but a few months old. Brought up with the strictest econo- 
my — as children of much lower position rarely are, — she 
was taught at an early age 
to restrain her expenditure 
within the limits of her in- 
come, even when that in- 
come was but a child's 
pocket money. 

One of the first things 
she did on hearing that she 
had succeeded to the throne 
was to call one of her 
mother's ladies-in-waiting, 
and excitedly asked: '^Am 
I really queen, and I can 
do what I choose by right?" 
''Certainly, your majesty." 
"Then," said the young 
queen, " get me a cup of 
green tea. Mamma never 
would let me have it; now 
I mean to know what harm queen victoria. 

it can do me." And she drank three cups, had a violent fit 
of the shivers, and has never liked tea since. 

She became queen in 1837, and on February 10, 1840, was 
married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, by whom 
she had nine children — four sons and five daughters. The 
union was one of unalloyed happiness. 

Several unsuccessful attempts have been made upon her 




142 THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 

life. The jubilee of her great and glorious reign of half a 
century was reached in 1887, when she was feted far and wide. 



ALBEKT EDWARD, rillXCE OF WALES. 

Burn Xov. 9, 1841. 

The heir-apparent to the throne of England, Albert Ed- 
ward, Prince of Wales, has been at all times regarded as the 
first subject in the realm. His education has indeed been 
thorough; in the languages, 
classics, natural philosopli\ 
mathematics, jurisprudence 
and other branches of stud} 
he has been assisted b} tu- 
tors of great ability. 

In 1860 he visited Can- 
ada and the United Stato, 
and was received "with 
great enthusiasm e^iy- 
where. In 1862 he visited 
Egypt and the Holy Land, 
and other countries in the 
East, being accompanie d in 
his travels by learnecl men, 
whose instructions to the 
young prince gives the ex- 
ception that proves the 
rule that '^ There is no lo^- 
al road to learning." prince of wales. 

In 1863 he was married to Princess Alexandra of Den- 
mark, a beautiful and loving wife and mother, by whom he 
has two sons and three daughters. The future king of Eng- 
land is a practical agriculturist of much ability, and rarely 
fails to carry off several of the chief prizes at the Smithfield 
cattle show. He is very popular with his tenantry. 




THE BIOORAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



143 



JOHN BRIGHT. 

Born in 1811. 

Among the great orators of the house of commons of the 
United Kingdom, no one stands out more prominently than 
John Bright, with the exception of Mr. Gladstone. Bright's 
twenty-five years of representation for Birmingham was cel- 
brated at the time with great enthusiasm. 

This great statesman was born at Greenbank, England, and 
after receiving an ordinary 
education, he entered the 
business of his father — a 
firm of wool spinners. 

In 1839 lie distinguished 
himself by becoming a vig- 
orous member of the anti- 
corn-law league. He was 
representative for the city 
of Durham from 1843 to 
1847 , after which he was re- 
turned to parliament from 
Manchester. 

The indignation which 
was felt against the ' 'peace- 
at-any-price " party led to 
his rejection by Manches- 
ter, but was soon after elect- 
ed to represent Birming- 
ham, which position he still John bright. 
holds. During the civil war in this country, Mr. Bright was 
prominent among English statesmen as a champion of the 
Union, and to this day he holds the gold-headed cane of Lin- 
coln as a token of the esteem the martyred president felt for 
him. His views on politics at home have been largely incor- 
porated in recent -legislation. So averse to war is he that he re- 
signed from the cabinet prior to Alexandria's bombardment. 




141 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 



GEN. O. O. HOWAKD. 

Born Nov. 8 1830. 
This great Indian fighter was born at Leeds, Maine. He 
graduated at Bowden College in 1850, and in 1854 at the 
military academy at West Point, where in 1857 he was made 
assistant professor of mathematics. 

Upon the breaking out of the civil war he was made colo- 
nel of a regiment of volunteers, and commanded a brigade 

at the first Bull Run. He 
lost his right arm at the 
battle of Fair Oaks, May 
31, 1802. November 29 
of the same year he was 
made major general of vol- 
unteers, and had the com- 
mand of a division under 
Burnside. besides other im- 
portant comnumds. 

In the fall of 1863 he 
was sent with his corps to 
the West, and took part in 
the campaign which fol- 
lowed down to the capture 
of Atlanta, and command- 
ed the right wing of the 
army during Sherman's fa- 
1864 he was promoted to 




GEN. O. O. HOWARD. 

mous " March to the Sea.' 



In 



brigadier-general, and in the following year brevet-general 
in the regular army. During 1869-73 he was president of the 
Howard University. In lb. '2 he was sent as special com- 
missioner to the Indians in New Mexico and Arizona, and 
from 1873 to 1881 served on the frontier. During the latter 
year he was placed at the head of the military academy at 
West Point. In 1886 he was made major-general, succeeding 
Gen. Pope, who has been placed on the retired list. 



TEE BIOGTIA PHICA L B E VIE W. 



145 



CHEISTINE NILSSON. 

Bo>-n Aug. 3, 1843. 
The sweet Swedish songstress, Christine Nilsson, was born 
at Hussalv, near Wexio, Sweden. Her father was a peasant, 
but a musician likewise, leader of the choir in the parish 
church and a performer on the violin. He taught his son 
Carl how to play, and Christine while a child would pick 

out for herself on the in- 
strument the tunes she 
heard her brother play. In 
the course of time her 
voice and musical intelli- 
gence became an attrac- 
tion in the neighborhood 
of her home, and Chris- 
tine was soon heard sing- 
ing in country fairs whith- 
er her father had taken her 
for that purpose. Thorner- 
hjelm, magistrate of Ljan- 
by, having heard her sing, 
offered to provide her a 
musical education. She was 
accordingly placed under 
the instructions of Mile. 
Yalerius, who afterward 
CHRISTINE NiLSSON. bccamc a baroness. 

Her debut was made in October, 1864, in Paris, in Yerdi's 
"Traviata," which was a success. Her first appearance in 
London was in 1867, in the opera. Her marriage to a mer- 
chant of Paris took place at Westminster Abbey, London, in 
July, 1872. A few months later she began her career of tri- 
umph in St. Petersburg. During the winter of 1873-74, 




146 



THE BIOnRAPHICAL REVIEW 



Mile. Nilsson sang in tlie United States, where her '-Elsa" 
in "Lohengrin" was hailed as a surpassing success. Her 
latest visit to the United States was in the season of 1882-83, 
subsequent to her widowhood. Her husband died in 1881. 
Mile. Nilsson's voice is a high soprano, with considerable 
breadth and remarkable firmness of tone. Her academical 
training was of the best, and she sings with perfect ease. 



T. B. BARRY. 

The growth of the knights of labor has been unprecedent- 
ed, and it now has a membership approximating ()50,000, 
and is steadily increasing. Mr. Barry is one of the most 
prominent men among the 
working classes of Michi- 
gan, and the labor party 
have intimated that they 
would nominate him for 
governor of the state. 

Mr. Barry is a resident 
of East Saginaw, and was 
the defendant in the fa- 
mous conspiracy trial, 
which was instigated by 
the lumber houses of the 
northwest. The lumbermen 
were working eleven hours 
a day and wanted their 
employers to reduce the 
time to ten hours. Failing 
to secure their demands, 
Mr. Barry advised them to strike, which they accordingly 
did. It was on that account that an action for conspiracy 
was based against him. He was, however, acquitted of the 
charge. He has been a member of the executive board of 
the knights of labor for several years. 




T. B. BAKRY. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 



147 



O'DONOYAN KOSSA. 

Born 171 1832. 

Few men have been fortunate enough to receive the amount 
of gratuitous advertising that O'Donovan Kossa has. Al- 
though the journals on this side of the Atlantic, almost with- 
out exception, treated him and his pretentions with contempt- 
uous indiflPerence, he is in England considered as the instiga- 
tor of all schemes intended to further the cause of Ireland. 
For years the Englisli 
press clamored for the 
punishment of Rossa as 
the only effectual means 
of putting a stop to the 
dynamite outrages that oc- 
curred in England. 

His real name is Jerry 
Donovan, and was born 
in county Cork, Ireland. 
Young Donovan started a 
grocery store and contin- 
ued in that business until 
1858. He was arrested in 
1858 for being connected 
with an organization 
that was the nucleus of 
the Fenian brotherhood. o'donovan eossa. 

In 1865 he was again taken into custody and was not releas- 
ed until 1870, when he made his way to New York and there 
went into the hotel business. 

He started the "United Irishman," a journal which soon 
became the recognized organ of the Irish party in America. 
His name was also unpleasantly connected with the Phoenix 
park murder. 




148 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



■WILLIAM H. GILDER. 

Born Aug. 10, 1S38. 

The grandfather of W. II. Gilder was a member of the 
Fennsvlvania legishiture, and laid the corner stone of Girard 
college. Philadelphia. 

Col. William Henry Gilder, the noted arctic explorer, was 
born in Philadelphia, and enlisted as a private in the civil 
war. But during a large part of the war he served on the 
staff of Gen. Egan, and on 
being mustered out at its 
close, was brevetted major. 

Col. Gilder is no novice 
as regards arctic traveling. 
He has made two journeys 
to the Xorth; the first in 
1878 was through King 
William's L and, w i t h 
Schwatka, over the route 
of the retreat taken by Sir 
John Franklin, in search 
of the relics of that noted 
man. This expedition was 
marked by the biggest 
sledge-journey on record 
— 3,251 statute miles. 

Gilders second voyage 
was on the Jeannette search expedition. It was during that 
search that he traveled across northern Liberia, and for six- 
ty-nine days was alone in that icy wilderness. 

Gilder spent the summer and autumn of 1883 in Tonquin, 
where the French and Anamesewar was in progress; and in 
1881 was one of the first to visit the scene of the earthquakes 
in Spain. On these occasions, as well as in the arctic expe- 
ditions, he acted as a correspondent of the New York "Her- 




WILLIAM H. GILDER. 



THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 149 

aid.'' He has published " Schwatka's Search" in 1881, 
and "Ice-Pack and Tundra" in 1883. The latter work has 
been translated into French. 

In a recent expedition (1887) by the Gilder North Pole 
exploring expedition, in which the redoubtable Col. Gilder 
attempted to reach the pole by land, they failed to reach 
the object of their perilous journey, because the Esquimaux 
hunters had ceased their journeys northward. He returned 
at once to New York, which he quickly accomplished, hav- 
ing traveled over six thousand miles. He will now make the 
attempt on a whaling schooner. 



JAY GOULD. 

Born in 1836. 

In most of the countries of Europe, and especially in Eng- 
land, great wealth when uninherited is generally realized 
through the slow and patient channels of some trade or call- 
ing. But here a newly created world, so to speak, possessed 
of wealth far exceeding that of ^- Ormus, and of Ind," and 
teeming with all the resources necessary to our greatness and 
happiness, lies spread out before us in boundless expanses, 
presenting to every species of enterprise fields for operation 
so filled with promise, and of such gigantic magnitude, that 
those of the old world are dwarfed into insignificance be- 
fore them. 

Jay Gould was born at Stratton's Falls, Delaware county, 
in the state of New York. His father was a well to do far- 
mer and small storekeeper. Young Gould early betrayed 
symptoms of genius and self-reliance, for he had scarcely got 
well into his school-days till he regarded himself already a 
man and invented a mouse trap. When sixteen years of age, 
he made his first move in life and became a clerk in a small 
country store. 

The genius of Jay must have been of no ordinary charae- 



150 TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

ter, for before he was twenty years of age he appeared sud- 
denly a full blown engineer, and made a survey of Delaware 
county, a map of which was published in 1856. When Mr. 
Gould bid farewell to the home of his youth, he went to 
Pennsylvania with Col. Zadock Pratt, and started a tannery 
in conjunction with that gentleman, at a place named Goulds- 
boro. Evidently from this name, young Jay was the lead- 
ing spirit of the enterprise. 
In 1859, Gould began 
to speculate in Wall street, 
in railroad stocks, and 
long before the end of the 
war he was said to be a 
millionaire. 

All through 1876, and] 
up to the close of 1878, 
he purchased large lines of I 
low price stocks which, as 
if by magic, began to rise 
in value the moment he 
touched them; so that now 
his wealth must be very 
great — some say upward 
of sixty millions. 

Mr. Gould is a married ''^'' ♦^<'Lxd. 

gentleman, and resides at his magnificent residence, Irving- 
ton on the Hudson. A story is told at the expense of his 
veracity. A speculator in a small way of business got points 
from Mr. Gould which, excepting on one occasion, he inva- 
riably reversed, and made money every time by going con- 
trary to his adviser's instructions, on one occasion he took 
the great financier at his Avord, however, and was almost 
rumed by doing so. Mr. Gould is a small man, weio-hing less 
than a hundred and twenty pounds. He has a swarthy com 
plexion, well made features and black eves. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 151 

FRANCES E. WILLAED. 

Born Sept. 28, 1839. 

"Foe who knows most, him loss of time most grieves," is 
the line from Dante which confronts whoever visits the room 
[in "Rest Cottage,'' Evanston, Illinois,] where Frances Wil- 
lard writes. It is a book-lined room, a picture-lmng room, 
a room crowded with souvenirs of places, people, and events. 
One window lights it, a broad lounge with inviting pillows 
stands in a recess, and a stationary chair, luxuriously uphol- 
stered, is built in comfortable proximity to the cracking little 
stove which supplements the heat of the furnace. Downstairs 
in her little cottage is the office where her three associates 
work — two secretaries and one stenographer. These young 
ladies are imbued with much of Miss Willard's enthusiasm, 
and conduct a wonderful amount of work, answering, in addi- 
tion to many other tasks, about thirty thousand letters a year. 

In the United States alone there are now ten thousand 
women's christian temperance unions, comprising a mem- 
bership of one hundred and fifty thousand. In addition there 
is the World's W. C. T. U., and all the foreign interests in 
other countries. There are foreign departments in the work, 
and Miss Willard keeps a close correspondence with the 
heads of each of these departments. Then, as a sort of side 
issue. Miss Willard is at present engaged on a history of 
that part of her life which relates to temperance work. 

Miss Frances E. Willard was born at Churchville, a village 
near Rochester, in the state of l^ew York, of New England 
parents, and was educated at schools in Wisconsin. When 
fourteen years of age she published several sketches of coun- 
try life, and at eighteen years of age read an essay before 
the state agricultural society of Illinois, which took the first 
prize. After that she began the career of a teacher, and in 
1867 was appointed preceptress in Genesee Wesley an college 
at Lima, in the state of New York. In 1868 she went to 
Europe, devoting a year to study in Paris and spending eigh- 



1.32 THE BIOGRAPHICAL UEVIEJV. 

teen months in visiting the various capitals of the continent. 
After her return to America in 1870, Miss Willard deliv- 
ered a series of lectures in Chicago on - The Isew Chivalry," 
or the educational aspect of the woman question. In the 

fr»llowing year she was 
elected first president of 
the Woman's college at 
E\ anston, which position 
!^he held until IS 74, when 
^hc began to turn her at- 
tention to temperance re- 
form, being elected secre- 
tary of the woman's na- 
tional union, and after- 
ward becoming president 
of the Woman's National 
( hristian Temperance Un- 
ion. Her career as a tem- 
])erance lecturer has been 
I long one, and she has 
\ i^ited nearly every state 
in her endeavor to reform 
drunkards. 

In 1878 Miss Willard 
was the editor-in chief of the Chicago "Evening Post," and 
since then has contributed largely to American periodicals. 
"My home is filled with gifts," Miss Willard says, "all 
you see here, pictures, books, desks, everything, are gifts 
from different friends." Here is a beautiful picture of the 
president's wife with the words, "To my honored friend, 
Frances Willard, from Frances Cleveland," written on the 
outside; here is a souvenir from Margaret Bright Lucas, here 
one from brave Josephine Butler, here one from Powderly; 
and on the fly leaf of almost every book is an inscription or a 
line of presentation from some friend, famous or humble. 




FRANCES E. WJLLARD. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 153 

KALAKAUA, KING OF HAWAII. 

j Born Nov. 16, 1836. 

\ 

David Kalakaua, descended from one of the chief fami- 
lies of the Sandwich islands, received a good education, in- 
cluding a familiar knowledge of the English language. 

In February, 1874, Kalakaua was made king. In the au- 
tumn of 1872 he set out on a tour of the United States. 

On July 10, 1887, after some political excitement, he 
signed a new constitution, 
limiting the prerogatives 
of the crown. 

The wife of the king re- 
ceived a native education, 
and adheres to the nation- 
al customs, and founded 
in Honolula a house tor 
the children of lepers. 

In 1887 she visited the 
United States and Europe, 
receiving royal honors m 
her travels, and on the oc- 
casion of the jubilee me- 
morial, was a guest of Ihe 
queen of England. 

There is little in com- 
mon between the ro\al 
pair, and it is but natural 
that they should live apait, king kalakaua. 

though a feeble effort is made toward preserving appearan- 
ces. No children having been born to them, the king named 
his eldest sister, the princess Lilinokalani, as the heiress-ap- 
parent, and in case of her death occurring before Kalakaua's, 
the throne will descend to the little princess Victoria, daught- 
er of the late princess Likelike and the Hon. A. S. Cleghorn. 




164 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



HENRY LABOUCHERE. 

Born in 1831. 

In the house of commons, Mr. Labouchere's power of light 
satire have made him a conspicuous figure; he is a pronounc- 
ed radical, and has several times proposed the abolition of 
the house of lords. He is equally celebrated in the world 
of journalism. 

Mr. Labouchere was born in London, and was educated 
at Cambridge. Soon after 
leaving school he drifted 
to Mexico, becoming an 
attache of a circus there. 
From there he went to 
Minnesota and lived with 
a band of Chippewa Indi- 
ans for six months. He 
next wandered to New 
York, and was successful 
in gaining a diplomatic ap- 
pointment, but was seldom 
at his post. But he was ; 
sent to St. Petersburg, 
Munich, Frankfort, Stock- 
holm, and Constantinople 
on government missions. 

During the siege of Pa- 
ris he wrote for the London 
a Besieged Resident in Paris 
tion. Soon after he became connected with the "World," 
but left that journal to found the "Truth," the most auda- 
cious, personal sheet published in England to-day; it is a 
perfect mint and is feared by all. 

Labouchere is wealthy and moves in the best society. He 
has represented Northampton in parliament for several terms. 




HENRY LABOUCHERE. 

Daily News'' the ''Diary of 
' which created quite a sensa- 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



3SS 



JOHN GKIFFIN CARLISLE. 

Bo7-n Se2Jt. 5, 1835. 
The youngest son of a large family, J. G. Carlisle receiv- 
ed but a common school education, studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar of Kentucky in 1868. 

In 1859 he was elected a member of the Kentucky house 
of representatives, and in 1866 was elected to the senate of 
his native state, and again in 1869. He was elected to the 

lieutenant-governorship in 
1871, serving until 1875. 
His fellow-citizens made 
him presidential elector at 
large for Kentucky in the 
year 1876, and was subse 
quently elected to the house 
of representatives at Wash- 
ington. 

Mr. Carlisle's "record" 
in congress is that of an 
able and diligent man, 
well informed and compe- 
tent to fill more exalted 
positions than any he has 
occupied heretofore. 

On the vital question of 
free trade he has placed 
himself on record in the following passage, which is quoted 
from a speech made while he was on the floor of the house: 
"In the broad and sweeping sense which the use of the term 
generally implies, I am not a free trader. In my judgment 
it will be years yet before anything in the nature of free 
trade will be wise or practicable for the United States. When 
we speak of this subject we refer to approximate free trade, 
which has no idea of crippling the growth of home industries, 




J. G. CARLISLE. 



156 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 



but simply of scaling down the iniquities of the tariff sched- 
ule, where they are utterly out of proportion to the demands 

of that growth It is entirely wrong to continue 

these burdens on the people for years and years after the 
requiremeHts of protection have been met and the representa- 
tives of those industries have become incrusted with wealth."* 



MES. JOHN G. CARLISLE. 

One of the leaders in Washington society is Mrs. John G. 
Carlisle, the daughter of Major John H. Goodson, one of 
the old aristocrats of Ken- 
tucky. She was sent to 
school at Covington , 
where she received a clas- 
sical and society educa- 
tion. In temperament she 
is vivacious, genial and 
pleasant, with a charming 
open manner. 

During a recent conver- 
sation with Susan B. An- 
thony, she expressed her- 
self as delighted with the 
courage and energy dis- 
played by the woman's 
rights people. Whereupon 
Miss Anthony suggested 
that Mrs. Carlisle ought to 
know more of the woman snflPragists, personally. To this 
Mrs. Carlisle responded, that it was doubtless because she 
did not know them nearer, that she esteemed them so much. 

As the wife of John G. Carlisle, she adds not a little to 
that statesman's popularity. She has two sons, both of whom 
are lawyers at Wichita, Kansas. 




MKS. JOHN G. CARLISLE. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



15T 



SITTING BULL. 

Born in 1837. 

In presenting to our readers the portrait of this wily and 
merciless savage, we are, of course, sensible of the fact that 
no pleasing interest attaches to the subject; but then, as a 
warrior and strategist beyond the boundaries of civilization, 
this cruel and calculating Sioux is entitled to a place in his- 
tory, notwithstanding that his career has been so marked 
hitherto with deeds of 
treachery and blood, that 
it were better forgotten. 

Sitting Bull, the son of 
the chief. Jumping Bull, 
and the nephew of Four 
Horns and Hunting His 
Lodge, two chiefs also, 
was born near old Fort 
George, below the mouth 
of the Cheyenne river. 

This sullen chief has two 
wives, and has had anoth- 
er who has "gone to the 
Great Spirit." He has 
nine children; and (what 
fortunately, for the coun- 
try, is most rare among 
his race) two pairs of twins. sitting bull. 

He has always been a faithless and troublesome customer; 
and after his participation in the massacre of the brave Cus- 
ter and those who fell with him, he escaped with his war. 
riors to Canada, where he remained until 1881, beyond the 
reach of the United States government. Sitting Bull now 
avers that he wants no more blood spilt, but he appears to 
be a somewhat sullen and ill-satisfied prodigal son, as he 
complains bitterly of the treatment he recp'ves. 




158 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



BRET HAUTE. 

Born in 1838. 

Bret IIarte is a tliorougli American poet. He represents 
in a strong degree the impulsive, democratic and plain spo- 
ken element of the American people. That he is a man of 
brilliant wit, wide information and strong purposes is pro- 
ven by the success he has achieved. 

He was born in Albany, in the state of New York, and 
inherited from his parents 
English, German and He- 
brew blood. 

In 1854, the family re- 
moved to California, and 
in the rude mining settle- 
ments, surrounded by char- 
acters, — lawless, immoral 
and profligate, — the young 
man received impressions 
which were stamped upon 
his memory so forcibly 
that, in after years, it be-j 
came an easy task to re-i 
produce them for the pub- 
lic M'ith his pen. During 
the first three years in Cal- s^ 
ifornia, he passed through 
the varying hardships and 
frequent changes of occu- '•''' ' "^"" 

pation which seem to attend invariably the earlier steps of 
genius. 

For a time he was compositor in a printing office, then he 
mined for himself, with most indifferent results. The life of 
a school teacher, which followed, gave a new incentive to 
the literary tastes which had been awakened in the printing 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 159 

office, and a year's work as express messenger threw him 
into continual contact with the various characters and life 
studies which he has given to the w^orld. 

In 1857, he returned to the compositor's case, in the office 
of the ''iorolden Era," of San Francisco; and it was here 
that a few Bohemian sketches, rapidly dashed off for copy, 
attracted the attention of the editor, and he was assigned a 
place in the literary department. 

Much of the work which came from his hand at this time 
bears all the marks of keen wit and pungency of expression 
wnich characterize the articles and sketches which he has 
retained in the complete edition of his writings. 

In 1863, his first sketch appeared in the east, which was 
followed by frequent efforts, until in 1868 he became the edi- 
tor of the "Overland Monthly." In 1871 he came to Bos- 
ton and was connected with the "Atlantic Monthly." 

His "Heathen Chinee" did for him what " Thanatopsis" 
did for Bryant — threw him into the front rank of competitors 
for popular favor. "The Luck of Koaring Camp," "The 
Outcast of Poker Flat," "Miggles," and so forth, sketches 
of California life which he published in the "Overland 
Monthly," established a reputation for him which he has 
admirably sustained by the brilliancy of his wit, his undeni- 
able ability and the versatility of his genius. 

His poem of the Heathen Chinee is familiar to the gener- 
ality of readers, and especially the following lines: 

For ways that are dark, 

And tricks that are vain, 
The Heathen Chinee is j^ectdiar, 

Which the same I am free to maintain^ 
\ ' • • • . . 

With the smile that was childlike and bland. 
In "Jim" there is another hiatus. A chum, inquiring for 
Jim, after a lapse of two years, hears that the boy is dead. 

Dead'? That little cuss'? 
Is all that he can falter out. The glass, from which he was 



160 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

drinking falls fi-.)in his luiiid, and there comes a laugh. It 

jars! Half ashaui^d oc his cm )ti()n, and like many another 

and better man trying to hide it by bluster, he roars: 

What makes you star 
You over thar'i 
Can't a man drop 
A glas"^ in your shop 
Bid you mustrar'} 
It wouldn't take 

D much to break 

You and your bar ! 

Kelieved by this explosion, he goes on: 
Dead ! 

Poor . . . little . . . Jim! 

Wliy there was me, 

Jones and Bob ice, 

Harry and Ben: 

No-accotint men; 

Then to take him ! 
But little Jim had not been taken. It was he who had 
"rar'd," and ho is ultimately recognized in the following 

characteristic lines: 

Sold! 
Sold! Why yoti limb'. 
You ornery 
Derned old 
Long-legged Jim! 

The whole poem contains fifty-eight short lines, but deliv- 
ered by a good reader, it speaks volumes. 

The prose tales of Bret Harte teem with noble thoughts, 
and the " Luck of Roaring Camp" is full of tender touches. 



GEN. JOHN C. BLACK. 

Boni Jan. 27, is:):). 
The Black family were among the earliest settlers in 
Pennsylvania. Gen. Black, however, was born in Lexing- 
ton, Mississippi, and received the advantages of a classical 
education, which wa« obtained from working at odd jobs 
in the intervals of his studies. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



161 



111 1861 he enlisted in the thirty-seventh Illinois regiment, 
and was mustered out August 15, 1865, as a brevet-brigadier 
general. He was wounded at the battles of Pea Ridge and 
Prairie Grove; in the former battle, so severely as to cripple 
his left arm. On leaving the army he took up the study of 
law in Chicago, and in 
1867 commenced practice, 
continuing the same until 
his appointment as com- 
missioner of pensions' in 
1885. 

Mr. Black for eighteen 
years has been an active 
democrat and was on three 
occasions a candidate for 
congress, but his district 
being strongly republican 
he was defeated each time. 

He never held a public 
office of profit, although, 
he has been connected as 
an officer with many char- 
itable institutions. He is 
a member of the board of trustees of the national home for 
disabled soldiers. 

He declined to be a candidate for governor at the Peoria 
convention in 1884, and although his name was most prom- 
inently mentioned in democratic circles for the vice-presi- 
dency on the ticket with Cleveland, he refused to allow his 
friends to consider him a candidate. 

As a lawyer Mr. Black stands confessedly at the head of 
his profession. Not only is he renowned for his great erudi- 
tion, but he is one of the ablest speakers of his state. As a 
political speaker he has few equals, and therefore his services 
have always been in demand at election times. 




GEN. JOHN C. BLACK. 



162 



"HE BIOGEAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JAMES G. BLAINE. 

Born Jan, 31, 1830. 
Since the time when young Henry Clay was the most 
magnetic of speakers and the most charming of gentlemen 
in either house of congress, it is safe to say that no man 
except James G. Blaine has ever dared to rival the reputa- 
tion of the sage of Ashland. 

James G. Blaine was born at the Indian Hill Farm in 

Washington county, Penn- 
sylvania. His father was 
one of the heaviest land 
proprietors in the state, 
and the son spent several 
years in early youth at 
school in Lancaster, Ohio. 
In 1843 he entered college 
at Washington, Pennsyl- 
vania, and graduated in 
1847 when but seventeen 
years of age. 

After his graduation, 
Mr. Blaine taught for some 
years in the schools of the 
neighborhood, at the same 
time making a decided 
mark as a magazine and 
newspaper writer. In 1853 he went to Kennebec, Maine, 
where he had been asked to assume the management of the 
Kennebec '^ Journal.'"' Shortly afterward he accepted the con- 
trol of the Portland "Advertiser." 

In 1S58 he was elected to the legislature and served there 
four years; at the beginning of his last term of two years, he 
was chosen speaker and performed the duties of that office 
to the satisfaction of the law-makers of the Pine Tree state. 




JAMES G. BLAINE. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 163 

It was during the war of the rebellion in 1862 that "Blaine 
of Maine " was first sent to congress. He at once devoted 
himself to a careful study of the rules of the house, and it 
was not long before he began to be regarded as one of the 
best parliamentarians in that body. He was repeatedly re- 
elected from the same district and in 1869 was made speaker 
of the house. His rulings were always prompt and accurate, 
and it was not often that his bitterest enemies could find a 
flaw in his parliamentary armor. He made the finest speech 
in congress against what was known as the "Ohio idea" of 
paying the national debt in greenbacks, which was a product 
of Mr. Pendleton's fertile brain. 

Two days before the republican convention of 1876 met, 
a report was presented to the house of representatives attempt- 
ing, falsely, to implicate Mr. Blaine in certain improper 
transactions as speaker; and his manly outspoken explana- 
tion and refutation of the charges only partially removed 
their effect on the convention, backed as it was by the elo- 
quence of Ingersoll, whose "plumed knight" speech will go 
down to history as his greatest effort. Mr. Blaine received 
351 votes in the final vote as against 379 for the Hayes com- 
bination engineered by Roscoe Conkling, who had never for- 
given the ' ' Plumed Knight " for his severely vivacious ref- 
erence to him on the floor of the house as the " turkey gob- 
bler member from New York." 

Mr. Blaine had been chosen a member of the senate and 
entered upon his duties in 1877. He had voted against the 
electorial commission bill on the ground that it was uncon- 
stitutional. In 1880 he was once more a candidate for the 
presidential nomination and succeeded in so using the influ- 
ence which he had, as to defeat the third term scheme and to 
overthrow the Conkling-Cameron-Logan triumvirate. He 
did as much as any other one man worker to elect President 
Garfield, and his appointment as secretary of state was a 
perfectly natural one. 



164 THE BloailAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Upon tlie i-etireinent of j\lr. Bluliie from the state depart- 
ment in 18bl, he was for the first time in twenty years out 
of public office. He soon entered upon the composition of 
an elaborate historical work, entitled -Twenty Years in Con- 
2-i-ess," — the first volume being published in 1884. and the 
second in 1886. The work had a very wide sale, and secur- 
ed general approval for its impartial spirit and brilliant style. 

In 1884 he was nominated for president on the fourth 
ballot — receiving 541 votes out of a total of 813. The elec- 
tion turned upon the result in New York, which was lost to 
Mr. Blaine by 1,047 votes, whereupon he promptly resumed 
the work upon his history, which had been interrupted by 
the canvass. 

He visited Europe in 1887, for health and pleasure, and 
has received marked attention from the leading statesmen 
of many countries. 



JOAQUIN MILLER. 

Born Nov. 10, 1841. 

The life of Joaquin Miller has been an interesting one. 
His true name is Cincinnatus Hiner Miller, and he was born 
in the Wabash district of Indiana. 

At thirteen years of age he removed with his parents to 
Oregon. He then attempted mining, and lived an adventu- 
rous life in California. He served with Walker, in Nicara- 
gua, and afterward sojourned with the Indians. In 1860 he 
began to study law, and upon the breaking out of the war, 
issued a democratic paper at Eugene City, Oregon, in which 
his expressions of opinion were of so rank a character that 
the authorities saw fit to suppress it for disloyalty. He had 
then achieved a reputation as the author of poetic pieces 
marked by striking qualities, and was known as the "Poet 
of the Sierras." 

In 1863 his attention was attracted by a series of graceful 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 165 

verses in the western papers, which bore the signature of 
''Minnie Myrtle." The name of the writer was Miss Minnie 
Theresa Dyer. Mr. Miller called upon the lady, and after 
a three days' acquaintance married her. Domestic trouble 
soon followed, and in 1870 the couple were divorced. 

Miller went to England in 1871, and published a volume 

of poems called "Songs 
of the Sierras," a portion 
of which had already been 
published under the same 
name in the United States. 
His efforts met with bet- 
ter success in England than 
they had done in America, 
and from that time for- 
ward his publications met 
with a ready sale. 

The poet is a most eccen- 
tric man, and for many 
years his long hair, red 
shirt, unpolished boots and 
tramp-like appearance were 
a source of much comment. 
After his divorce from 
his Pacific coast wife he 
JOAQUIN MILLER. married into the Leland 

family, of hotel fame. It is claimed that the fortune he had 
accumulated from the successful sale of his books was lost 
in Wall street, and the fact that to-day he works hard as a 
New York newspaper man, for moderate pay, leads to a be- 
lief in the report. His hair and clothing are now of conven- 
tional cut, and he walks Broadway unnoticed, save by those 
who know him. Perhaps his most popular work is "^ Songs 
of Italy." He is the author of that successful drama, "The 
Danites." Maud Muller is the daughter cf his first wife. 




166 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REV LEW. 

JUSTIN McCarthy. 

Born in 1830. 

One of the sturdiest, staimchest friends that Ireland has is 
Justin McCarthy. This noted man advocated Irehmd's 
cause in season and out; never for a moment has the weal 
of his native land been absent from his mind, and to-day he 
is idolized by the Irish masses. He was born in Cork, and 
joined the staff of a Liver- 
pool newspaper in 1853. 
In 1860 he reported the 
doings of the house for the 
^'Morning Star," and in 
1864 became chief editor 
of that sheet. In 1868 he 
resigned his post and trav- 
eled in America for three 
years. 

He has contributed ar- 
ticles to the leading Eng- 
lish and American period- 
icals; and is the author of 
various novels. In 1880 
he published '^A History 
of Our Own Times," and 

in 1882 " The Epoch of jttstin m'carthy. 

Reform." He was sent to parliament from Longford, Ire- 
land in March, 1879, and was made vice-president of the 
Irish parliamentary party in the house of commons. 

In a visit to this country in 1887, on a lecturing tour, Mr. 
McCarthy was received with great enthusiasm. In one of his 
lectures Mr. McCarthy says: "Out of all the many civilized 
communities or commonwealths associated under the British 
crown, Ireland was the only civilized, which is at once civ- 
ilized and divided from England by any expanse of sea, 




THE BIOOBAPHICAL BE VIEW. 167 

whether broad or long, which is not allowed the priceless 
benefit of home rule. We say to England: 'You have twen- 
ty-three home rule communities already: we want to know 
why is Ireland alone to be denied that privilege. Canada, 
the Australasian colonies, the South African colonies, the 
Channel islands, the Isle of Man, are perfectly content with 
their partnership with England, because they are allowed to 
manage their own national, domestic, and local affairs. 
What is there in Ireland, in her geographical position, in 
her history, in her traditions, in the capacity of her people,, 
which shows that she alone of all civilized communities un- 
der the English crown shall be denied the privileges of man- 
aging her own domestic affairs for herself ? ' We ask no right 
to interfere with England, or Scotland, or Wales; ask no 
right of undue influence as regards the common affairs of 
the whole imperial system. All we ask is that Ireland shall 
be the twenty-fourth of these commonwealths under the Brit- 
ish crown which are allowed to govern and manage their 
own affairs for themselves." 

Mr. McCarthy is not merely a member of the British par- 
liament. He is a distinguished journalist, a graceful novel 
ist, an admirable speaker, and the raciest historian of "Our 
Own Times." He is besides the trusted first lieutenant 
of the leader of the Irish people, and can speak with an au- 
thority on the Irish question. Those who have read his works 
— and they are legion — need not be told that McCarthy 
will treat his subject lucidly and with argumentative force. 
He is a sensible, clear headed, big-brained man, who can 
not be carried away by passion, clamor, or even enthusiasm. 



FERDINAND DE LESSEPS. 

Born in 1805. 
M. DE Lesseps is certainly one of the most interesting men 
of our day, and if he could, unembarrassed by personal, po- 



168 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



litical, and commercial entanglements. interesrr> and associa- 
tions, write a record of the main events of his life, it would 
doubtless make a very interesting volume. The bulky and 
not elegant English translation of his ''Recollections of 
Forty Years,'' almost does an injustice to this man whose 
name is written ineifaceably upon the surface of the globe — 
" writ in water," indeed, but not to perish. It is always pleas- 
ant to lead ot the inception of a great project, and its suc- 
cessful realization, and the 
story of the Suez canal has 
a special charm. In these 
' Recollections ' Americans 
particularly will find of in- 
terest M. de Lesseps' ac- 
count of the Panama canal. 
He maintains that the '•Pa- 
nama will be easier to 
make, easier to complete, 
and easier to keep up than 
the Suez canal." 

Versailles, France, is the 
birthplace of M. de Les- 
seps, the father of the Suez 
canal. He was educated as 
a civilengineer,but entered 
the diplomatic service in 
1825. After long service 
FERDINAND DE LESSEPS. ill different consulates he 

was appointed minister to Spain, and held that position until 
the French revolution of 1848, and was afterward sent to 
Home as representative of the French republican government. 
His commission to negotiate the construction of the Suez 
canal was given in 1854, but it was not until 1864: that actual 
work on the canal was fairly begun; and it was completed in 
1809, — the greatest piece of engineering of modern times. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



189 



LIEUT. -GEN. SIR GARNET J. WOLSELEY. 

Born July, 4, 1833. 

Created a baron by Queen Yictoria after his quick and 
triumphant campaign in Egypt against Arabi Bey in 1882, 
Gen. Wolseley had before that time gained a brilliant repu- 
tation as an active and almost invariably successful com- 
mander. He comes of an old family, the Staffordshire Wol- 
seleys, of Wolseley Hall, and is the son of Major G. J. Wol- 
seley, of county Dublin. 
He entered the British ar- 
my at the age of nineteen 
as an ensign. At the 
storming of Myat-toon he 
led the party that first scal- 
ed the walls, and was se- 
verely wounded in the left 
thigh by a rifle ball. 

At the outbreak of the 
Crimean war he landed with 
the ninetieth light infantry 
and served in the trenches 
as an assistant engineer. 
Conspicuous services in the 
attack on the Quarries, in 
the assault of June 18, 
and in the third, fourth sir garnet j. wolseley. 

and fifth bombardments of Sebastopol won for him repeated 
mention in dispatches. He was wrecked in 1857 in the 
straits of Banca while proceeding in her majesty's ship 
"Transit" to China. During the Indian mutiny he took part 
in the relief of Lucknow, and in the siege and capture of the 
same place. Colonel Wolseley was sent to Canada during 
the period when difficulties were threatened with the United 
States, owing to the affair of the Trent, and afterward visit- 
ed the confederate camp. In December, 1862, the troubles 




170 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 



witli the Red River settlement broke out. which gave him 
more active work. 

It was. however, his conduct of the Ashantee war that 
brought him so prominently before the public, and for which 
he received a grant of twenty-five thousand pounds. 

After the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882, he was at 
once sent against Arabi Bey, completely routing the rebels, 
and restoring peace within thirty days. For this service he 
received, in addition to other honors, fifty thousand pounds. 



FRANK HATTON. 

Born in 1845. 
Frank Hatton was born in Cadiz, Ohio, and learned the 
printer's trade with his father, who published ti ])aper in that 
place. At the outbreak of 
the rebellion he entered 
the United States army, 
being but seventeen years 
of age; and three years 
later was advanced to the 
lieutenantcy. 

After the war he returned 
to Cadiz, where he became 
local editor on his father's 
paper. The family soon 
after removed to Mount 
Pleasant, Iowa, where the 
elder Hatton bought and 
published the "Journal," 
and at the death of his fa- fkank hatton. 

ther, Frank became the editor and joint proprietor. In 1874 
Mr. Hatton bought a half interest in the Burlington •• Hawk- 
eye," and at a little later date became sole proprietor and 
editor-in-chief. In 1881 President Arthur appointed him as. 
assistant postmaster-general; and later, postmaster-general. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



DR. MARY WALKER. 



The career of Dr. Marj Walker has been a checkered one, 
and her notoriety has not been enviable, for her determina- 
tion to study and practice medicine met with great opposition 
in the years when lady "M. D.'s " M^ere much more of a 
rarity than they are at the present time; and it placed her in 
an antagonistic position to 
the sterner sex, while her 
adoption of trousers, stiff 
brimmed hats, and coat-like 
garments roused the indig- 
nation of her less strong- 
minded sisters. 

Her early life was spent 
at Oswego, in the state of 
New York; and her own 
statements lead to the in- 
ference that even as a child 
a great portion of her hap- 
piness depended upon the 
brevity of her skirts. 

During the civil war she 
distinguished herself by ef- 
ficient service in attending 
the sick and wounded sol- 
diers, often expending her dr. mary walker. 
own money for the traveling expenses to keep up with the 
army. A medal was awarded her for these services, and had 
Lincoln lived he would, undoubtedly, have bestowed upon her 
a position of trust, as a recompense for her earnest and 
praiseworthy labors. In 1866 she visited Europe, hoping 
that her reformatory ideas would meet with more encourage- 
ment. But in this she was doomed to disappointment. 

In conversation she is agreeable and entertaining- though 




172 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REV[EW. 



better liked among men than among women. Those of her 
own sex to whom she is well known, speak of her in the 
highest terms of praise, and insist that her motives are mis- 
understood, and that her efforts are against the unhealthiness 
of tight lacing, French heeled boots and cumbersome skirts, 
and not prompted by a desire for a share in the governing 
of the country. Her motives are pure, and her desire is for 
the physical and moral development of her sex. 



CAKTEK HAREISON. 

Born Feb. 15, 1825. 
The late democratic mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, 
was born in Fayette county Kentucky, He received a classi- 
cal education, graduating 
at Yale college in 1845. 
Although he studied law 
he followed the occupation 
of a farmer in his native 
county until 1855, graduat- 
ing in that year at Transyl- 
vania law school. 

After a while he removed 
to Chicago, becoming a 
real estate operator. He 
represented Illinois in the 
forty-fourth and forty-lifth 
congresses, his second term 
expiring in 1877. 

Ever since his terms in 
congress, Carter Harrison's 
name has almost intermittingly been in the public prints. 
He was elected as mayor of Chicago for three terms, his last 
term ending in 1S87. His second wife dying about this time, 
he suddenlv started out on a tour of the world. 




CARTER HARRISON. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



173 



HENRY SMITH. 

Born in 1S:}8. 

Henry Smith is a native of the city of Baltimore, in the 
state of Maryland. He was but an infant when his parents 
removed to Marshalltown, Stark county, Ohio. And in 1S45 
the family removed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in which city 
young Henry received a 
common school education, 
afterward learning the 
trade of mill-wright. 

When he was about thir- 
ty years of age he began 
public life as a member of 
the common council of the 
city of Milwaukee. 

After four years' service 
in this capacity, he resumed 
work as a private citizen. 
In 1878 he took his seat 
as a member of the Wis- 
consin legislature. He was 
again a member of the 
common council of the 
city of his residence from 
1880 till 1882. The next 
two years he was city 
comptroller at Milwaukee. 

From 1884 to 1887 he was for a third time a member of 
the common council. Then followed his election to the fif- 
tieth congress as a representative from his district. 

Mr. Smith is highly respected as a man of distinguished 
abilities and unblemished character. As a friend of the 
workingman he has at all times proved himself to be entitled 
to their praise. 




HENRY SMITH. 



174 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



SARAH BERNHARDT. 

Born Oct, 22, 1844. 

Since "The divine Sarah " made her first tour of the Uni- 
ted States in 1880, she has grown stouter. She still posses- 
ses the remarkable knack of dressing unlike other women, 
yet dressing well, and the materials of her gowns are very 
handsome and costly. Her place at the head of her profes- 
sion she still retains. Speaking of her recent appearance in 
Washington, a correspon- 
dent says: "She is still 
lithe and surpassingly 
graceful, soft, loving, 
tierce as a tiger, alluring 
as a siren, fitful, capri- 
cious, intense, everything 
that is gracious, ravishing, 
sad and terrible in human 
nature." There is and can 
be but one Sarah Bern- 
hardt. 

She is fresh from tri- 
umphs in South and Cen- 
tral America, by which 
nearly seven hundred 
thousand dollars were ta- 
ken into the managerial 
treasury. Her art has been 
rewarded with munificent public liberality, but she says she 
never has any money. At the present time she is trying to 
remember that the time will come when she will not be able 
to earn more. She is no longer young. 

She was one of eleven children of a wandering Jewess who 
lived in Paris at the time of Sarah's birth; and was christen- 
ed in the Roman catholic church, receiving her early educa- 




SARAH BERNHARDT. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 175 

tion in a convent. While a young girl she was sent to Am- 
sterdam to be reared by her maternal grandmother. In her 
teens she was taken back to Paris, where it is said she lived 
in a wretched set of rooms in the top story of an old house 
in the Rue St. Honore, and had for her neighbors the family 
of a costumer in the theater Francais. Her first efforts at the 
Francais were unsuccessful, and it is said that she was think- 
ing of committing suicide when she received encouraging 
advice and assistance from George Sand of the Odeon; but 
becoming disgusted with her experience she ran away from 
the theater. Eventually, after more than eighteen years of 
intercession on the part of George Sand, Sarah Bernhardt 
was cast in "Hernani," to be put on at the Odeon. Her 
appearance was a complete triumph, and the press of Paris 
over-rated her as much as it under-rated her before. Since 
that time she has interpreted many of Victor Hugo's dramas 
and other masterpieces of the French stage. 

In June, 18T9, she made her first appearance in London, 
which was a great success. Her visit to this country was a 
great event in the story of its amusements. In 1883 she 
bought a theater in Paris, her management of which did not 
prove successful. Arrangements for the tour, of which that 
in the United States is a part, were made in the spring of 
1886. Sarah Bernhardt was the mother of several children 
prior to her marriage to M. Damala, a Greek, in 1882, and 
from whom she soon separated. 



GEORGE M. PULLMAN. 

Born March 3, 1831. 
In both the Old and the New World, the name of G. M. 
Pullman is honored as that of a man who has reduced greatly 
the inevitable weariness and discomfort of railroad traveling. 
He was not the inventor of the sleeping-car, but the improve- 
ments in its structure originated by him, and the large num- 



!7(j 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



her of cars made by tlie Pullman Palace Car Company give 
his, perhaps, the first place in the records of the invention. 
He was born in Chautauqua county, in the state of New 
York, where his father was known as a good mechanic. The 
boy received a common school education, and in due time 
was placed at work in a furniture establishment. The length- 
ening of the Erie canal, begun soon afterward, gave him the 

opportunity of securing the 
appointment of contractor 
for the erection of the 
buildings needed along the 
course of the extension. 

When twenty-eight years 
of age, Mr. Pullman re- 
moved to Chicago, and 
busied himself, very suc- 
cessfully, in raising build- 
ings of the city to grade 
without the interruption of 
business. This great un- 
dertaking was justly cited 
as a triumph of mechani- 
cal ingenuity. Many large 
stone and brick buildings 
were raised several feet without serious injury or loss of 
time to owners or occupants. In 1860 Mr. Pullman left 
Chicago to mine in Colorado, from which occupation he re- 
tired in 1863, and henceforth devoted himself to the aug- 
mentation of comfort in travel. The use of the Pullman 
sleeping, parlor and dining cars is now general on this con- 
tinent, and is also seen in the United Kingdom. Its maker 
resides in Chicago, Illinois, near which city is the new town 
of Pullman, where the Pullman Palace Car Company have 
located all their works. This town is a model of neatness 
and is considered the workingman's paradise. 




GEORGE M. PULLMAN. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



177 



SUSAN B. ANTHONY. 
Born Feb. 15. 1820. 

Of all the little band of men and women who have gained 
respent from their bitterest enemies by taking and holding a 
very positive opinion on the rights of women to vote, and 
the expediency of conceding that right in the United States, 
Susan B. Anthony is perhaps the most prominent. Her birth- 
place was the little village of South Adams, in the western 
part of the state of Massa- 
chusetts, and almost under 
the shadow of the Hoosac 
mountains. 

After reaching woman- 
hood, Miss Anthony be- 
came a school teacher, and 
at the end of fifteen years 
of hard work, this lady 
found herself with three 
hundred dollars in her 
pocket and a determination 
in her heart to do some- 
thing to right the wrongs 
which women had to suffer 
and which she had herself 
experienced. Conventions 
were called, societies were 
organized, and Miss An- 
thony became a fairly well- 
known figure among radical agitators in every field of so- 
cial development. 

With Wendell Phillips and William Lloyd Garrison, she 
was very actively identified in the movement for the aboli- 
tion of slavery. The movement in favor of stopping the man- 
ufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors has also received 
her warmest support. 




SUSAN B. ANTHONY. 



178 



TUE BIOGBAPHWAL REVIEW. 



GEN. NELSON A. MILES. 

Bom Aug. 8. 1S3<). 
The commander of the military department of the Arizo- 
na Gen. Nelson A. Miles, is a soldier with an excellent re- 
cord a hard fighter, no "vain carpet knight." 

He was engaged in a civil occupation prior to the war of 
the rebellion, and joined the twenty-second Massachusetts 
volunteers, with the rank of captain, in lSr>l. After several 
promotions he was made a 
brigadier- general of the 
United States volunteers 
" for distinguished services 
during the recent battles of 
the Old Wilderness and 
Spottsylvania Court House 
in Virginia." This was on 
May 12, 1864, preceded by 
only a few months his be- 
ing brevetted a major-gen- 
eral "for highly meritori- 
ous and distinguished con- 
duct throughout the cam- 
paign, and particularly for ^ 
gallantry and valuable ser- 
vices . in the battle of 
Ream's Station, Virginia." 

On October 21, 1865, Gen. Miles became a major general, 
and on September 1, 1866, he was mustered out of the vol- 
unteer service. On March 2, 1867, he was brevetted a brig- 
adier-general and a major-general in the United States army, 
that "for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of 
Chan cellorsville, Virginia," and this for his exhibition of the 
superior military qualities in the battle of Spottsylvania. He 
was promoted to his present rank on December 15, 1880. 




GEN. MILES. 



THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 179 

Gen. Miles served in the department of Dakota in 1876, 
when he did excellent service in subjugating the rebellious 
Sioux. He has proved himself a hard fighter, and consequent- 
ly his services have been and still are of great value, to the 
country. 



SAMUEL WHITE SMALL. 

Born July 3, 1851. 

BoEN at Knoxville, Tennessee, Sam Small received his 
primary education in that city, but graduated from the high 
school in New Orleans. To 
finish his education he was 
sent to Emory and Henry 
college, graduating there- 
from with high honors. 
His father was a journalist 
and was also a rich and in- 
fluential man. But the 
wealth of his father proved 
Sam's bane. He was led 
into all kinds of excesses. 
The young man started out 
in life as a lawyer, and 
next became a journalist, 
and also learned to be an 
expert stenographer. 

He has lived in most of 
our large cities, and spent 
some years in Europe, where his father's wealth opened to 
him all avenues of enjoyment and dissipation. 

Since his conversion, Sam Small joined Sam Jones in 
a series of revival meetings throughout the country; and they 
have thereby become almost as popular revivalists as were 
the world-renowned Moody and Sankey. Mr. Small has a 
wife and several children. 




SAM SMALL. 



180 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GEORGE FRANCIS TRAIN. 

Born March 24, 1829. 
One of the most eccentric men in America is George 
Francis Train, who was born in Boston, in the state of Mas 
sachusetts. In 1833 his parents and three sisters died of 
yellow fever in New Orleans. In 1842 he was at college 
in Cambridge; in 1844 established the Liverpool packet 
firm of Train and Company, and was married in 1851. 

In 1853 he established 
the house of George Fran- 
cis Train and Company, 
shippers, m Melbourne, 
Australia; and during the 
same year declined the 
presidency of the Austra- 
lian republic. In 1860-01 
he devoted himself to the 
introduction of street rail- 
ways in London. He re- 
turned to America in 1862 
and became noted as a 
public speaker on the is- 
sues of the day. Many of 
his speeches have been 
published; and he has also 
written various works, 
among others, ''An American Merchant in Europe, Asia and 
Australia," " Young America in Wall Street,""Spread Eagle- 
ism," and so forth. In the same year Train was assaulted 
in Boston, Dayton and elsewhere on account of his utteran- 
ces, and an attempt was made to assassinate him at Alton, 
Illin is. He obtained the original capital, about two mil- 
lion dollars, to construct the Union Pacific railroad. In 1864 
he organized the Credit Mobilier, with a capital of ten mil- 




GEORGE FRANCIS TRAIN. 



THE BIOOEAPHICAL REVIEW. 181 

lion dollars, and obtained donations of land grants for the 
company at Omaha. In 1869 he began an active canvass 
for the presidency of the greenback party. In 1872 he went 
to Europe and delivered many public speeches; on his return 
he published some alleged obscene literature, and Antho- 
ny Comstock put him in the Toombs. Train was also ad- 
judged a lunatic, but after a year's confinement was released. 
In 1874 he became the champion of the working man; 
and about the same time quit eating animal food, butter and 
condiments. He refused the greenback presidential nomina- 
tion in 1876, also refusing invitations to lecture. In 1877 
he began '•'psychological conversations " in Madison Square, 
New York city. It was in this year that he became disgusted, 
evidently, with the world and everybody in it (except chil- 
dren) and stopped talking with adults. Train is said to be 
very rich, and owns much real estate in Omaha and other 
parts of the West. He again came into prominence as the 
champion of the anarchists in 1887, and gave a series of lec- 
tures in their behalf throughout the country. 



M. M. POMEROy. 

Born about 1830. 

"Bkick" Pomeroy, as he is popularly termed, is one of 
the best known men on our continent. His quaint sayings 
made his name a household word, and his incisive language 
made him feared by both parties. In the city of La Crosse, 
on the banks of the Mississippi river, he built up a sensa- 
tional newspaper, which reached a circulation of one hun- 
dred thousand copies; and money came to him very rapidly 
in the years of 1867-68. 

At La Crosse he erected the finest building of that section, 
including an opera house and accommodations for his great 
printing interests. He was worth, perhaps, a quarter of a 
million of dollars; and it was a poor day when the mails 



THE Bl URA PHICAL BE I 'IE W. 



182 



did not bring liini at least one thousand dollars. But 
he became ambitious for a larger field, and went to Cincin 
nati to look around; at last he came to the conclusion that 
that city would be the place for him. Washington McLean, 
the father of the present owner of the ''Enquirer,"" then pub- 
lished that paper, and gave Pomeroy a dinner, which was 
attended by a number of prominent democrats. At the table 

McLean made a speech 
eulogizing Pomeroy, and 
wound up by saying that 
Cincinnati was altogether 
too small for Pomeroy, that 
he should go to New York 
— and Pomeroy went, 

Li 1868 during the heat 
of the Grant campaign, he 
started a daily paper, and 
so curious were the people 
to see it that over thirty 
thousand copies were sold 
on the first day. 

But the genius of Pom- 
eroy was erratic, and the 
people soon tiring of the 
paper, the circulation fell 
to six or seven thousand and stayed there; but he stuck res- 
olutely to his enterprise, and in the course of three or four 
years lost his entire fortune. He started a weekly which 
was a failure; he then tried Chicago, his old home La Crosse, 
and Denver, with but indifferent success. He drifted to 
New York again, and started another weekly, which had a 
fair circulation. 

Although advanced in years, this old-time journalist is still 
as sanguine as when he made his first grand success; and 
his career has, indeed, been a varied one. 




M. M. POMEROY. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



183 



LORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. 

Born about 1845. 

Randolph Chuechill is a son of the Duke of Marlborough, 
and inherits the courage, if none of the other great qualities 
of the illustrious soldier who won the battle of Blenheim. 
His prominence is mainly due to his attacks on the govern- 
ment and the Gladstone ministry. He is often compared with 
Disraeli; but the great difference is that while Disraeli had 
a great party behind him, 
Churchill has not. 

The dashing young states- 
man is well known in New 
York, the home, in her 
maiden years,- of his love! ^ 
wife — a daughter of Mr. 
Leonard Jerome. He ib 
popular in society, being a 
genial and accomplished 
man, with a bright and fas 
cinating wife to assist ]i\^ 
sprightly genius for entci- 
tainment. 

His course, naturally, ib 
regarded with particuhii 
interest in this count] ^, 
and his many admirers 
cherish the opinion that he 
will yet attain reputation Randolph chuechill. 

in the councils of a great party, which, on some occasions, 
has thought it expedient to honor him with extraordinary 
distinction. 

A recent writer, Mr. Anderson, who has produced an inter- 
esting book of pen sketches of British statesmen, draws the 
following description of Lord Randolph Churchill: " He is 




184 



THE BIOOEAPHICAL REVIEW 



scarcely above tlie middle height, of slight build and appar- 
iCntly delicate constitution, and has smooth dark brown hair, 
parted down the middle and thin at the crown. The head is 
small, the eyes large, the nose short, and the cheek bones 
rather high. Churchill is not eloquent with the eloquence of 
Gladstone or Bright. He has, indeed, a slight lisp, — an im- 
perfection of vocal delivery which spoils his pronunciation 
of some of the consonants, particularly the letter '■s.'" 



LADY RANDOLPH CHURCHILL 

Undoubtedly Mr. Churchill's popularity has been greatly 
increased by the influence of his wife, an American lady, 
well known in society cir- 
cles of New York. 

As the daughter of Mr. 
Leonard Jerome, her pros- 
pects in life were very en- 
couraging; and when she 
married the young Eng- 
lish statesman — and a 
lord ! — it was considered 
by "society" as a most 
brilliant match. 

However, had she been 
to the manor born, she 
could not have filled the 
titled position with greater 
credit than she has done. 
Mrs. Churchill has become 
very popular in London,— indeed, it might safely be said 
that she is the most popular American woman in England. 
She moves in the highest circles of royalty, and is honored 
and loved for her many noble qualities. 




MK6. CHURCHILL. 



TEE BIOGRAPEICAL REVIEW. 



185 



ANTHONY COMSTOGK. 

Born March 7, 1844. 
En-feebled bodies, perverted and weakened intellects and 
corrupted hearts are the direct consequences of the circulation 
of obscene literature and pictures. They sap the foundations 
upon which pure and noble manhood and womanhood are 
built. Their suppression is a work in which every good citi- 
zen is deeply interested. 
The pioneer society for 
the suppression of vice 
was that of London, insti- 
tuted in 1802. It was not 
until May 16, 1873, that 
the act incorporating the 
New York Society for the 
Suppression of Yice was 
passed by the legislature 
; of the state. 

The society's plan is thus 
stated: 1, To obtain infor- 
mation that a crime is be- 
ing committed; 2, legal 
evidence of that crime; 3, 
a warrant in due form of 
law; 4, that warrant exe- 
cuted, and no notice sent 
ANTHONY coMSTOCK. to the Criminal to enable 

him to escape; 5, a trial according to law; 6, a sentence that 
shall be commensurate with the crime. 

The work of the society is divided into two parts,^ — that 
for the suppression of obscene literature and pictures, and 
that for the suppression of lottery and policy gambling. 

At the head and front of the movement as an effective 
worker, '^ a terror to evil-doers," is Antlionv Comstock, who 




]SG 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



was bom in New Canaan, Connecticut. Having received the 
rudiments of education, he attended a high school a short 
time, being compelled to leave under the pressure of financial 
necessity. Next working two years as a grocery clerk, at 
the end of that time he served two years as a soldier. On 
being mustered out with his regiment, he again took a posi- 
tion as a grocer's clerk. Removing to New York, he worked 
as a porter in a commission house, and in 1872 he began his 
work in the suppression of licentious literature, at first with- 
out aid, and limited means. But the Young Men's Christian 
Association came to his relief, and the society was organized. 



JOSEPH PULITZER. 

Until lately the name of Joseph Pulitzer was not familiar 



to the public. He is a 
Hungarian by birth, and 
of Hebrew blood. 

After a period of suc- 
cessful journalistic work 
and enterprise in St. Louis, 
he bought the New York 
"World," the circulation 
of wdiich, at that time, was 
very small. 

Numerous illustrations, 
a racy style, and " sensa 
tion " characterize the New 
York "World," as edited 
by Mr. Pulitzer. 

Through the exertions of 1^ 
the " World," over a hun- 
dred thousand dollars was 
collected for the pedestal 
of "Liberty Enlightening 
the World. 



i^?^^^ 




JOSJEI'H PULITZER, 



He was a member of the forty-ninth congress. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 187 

HENKY CHAD WICK. 

Bor7i in 1814, 

The founder of the popularity of base ball, and the "au- 
thority" in the game, is Henry Chadwick, of Brooklyn, and 
an Englishman by birth. He is the improver of the game of 
base ball when it needed improvement; and is the leading 
writer on the subject of the great popular field sport of this 

country. Now, in life's de- 
cline, he still occasionally 
takes part in a game of 
base ball. 

In 1844 he entered the 
ranks of journalism as ^ 
contributor to a Long Is- 
land newspaper. His work 
throughout a long career 
as newspaper man has 
been to report cricket and 
base ball matters, and he 
is the author of well-known 
w o r k s on the national 
game. 

^^It was in 1856," he 
says of his first conception 
of the work that has made 
him famous, "when, on 
HENRY CHADWJCK. returning from an early 

closing of a cricket match at Fox hall, Hoboken, I chanced 
to go through the Elysian fields during the progress of a base 
ball match between the then noted Eagle and Gotham clubs. 
The game was being sharply played on both sides, and I 
watched it with deeper interest than any previous match of 
the kind I had seen. From that period I became an ardent 
admirer of base ball, and I have devoted my efforts to the 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 



improvement of the game and to fostering it in every waj 
I tliouglit likely to promote the object I had in view, which 
was to build up a national game for Americans, such as 
cricket was for England." 

When Mr, Chadwick was chairman of the committee of 
rules of the old National League, he revised and improved 
the playing rules of the game. He continued actively en- 
gaged as a mtimb^r of association conventions until the pres- 
ent National League was organized. 

AL. S PAULDING. 

One of the most noted base ball enthusiasts of the coun- 
try is Al. Spaulding, of Chicago, whose name is as widely 

known as that of any oth- 
er of the base ball lights 
of the past or present time. 
Spaulding had reckoned 
on securing the champion- 
ship for Chicago in 1887 
most too confidently; but, 
his ardor and energy in 
the sporting line acknowl- 
edges no defeat, but only 
increases the desire to be 
ever up and doing, and he 
hopes to secure the cham- 
pionship for 1888. 

Al. Spaulding is the in- 
ventor of many u scful de- 
AL. SPAULDING. viccs uscd for the protec- 

tion of base bail players. He has also published a number 
of score books which have received unqualified endorsement. 
Mr. Spaulding, in connection with his brother, entered — in 
Chicago, in 1876 — into the business of furnishing base ball 
supplies; and so successful was this venture, that they have 
opened a branch office in New York city. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



189 



ISAAC PITMAN. 

Born in 1813. 

The inventor of phonography, Isaac Pitman, was born at 
Trowbridge, England. He was educated to be a public school 
teacher, and subsequently became a principal. 

Mr. Pitman invented and published his system of phono- 
graphy, which may be said to have superseded the old sys- 
tems of shorthand, in the year 1837. The phonetic alphabet 
nas a character for every 
sound used in speaking, 
and its advantages as the 
basis of a system of short- 
hand consists in its accu- 
racy and adequacy on this 
account, and the fact that 
all the characters, repre- 
senting every consonant 
sound, are written in curved 
or straight lines with a sin- 
gle stroke of the pen. 

In January, 1840, he 
published a second edition 
of his book, containing 
some improvements in the 
forms of letters. By 1849 
phonography had taken isaac pitman. 

nearly the shape it now wears, but Mr. Pitman has published 
many editions of his book since that year. 

He still lives at Bath, England, and is doing a good pub- 
lishing business with an enormous correspondence. Various 
systems of phonographic shorthand based on Isaac Pitman's, 
but varying from it somewhat, have been published; all of 
which are, in the judgment of their originators and followers, 
superior to his in some respects. Such are Benn Pitman's 




190 THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 

(who, by the way, is a brother of Isaac and lives at Cincin- 
nati), Munson's and Graham's. Therefore, verbatim reporters 
ahnost innumerable are indebted to Isaac Titman's invention 
for the means of their dexteritv. 



THEODC RE THOMAS. 

]Jo?'n in 18o5. 

The skill with which Theodore Thomas handles large bod- 
(cs of voices or instruments, places him at the head of all 
orchestral leaders in this 
country. 

Theodore Thomas is the 
son of a violinist of some 
celebrity, and was born in 
Germany. He made his 
debut at Hanover in 1841. 
In 181:5 the family emi- 
grated to New York, where 
young Theodore appeared 
in concerts for two years. 
Then he traveled for four 
years in the South, return- 
ing to New York in 1851. 
During the next ten years 
he was conductor of vari- 
ous German and Italian 
opera companies, contain- 
ing such celebrities as Jen- theodore thomas. 
ny Lind, Mario, and Grisi. In 1861. he began the formation 
of his famous orchestra, and gave his first symphony concerts 
in New York in 1864. The well known and popular summer 
night festivals were instituted in 1866, and in 1869 he began 
his annual round of the principal cities of the Union, which 
was continued for nine years. Since 1878 he has held high 
positions, directing the great festivals for several years past. 




THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW 



191 



THE SULTAN OF TURKEY. 

Born in 1842. 

Americans as a rule do not hold the Turks in very high 
esteem. The Turks, however, are a religious race, and are 
born with a reverence for sacred things. The prohibition 
against wine is still in existence, and the Moslems do not 
touch it. For politeness the Turks are preeminent. One 

of the chief characteristics 
of the Turks- is their ven- 
eration for women. A com- 
pany of soldiers would 
readily clear the streets of 
a mob of turbulent men, but 
would turn and run from 
a mob of women. 

Abdul Hamid II, the 
sultan of Turkey, came in 
to power in 1876, succeed 
ing his brother. His wi>l] 
is absolute, when not con- 
trary to the precepts of 
the Koran. The state and 
church are allied, the sul- 
tan having been for many 
hundreds of years the califF 
or acknowledged head 
THE SULTAN OF TURKEY. of the church. The su- 

blime porte is virtually the cabinet of the sultan, consisting 
of the ministers of different departments, appointed by hin 
self and individually responsible to him only. The porte ad 
ministers the government, subject to the sultan's will. Much 
is, therefore, bound up in the personality of the Turkish sul- 
tan, and a new sultan might give an altogether different as- 
pect to the future of the Ottoman empire. 




192 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

The distinguishing trait of the Tark-; is their military spirit, 
and consequently they are a brave and courageous race. 
The Turks are, indeed, one of the most heroic races on the 
earth, and this is proved by the vast empire over vphich they 
formerly ruled by conquest. 

With regard to the harem, a great many errors have crept 
into the minds of foreigners generally. Into the harem 
of the v^ealthy, no man (save the husband), not even a rel- 
ative, can enter. When a woman enters the harem she 
throws off all allegiance to friends, and holds no further 
communication with men. In the poorer classes, where there 
is but one room in the house, before a man can enter, the 
wife is allowed to withdraw or to cover her face. Although 
polygamy is allowed, it is not practiced by five per cent of 
the sultan's subjects. No man is allowed to take more than 
one wife unless he can comfortably support her, and the 
wife is permitted to do as she pleases. In the harem she 
has her own apartments, her own slaves, and she can go 
and come as she chooses. She also buys what she wants and 
the husband pays the bills. They receive company and are 
perfectly happy. 

Gen, Lew Wallace, in a lecture, says: '^I have talked 
with many ladies who have visited harems, and with my wife; 
and they admitted that the intelligence of the Turkish ladies 
is so limited that it was not the part of genuine philanthropy 
to try and ameliorate their condition." The lecturer describ- 
ed in fitting words the beauty of the Turkish women and 
their costumes. ''They are," he says, "the most beautiful 
women in the world — except the American women. In Tur- 
key is found a splendid picture of domestic life. There is the 
relation of parents and children, and the Turkish mother is 
a model. But the Turk never alludes to his domestic life. 
In the harem not even the officers of the law can enter to 
arrest a culprit. It is the sacred or reserved place; and, ren- 
dered into the dear old Saxon, it is home." 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



193 



COUNT YON MOLTKE. 

Born in 1800. 
The field-marshal and chief of the staff of the Grerman army, 
Count Yon Helmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke, was born at 
Farchim, near Mecklenburg, and is the son of an ex-ofiicer 
in the Prussian army. In 1811 the family removed to Copen- 
hagen, where Moltke entered the military academy. In 1819 
he entered the Danish army, but left it in 1822, returning to 

the army school at Berlin. 
Ten years later he was 
appointed a member of the 
general staff, and engaged 
on a military survey in Si- 
lesia and Posen. 

On the appointment of 
Emperor Wilhelm to the 
regency of the kingdom in 
1858, Moltke's sphere of 
action and influence rapid- 
ly increased. 

In war he is a great 
strategist, and generally di- 
vides his army, in times of 
war, in accordance with 
' ■'-'-'-"-*-"-'-'''*--'-■-'' i^is -^ell known maxim of 

COUNT VON MOLTKE. . , marching separately and 

striking together." He thus entered Saxony with three col- 
umns during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, which ended 
in the Prussian victory at the terrible battle of Sadowa. 

The victory of the Germans in the Franco-Prussian war of 
1870, which resulted so disastrously to France, was a great 
military triumph for Moltke; high honors were awarded him, 
and he was made a life member of the upper house. As a 
representative of the reichstag, he is known as the ''great si- 
lent one,'- and his speeches, though brief, are ever important. 




194 THE BIOGRAFHICAL HE VIEW. 

JOHN SHERMAN. 

Born May 10, 1823. 

On the question of finance, John Sherman's record proves 
him to be a great authority. The making of treasiny notes 
a legal tender in 1862 was mainly due to him and Salmon 
P. Chase. In 1867 he proposed the refunding act that was 
passed two years later, and the resumption of specie payment 
on January 1, 1879, was the leading triumph of his financial 
policy. In 1877 he was 
made secretary of the treas- 
ury. 

John Sherman was born 
at Lancaster, Ohio, in a 
family of English extrac- 
tion, whose first American 
ancestry settled in Con- 
necticut a n d Massachu- 
setts. His father was made 
a judge of the supreme 
court of Ohio the same 
year in which John was 
born, the eighth child of a 
family of twelve. 

When his father died, 
John was only six years 
of age, and the widow's 
eleven surviving children 

,. . ^ ^ ^ , , , JOHN SHERMAN. 

were divided through harsh 

necessity, only three being left in their mother's care. In 
1831 John was taken by a cousin of his father, to live with 
him at Mount Vernon. This kinsman had him thoroughly 
prepared for the academy in anticipation of giving him a col- 
lege education. At twelve years of age young John entered 
the academy of Lancaster. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 195 

We next find him acting as a junior rod man in a corps of 
engineers engaged in the Muskingum improvement. In 1838, 
when only fifteen, he was given charge of the works at Bev- 
erly. His next move was to study law in the office of 
Charles T. Sherman, an older brother, who was afterward 
made a judge of the United States district court. He subse- 
quently entered into partnership with his brother at Mans- 
field, Ohio, in 1844. Four years later he began his political 
life as delegate to the whig convention which nominated 
Gen. Taylor for president. 

In 1848 he was married to a daughter of Judge Stewart, 
of Mansfield. 

He was a delegate to the Baltimore convention of 1852, 
which nominated Gen. Scott. 

His first election to congress was in 1855, where he gained 
distinction in committee work. In the following year he was 
a supporter of John C. Fremont, believing that the area of 
slavery should not be extended, while the existence of the 
institution itself could not be disturbed in the states which 
supported it. 

Mr. Sherman was elected to the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth 
congresses, which he served with distinction. In 1861 he was 
elected to the United States senate, and so popular had this 
statesman become that he was re-elected in 1867 and 1873. 
During the war he was conspicuous for patriotism to the 
Union cause, spending money, time and service in its behalf. 
After rendering great services to the country in the passage 
of the refunding act, which was passed in 1870, and in other 
ways sustaining the financial credit of the country, he was, 
in 1877, made secretary of the treasury. In 1879 the re- 
sumption of specie payment was mainly due to his exertions, 
and was undoubtedly the leading triumph of his financial 
policy. Upon the retirement from office of President Hayes, 
the veteran financier resumed his seat in the senate, which 
he still retains. 



196 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

CHARLES S. FAIRCHILD. 

Born in 1842. 
Without respect to party everybody speaks with approval 
of the work of the secretary of the treasury, Mr. Fairchild. 
He was assistant secretary under Daniel Manning, and dur- 
ing the tedious illness of that statesman was acting secretary, 
filling that position with perfect success. 

Mr. Fairchild was born at Casenovia, in the state of New 

York. His father was a 
lawyer, and for a number 
of years counsel of the 
Central railroad. 

The secretary of the 
treasury is a thoroughly 
educated man, a graduate 
of Harvard, and a well- 
read lawyer, and practiced 
at Albany. 

In 1874 he was appoint- 
ed deputy attorney-general 
^^^a^fe. '^^ ^^^^ Empire state, and in 
I' 25fe^ i^^^^K' ^^^^^ capacity took a lead- 

ing part in several import- 
ant cases. In 1875 he was 
elected state's attorney, a 
CHARLES s. FAIRCHILD. positiou that he held for 

two years. From 1877 until his appointment as assistant 
secretary of the treasury, Mr. Fairchild held no political of- 
fice, but devoted himself to his law practice. 

The secretary of the treasury is a hard worker, and no en- 
couragement can be found in his example for the waste of 
public time. He listens to people who call on him, in a man- 
ner which is impenetrable to the caller, and interviews are 
very apt to be short. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 197 

JOHN W. KEELY 

Born Sejyt. 3, 1S37. 

For many years the public curiosity has been kept alive 
with regard to the Keely motor, which, it is alleged, is an 
actual thing, and capable of unprecedented preformances. 
Scientific men and engineers have exercised their wits in 
the vain attempt to find out what the nature of this motor is, 
but it appears that they are as much in the dark about it as 
people not possessed of the knowledge proper to their pur- 
suits. Newspaper men either ridicule the invention as a sham 
or a humbug, or write of it with wonder and bated breath 
as a prodigious production of inventive genius. If it actually 
is, it remains a mystery; if it is not, its alleged inventor is a 
deceiver of the first magnitude. 

Born in Philadelphia, John Worrall Keely studied at the 
public schools until he was twelve years of age, when he be- 
came a carpenter's apprentice, and continued at that trade 
until 1872. He had a good knowledge of mechanics, and 
was fond of making experiments on his own account. 

Meanwhile he had become interested in speculations con- 
cerning physical forces, and originated certain theories of 
questionable value. 

The vibrations of windows and glass dishes in response 
to the sounding of various musical chords, first set his mind 
upon the subject of vibration and the curious sympathy 
between distant waves vibrating in harmony. 

When he stumbled upon what he calls his new force he 
put it on the market, and has been thriving on it ever since. 
The company to aid him was started in 1872; and funds, 
since aggregating a half million dollars, were placed at his 
disposal. 

He lives in handsome style in the upper part of the city 
of Philadelphia; his house is elegantly appointed and his 
drawing room is filled with bric-a-brac. His workshop is con- 



198 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 



iiected with bis house, with an entrance just round the cor- 
ner. The place is like a big machine shop, with curious 
looking iron vessels and tubes lying about on the floor and 
tables. All the things are connected in some way with gen- 
erating Keely's '^ Force" — just how, nobody, except per- 
haps he himself, knows. None of the big machines — 
generating engines, they are called — ever seem to be quite 
satisfactory, and they are al- 
ways undergoing changes. 
One of them cost some- 
thing like fifty thousand 
dollars, and it was not al- 
together satisfactory, but 
that little circumstance did 
not make him sad, but he 
went on with another. 

He takes recreation in 
two interesting ways — he 
reads all the comic papers 
that he can buy or borrow, 
and plays the flute madly. 

He has constructed over 
one hundred different en- 
gines. Kesults which are 
marvelous in their effects 
have been obtained by john w, keely. 

him in the presence of reliable experts; but all exact details 
of the method of operation have thus far been carefully kept 
secret. In the summer of 1875 people were led to believe 
that the mystery would at last be divulged. A gauge of enor- 
mous proportions was exhibited which, it was stated, was ca- 
pable of testing any force from ten to fifty thousand pounds, 
and constructed for the purpose of testing the vaporic force 
of the motor; but the test was not satisfactory and definite, 
and the secret of the motor itself is still unbroken. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 199 

The stock of the half-million dollars that has been put up 
to forward this invention, is worth nothing to-day. That is 
certain. But to-morrow, to-morrow it may represent a fortune. 
What the stockholders base hope for to-morrow on no man 
can say — unless they have a Keely superstition. 

Keely goes on smilingly all the while. He is picturesque 
and striking, more than six feet tall, with broad shoulders, 
and as straight as an Indian. He is swarthy, with thick, 
glossy black hair worn rather long, and deep shining black 
eyes. His fingers are swollen and knotted, the result of a 
variety of accidents met with in his experiments. 



ELIZABETH RODGEKS. 

Born in 1847. 

There are women members of the organization of the 
knights of labor, but with a solitary exception, they are un- 
heard of as leaders. Mrs. Elizabeth Rodgers is the energetic 
woman who is the peer of the ablest and most eloquent in 
the great body of which she is a leading ornament. 

Mrs. Rodgers is master workman of district assembly 24 of 
Chicago. She was one of its delegates at the knights of la- 
bor convention at Richmond in 1887. 

Mrs. Rodgers is an Irish woman, born at Woodford, Coun- 
ty Galway, and when six years of age came, with her mother, 
to America. After a short residence in New York, they re- 
moved to London, Ontario, where the mother still lives. 

Mrs. Rodgers is the mother of twelve children, nine of 
whom are living. Family cares have not robbed her of the 
sweet graces which are the proper adornment of womankind. 
She is a model wife and mother, as well as a leader knight 
with a tongue ready in debate, and the head of a statesman. 
Mr, Rodgers has good reason for his obvious pride in his 
well-preserved, clever and pleasant spoken wife. 



200 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

She (3rganize(l the first working women's union in Chicago 
more than ten years ago, and was its presiding officer for two 
years. Mrs. Rodger's was president of the Eighth Ward 
Land League, and also of the Daugliters of Erin. For many 
years she has been a dele 
gate to the state trades as- 
sembly of Illinois; and also 
the delegate from local as- 
sembly 1,789 of Chicago 
to district assembly 24, foi 
several years. All this time 
she was master workman 
of local assembly 1,789. 
In 1886 she succeeded J. 
P. Murphy as master wort - 
man of district assembly 
No. 24. 

In recounting her sei- 
vices to working people, 
those of her husband call 
for recognition, because if 
not identified with them 
always, they have an ob- 
ject in common with hers. 
George Rodgers is a mem- 
ber of the executive board of district assembly 24, of which 
he is chairman. He was born in Pembrokeshire, South Wales, 
in 1844. When living in London, Canada, he met and mar- 
ried his wife. He was a delegate from the iron moulders' 
union of that place to the international moulders' union 
which met in Philadelphia in 1870, and to the Richmond 
convention in 1872 from Detroit. Mr. Rodgers has been 
president of the trade and labor assembly of Illinois for many 
years, and was master workman and treasurer of district as- 
sembly 24, filling all these positions with great credit. 




MRS. ELIZABETH RODOERS. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



201 



GEN. FRANZ SIGEL. 

Born in 1824. 

Born in Germany, Sigel graduated at the military acade- 
my of Carlsruhe in 1841, and served as an officer in the 
regular army until 1847, when he resigned his commission. 
In 1848-9 he took side with the people in the revolutionary 
struggles of the period. He afterward lived successively in 
Switzerland, Italy, France and England, untill852, when he 
sailed to America, landing 
in New York. 

In 1857 he went to St. 
Louis, where he held the 
position of professor of 
mathematics, American his- 
tory and French at the 
German - American Insti- 
tute of that city; and was 
also elected director of the 
St. Louis public schools in 
1860. ' 

At the outbreak of the 
civil war, Sigel resigned 
these positions, and organ- 
ized a regiment of infan- 
try, a battalion of artillery 
of three batteries, and a 
squadron of cavalry. He gen. franz sigel. 

commanded the expedition to southwest Missouri, and fought 
the battle of Carthage with eight hundred against four thou- 
sand men. 

Gen. Sigel also commanded a brigade in the battle of Wil- 
son's Creek under Gen. Lyon, a division in the campaign of 
Gen. Fremont, and two divisions in the battle of Pea Ridge. 




202 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

He was ordered to the East in May, 1S()2, and commanded a 
division at Harper's Ferry, and the first corps of tlie army 
of Virginia, under Pope, in the battle of Cedar mountain, 
on the Rappahannock; and in the battle of Bull Run on 
August 28-30. 

After serving gallantly throughout the war, he resigned 
from the army in 1865. 

He has filled numerous civil positions, and was a republi- 
can in politics until 1876, at that time declaring for Tilden; 
and he has advocated the policy of the democratic party 
since that time. 

From 1881 to 1885 Gen. Sigel lectured in English and 
German, and also edited a weekly paper. In 1887 he was 
appointed pension agent, by President Cleveland, for the 
city of New York. 



SIR ARTHUR SULLIVAN. 

Bor7i in 1844. 

Everybody has heard of Arthur Sullivan, whose music is 
as popular in this country as in England. '' Pinafore " was 
probably the greatest success of the age, as nobody, who has 
ever witnessed a stage performance at all, has probably failed 
to see and hear this most delightful of comic operas. "Tri- 
al by Jury," and "Pirates of Penzance," though less widely 
known, have all secured exceptional successes. That the au- 
thor of these popular compositions, and greatest of English 
musicians, should have received the honor of knighthood is 
not surprising. It is royalty's tardy recognition of eminent 
merit, and gives Sir Arthur Sullivan special prominence at 
this time. 

Arthur L. Sullivan is the son of a professional musician, 
and was born in the city of London, In 1855 he became 
a choir boy, and two years later gained the Mendelssohn 
scliolarship at the royal academy of music. He afterwards 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



203 



continued his studies at Leipsie; and on returning to Eng- 
land, entered upon the career in which he was to win such 
eminence and distinction. "The Prodigal Son " and "The 
Light of the World " at once became popular, while his mu- 
sic to Shakespeare's " Tempest " obtained a great success. 
His songs and sacred music placed him among the leading 
composers of the day. But 
"Pinafore," after all, is 
the basis of his fame. No 
other piece, within a like 
period, has ever been play- 
ed so many times or in so 
many different places. 

When first brought out 
in England, it failed to gain 
that extraordinary, though 
necessarily ephemeral, 
success it obtained when ^^ 
reproduced in America to-^ 
ward the end of 1S7S. 
At that time Mr. Sullivan, 
with Mr. W. S. Gilbert, 
came to New York, to su- 
perintend the production 
of "Pinafore" under his sir Arthur sullivan. 

personal leadership, and the success of the enterprise was 
beyond the most sanguine expectations. 

Cambridge university conferred upon him the honorary 
degree of Doctor of Music in 1876, and at the Paris exposi- 
tion in 1878 was made a Clievalier of the Legion of Honor. 

Mr. Sullivan has for a number of years worked in con- 
junction with Mr. W. S. Gilbert, who wrote the words of 
"Pinafore" and "The Pirates of Penzance." Mr. Sullivan 
is a genial, companionable man, and during his visit to this 
country gained many friend='. 




204 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

THOMAS NAST. 

Born in 1840. 
The humorous aspects of human nature are regarded with 
a peculiar relish by Americans, and caricature has always 
been a feature of American journalism. Benjamin Franklin 
was a caricaturist, and his rude but apt designs brought 
many abuses into ridicule. 

Thomas Nast is perhaps the most distinguished and cer- 
tainly the best known of 
American caricaturists. 

He is the son of a mu- 
sician in the Bavarian ar- 
my, and was born at Lan- 
dau, Bavaria. 

When Thomas was six 
years of age, the family 
came to this country and 
settled in the city of New 




York. They were very poor 
but through industry and 
i economy they were able to 
subsist in a comfortable 
manner. At an early age 
the boy displayed great 
zeal and aptitude in draw- 
ing, although he received 
little encouragement from 
THOMAS NAST. his parents, who insisted 

that he should become a mechanic. The only instruction that 
he received was from Kaufmann, with whom he studied about 
six months while a boy. 

'NVhen fifteen years of age he applied for work in the 
Frank Leslie publishing house. Being remarkably short for 
his age, and of a boyish expression of countenance, the pub- 



THE BIOOEAPHICAL REVIEW. 205 

Usher looked at him with astonishment. "-What, mjbov," 
said he, " so you think you can draw well enough for my 
paper, do you F' ''I would like to try," said the youth. 
^' Well," rejoined Mr. Leslie, "you shall. Go down to the 
Hoboken ferry, and bring me a drawing of the scene just as 
the boat is coming into the dock." This was putting the lad 
to a severe test; and even Mr. Leslie said that he had little 
expectation of the little fellow's doing it, and gave him the 
job for the purpose of bringing home to his youthful mind 
the absurdity of his application. 

Young Nast struck boldly, however, upon the paper, and 
produced a sketch, which, though far from correct, abounded 
in those graphic and vigorous touches so needful in popular 
illustrations. Mr. Leslie saw at a glance its merits and de- 
fects, and at once made a place for him in his establishment. 

He now applied himself with the greatest diligence, and 
in three years he had saved considerable money and acquired 
something of a reputation. He then visited Europe, where 
he was engaged to make drawings of the great prize fight 
between Heenan and Sayers. After that event he joined 
Medici's expedition to Southern Italy, and went to the island 
of Sicily with Garibaldi, and was afterward present at the 
sieges of Gaieta and Capua. He sketched all the memorable 
events which came to his notice for American, English, and 
French periodicals, and at the end of a year he again landed 
in the city of New York. 

It was in 1862, during the great struggle between the 
North and the South — a time when American genius was at 
the highest pitch of inspiration, that Thomas Nast began 
work on "Harper's Weekly." The great scenes of the con- 
flict were reproduced with all the vividness of reality. 

Duriiig the exposure of the Tweed Ring in 1871, his cari- 
catures of Tweed and his confederates buried them in a depth 
of contempt and infamy beyond the hope of resurrection. 
The bitter and telling caricature by his pencil was really an 



20(i THE BIOGBAPnrCAL REVIEW. 

effective aid to the forces which put an end to that period of 
misgoverument ia New York; indeed, in some respects it 
was the most powerful of all, for one of the miscreants is 
said to have declared that he didn't care a straw for all the 
papers said of him, as most of his adherents couldn't read, 
but those pictures, whose meaning everyone could see at a 
glance, they hurt him badly. 

In 1882 he retired from his studio and made a tour of Eu 
rope for needed recuperation. Though still in the prime of 
life, Mr. Nast does but little newspaper work now. He spent 
the winter of 1887-8 in an extended Western tour, passing 
through Colorado to California and Oregon, and delivering 
a few lectures by the way. A successful newspaper artist 
has a lucrative profession, and industry and thrift have made 
Mr. Nast wealthy. He has a handsome home at Morristown, 
New Jersey. 

The famous cartoonist is somewhat short and stout in fig- 
ure, but his face is refined and intellectual. His eyes are 
keen and penetrating, his features are finely cut, and his 
hands and feet are small. 

Though a foreigner by birth, he is an American by educa- 
tion and a sincere patriot in sentiment. The weapons he has 
wielded have been in good hands. Amid the strife and con- 
fusion of political campaigns he has always been the cham- 
pion of reform, and the uncompromising foe of corruption 
of misgovernment. 



REV. WILLIAM BOOTH. 

Bor7i April 10, 1829. 
BoKN in the city of Nottingham, England, young Booth 
was educated at a private school. He studied theology, and 
became a minister of the methodist ''new communion" in 
1850, but resigned in 1861 and began his work as an evan- 
gelist. In July, 1865, he started the "Christian Mission " in 



TEE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 207 

London — for the benefit of the poor non-going church-peo- 
ple. To this mission, when it had become a large organiza- 
tion formed upon military lines, he gave the name of the 
-'Salvation Army." This was in 1878. The new organiza- 
tion soon became widely known, and spread with such rapid- 
ity that it was necessary to establish stations in the United 
States, France, Australia, India, Cape of Good Hope, Canada, 
Sweden, Switzerland, and 
many other countries. Its 
ofiicers are numbered by 
thousands, and the whole 
establishment is directly 
under the control of Gen. 
Booth. 

He has published sever- 
al hymn and music book--; 
also a volume called "Sal- 
vation Soldiery," describ- 
ing his views as to relig- 
ious life and work; a No 
"Holy Living," and vari- 
ous other works. 

Mrs. Booth, who ha.s 
shared in all the General's 
efi'orts, has further explain- gen. booth. 

ed their views in "Practical Religion" and other works. 
Their eldest son is' the chief-of-staff, managing all the busi- 
ness; their eldest daughter directs the work in France, and 
the other children all take some part in managing the branch 
service. 

The "War Cry," the official gazette of the Salvation Ar- 
my, was started in 1880, and its circulation has now reached 
the enormous number of nearly half a million, and z-eprints 
are issued in the United States, and other countries. Booth 
is wealthy and lives in good style in London. 




208 



THE DlUdKAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



CHARLES SCRIBXEK. 

Born Oct. IS, 1854. 
Chakles ScRiBNER, wliose young shoulders support the 
business of Charles Scribner s Sons and Scribner & Welford, 
was born in the city of New York, He graduated at Prince- 
ton in 1875, and began his business career in the same year. 
The firm of Charles Scribner's Sons was formed in IS 78. 
The death of his brother, 
J. Blair Scribner, devolved 
its entire business, in Jan- 
uary, 1879, on the subject 
of this sketch. 

Several years ago he 
sold out his interest in the 
magazines known as the 
'^Century," and "St. Nich- 
olas," and has nothing to 
do with the publication of 
either of them; but he has 
since started a new publi- 
cation called •' Scribner's 
Monthly," which, by the 
way, was the name of the 
•'Centurv" before it pass- 
ed from his control. charles scribner. 

His father founded the Scribner business, which was start- 
ed in 1S4G, and since that time thousands of books by lead- 
ing American writers have been published by this firm. 

The Scribner catalogue is remarkable for the large pro- 
portion of books published by arrangement with American 
authors. In its list of writers are many great names, both 
American and foreign. Theology, natural science, history, 
biography, select works of fiction, poetry, language, travel, 
school books, and other works are among the subjects. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



20S 



PHILIP D. ARMOUR. 

Bom about 1835. 

Although beginning life under most unpromising condi- 
tions, Philip D, Armour is now one of the wealthiest Amer- 
icans living, and is rapidly adding to his wealth. Shrewd 
and far-sighted, courageous and dashing, in him are com- 
bined the elements of the gieatest business success, and 
there is no possibility of 
conjecturing how rich Phil 
Armour may become, who 
is yet but a comparatively 
young man. 

When he was a school- 
boy at an academy in Wa- 
tertown, in the state of 
New York, he got into 
trouble by riding out w'ith 
a young girl, also a pupil 
in the same academy, and 
was expelled . for the of- 
fense. This misfortune he 
converted into a stepping- 
stone to fortune. 

Turning his back upon 
New York state, he sought 
the freedom of the great 
west, and after a hard jour- philip d. aemoue. 

ney, made in deprivation and interrupted by serious illness, 
reached California, where he sought gold and found it. In 
the course of a few years he had money enough, made from 
gold dust, to start him in business as a pork packer, in Mi] 
waukee, Wisconsin. Pork went up to an enormous figure to- 
ward the end of the civil war. Foreseeing the inevitable 
collapse of the confederacy, Armour sold largely, and made 




210 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

a great fortune at a stroke. A year after he was at the head 
of the Chicago business bearing his name. 

Many of his transactions since that time have been re- 
markably expressive of his sagacity and pluck. Several 
years ago he bought for a million of dollars the largest glue 
factory in the West, where he works up refuse from his pack- 
ing house. 

When, in the spring of 1885, Grant & Ward failed, he 
saved Chicago from a threatened panic. On Wall Street he 
has made five million dollars by one operation. He virtually 
controls the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, own- 
ing a large amount of stock therein. Indeed, his wealth is 
probably among the scores of millions. 

This powerful financier, the leading man in Chicago, is of 
medium height and fleshy, but not fat. He lives in simple 
fashion. and wears plain clothes, is unpretending in speech 
and manner, genial and good natured. His health is perfect, 
and he has seemingly an untiring capacity for work. The 
residence of this great '^pig-killer" is on Prairie avenue, in 
the city of Chicago. Its appearance does not suggest the 
wealth of its proprietor, who strongly prefers simplicity to 
ostentation in his manner of life. 



MARY ANDERSON. 

Born in 1859, 
The favorite actress of the West, Mary Anderson, is a na- 
tive of California, When Mary was an infant, the family 
migrated from California to Louisville, Kentucky, where she 
became a victim to the passion for the stage; and in Novem- 
ber, 1875, made her first appearance after two years of pre- 
paration. The critics went into ecstacies over this product of 
the West, and her tour from city to city was a triumphal 
success. 



THE BIOOBAPHICAL REVIEW. 211 

On November 12, 1877, Mary Anderson made her first 
appearance in New York, under the disadvantage of exag- 
gerated praise from the western newspapers. "The Lady 
of Lyons " was tlie piece presented on the occasion, with the 
young actress as " Pauline." The critics dealt gently with 
their subject, as was due to her youth and comparative inex- 
perience; but they could not blind themselves to the obvious 
faults of her personation, 

to the sameness of her ■ ^^llltt \i(' 

gestures and walk, the im- Aflflllfi' ^'*^"^ 

perfect management of a ,«i!I^^Mlw.^>*f/i 

good voice, and the un- 
changing expression of her |iKi 
countenance. A\ 

But she received a good \^!>B 
share of encouragement in 0!y 
the metropolis, which she fe-' 
left to fill engagements in ^t'',i-\ 
other cities. 

Returning to New York 
three years afterwards, she ^^^^^^i\ IJ - 
still failed to redeem the ^^^^^miH. v&_ 

promise with which she 
had been endowed by her 
too enthusiastic admirers. ^^'^'^ andeeson. 

Since that time, however, she has studied hard to perfect 
herself in the profession; and as a consequence has steadily 
gained in public favor, and she now is one of the most pop- 
ular actresses in the world. 

Her popularity is remarkable; indeed, on severa' occasions 
she has been publicly crowned with flowers. In England 
her success was phenomenal, and she was always favored 
with large and enthusiastic audiences — even royalty itself 
bowed down in praise to this talented Western girl, of whom 
all Americans can well be proud. 




212 



THE BIOGRAPHIGAL REVIEW. 



HERR JOHANN MOST. 

Born about 1830. 
Herr Most made his debut as an anarchist about twenty- 
five years ago, when he became a disciple of the German agi- 
tator, Lasalle. Most was too radical in his views to long fol- 
low the moderate teachings of his tutor, and started out on 
his own hook. He traveled much in Saxony, addressing la 

boring people in the man- 
ufacturing dife-tricts, and as 
Marc Anthony incited the 
Roman populace to riot, so 
Herr Most set on his dupes. 
But his career as a blood 
and thunder orator was 
brief, for the authorities 
seized him and sent him to 
jail — a place by the way, 
where Most has spent ma- 
ny years. 

After the attempt made 
upon the life of the late 
Emperor William by Hoe- 
del and Noebling, lie con- 
sidered it prudent to start 
HEKK JOHANN MOST. for a morc hospitable ref- 

uge. But tlie authorities in Switzerland, Belgium, Holland 
and France made haste to inform him tliat agitators of his 
stamp would do well in getting across the border, the quick- 
er, the better. Most concluded to give England the benefit 
of his presence. His first act was the foundation of a revo- 
lutionary sheet intended for circulation on the continent, its 
mission being especially to undermine the German empire. 
The publication, which he dubbed "Freiheit," has since 
achieved an international reinitation as a revolutionary organ 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 213 

par excellence. The English people did not take kindly to 
his teachings and felt quite relieved when the crown prose- 
cutor secured his conviction on a charge of inciting to the 
murder of all royal personages. The print was confiscated 
and the whole organization received a pretty severe blow, 
from which it never rallied until Most had served his time 
in Milford prison. 

Most finally came to America, and for several years past 
has been publishing a revolutionary paper called "Freiheif 
in New York, issuing communistic literature, and doing his 
best to bring about anarchy. The particular language uttered 
by Most for which he was lately indicted, was at the meeting 
in Germania hall, New York, when he advised his hearers 
to buy rifles and to use them on the police or anybody else. 



CAPTAIN W. L. COUCH. 

Captain W. L. Couch owes his prominence to the fact 
that he is the leader of a band of people known as the "Ok- 
lahoma Boomers." Toward the end of President Arthurs 
term of office, attention was directed to the efforts of these 
people to over-run the Indian Territory. Many of them had 
already squatted on the lands and had to be ejected by 
force, not before, however, they had become so well settled 
as to carry the impression to others of perfect security. This 
led to Captain Couch's band setting out, and their curious 
wagons emblazoned by the device, "Going West by Thun- 
der," attracted general attention. The government, however, 
was determined that the territory which had been reserved for 
the Indian tribes, and to remove them to which it had cost 
the government considerable, should be theirs forever. The 
change in the administration of national affairs led the 
"Boomers" to hope that the opposition to their entrance 
Would be dropped, but the new executive proved even more 



214 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

determmed in the matter than his predecessor. The troops 
sent ont to enforce the law were phiced under the control of 
General Hatch, noted for his success in the Indian wars. 
Arkansas City became the headquarters of the would-be inva- 
ders, and there thej assem- 
bled to the number of sev- 
eral thousand. The defec- 
tions, however, caused by 
the poor prospects of suc- 
cess were numerous, and 
the excitement gradually 
died out. 

Captain Couch still hopes 
to secure this valuable 
land to his follov>^ers, and 
has enlisted many eminent 
statesmen in his behalf, 
and in reply to the ques- 
tion as to the prospect of 
the opening of Oklahoma 
by legislative enactment, 
the captain said: " Never 
were they more flattering; the feeling regarding the move- 
ment has changed. In 1880 we were denounced alike by 
the people and press. This change is due to a more thor- 
ough understanding of the situation. People now see lying 
idle millions of acres of the richest land in the United 
States. The bill before the forty-ninth congress, asking for 
the opening of the country failed, and perhaps it is best it 
did. It included the countries of tlie five civilized tribes. 
In the bill introduced by Mr. Springer of Illinois, this land 
is not comprised, but only that west of it and also 'No 
Man's Land,' and I think there is every reason to believe 
that bill will pass." The land thus included consists of about 
twenty-five million acres. 




CAPTAIN W 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVEIW. 215 

K T. BUSH. 

The yacht race across the Atlantic ocean in 1887, between 
the ''Coronet" and the " Dauntless," brought the owners 
and captains of these respective yachts into special promi- 
nence, and their names will always be associated with the 
event. Mr. Bush, the owner of the schooner-yacht "Coro- 
net" — the winner in this race — is the president of the Bush 

& Den slow Manufacturing 
Company, refiners and deal- 
ers in oils. He has not had 
a very extensive yachting 
experience, having only 
owned a small yacht be- 
fore having had the " Cor- 
onet " built. His intention 
when building the vessel 
was to take his family on 
a cruise around the world, 
intending to start in the 
fall of 1885, but he was 
not able to get her ready 
in time and she lay all win- 
ter at the yard of her build- 
''''**•'*' ers, and got off finally in 

E. T. BUSH. j^ly^ 1886. 

Arriving in Europe, his contemplated cruise was abandon- 
ed, and he returned to America in a steamer. 

Mr. Bush recently said that he was a commercial and not 
a sporting man. "I knew when I sailed across the ocean in 
the ' Coronet,' that I had a very fast yacht, and was anx- 
ious to find out how fast she was in comparison with the best 
American keel boats. Hence I issued an invitation to yacht 
owners to race across the ocean against her. I was confident 
that she would win the race, and I determined to dispose of 




216 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 



her just as soon as I could afterward. A racing yacht would 
be no more good to me than a racing horse; I could get just 
as much comfort out of an old plug as out of a flyer." 



CAPTAIN CROSBY. 

This noted sailor has been connected with the "Coronet" 
since her keel was laid, and perhaps it may be said before 
that, for it was he that modeled her. He had complete au- 
thority to fit the craft in 



any manner he desired, 
Mr. Bush, the owner, not 
possessing a very extended 
yachting experience, and 
"having an unlimited confi- 
dence in his skipper. This 
confidence apparently was 
pot misplaced, as in the fit- 
ting out of the yacht, al- 
though everything neces- 
sary had been provided, 
the fitting was not nearly 
as expensive as was that 
of the "Dauntless." 

Capt. Crosby is a native 
of Eastport, Maine, and 
has followed the sea ever 
since his boyhood. He once sailed a catboat from Boston to 
Bermuda, and on another occasion he sailed a tugboat from 
New York to Capetown. His adventures on the sea have 
been as diversified, numerous, and perilous as those which 
usually fall to the lot of the seafaring fraternity, and he can 
spin an interesting yarn with the sang froid and dexterity 
of a Baron Munchausen. 




CAPTAIN CROSBY. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 



217 



CALDWELL H. COLT. 

Born about 1856. 

Tee race between the " Dauntless " and the '•'Coronet" 
from New York to Queenstown in 1887, resulted in the de- 
feat of the former, despite the fact that the "Dauntless"" had 
an international reputation. 

The owner, Mr. Colt, is the son of the inventor of the re- 
volving pistol, who died in 
1862, leaving an immense 
factory for the manufacture 
of firearms, in Hartford, 
Connecticut. Here a beau- 
•tiful episcopal church was 
erected to his memory by 
his widow, who, with her 
only son, the subject of this 
sketch, still continues the 
manufacture of firearms. 
Nearly three million dol- 
lars were spent on the man- 
ufactory prior to the death 
of the father, and young 
Colt is credited with the 
good fortune to be posses- 
sor of a yearly income of nearly 
dollars. 

He is an enthusiastic sportsman, and besides owning the 
"Dauntless," is the owner of the sloop "Wizard." He is 
passionately fond of yachting, and since he has owned the 
"Dauntless" he has been across the ocean several times in 
her. He accompanied the craft in the race of 1887, accom- 
panied by several guests, Mr. John H. Bird, secretary of the 
New York Yacht Club being one of them. 




:^:?5?j^ 



•^:*-':-:<- 



CALDWELL H. COLT. 

two hundred thousand 



218 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



CAPTAIN SAMUELS. 

The captain of the "Dauntless."' Samr.el S. Samuels, first 
•became famous as a yacht-racing skipper when, in command 
of the schooner "Henrietta,'' he raced across the ocean 
ac:ainst the schooners "Fleetwing" and "Testa ' in 1866. 
He subsequently became the commander of the "Daunt- 
less,"' commanding the trim little yacht when she raced against 
the British schooner ^'Cam- 
bria." He was commission- 
ed by Mr. Frederick Lane, 
treasurer of the Erie rail- 
way company, to superin- 
tend the building of a 
schooner- yacht for him, 
and which was named the 
" Dreadnaught."' T h e 
yacht subsequently became 
the property of Mr. Sam- 
uels, who sailed some fa- 
mous races in her, beating 
the "Palmer," a very fast 
schooner, and winning the 
Bennett Cape May chal- 
lenge cup, which is now 
in Great Britain, having been carried there by the cutter 
"Genesta." This cutter won it from the "Dauntless," the 
yacht that was beaten by the " Coronet" in 1887. While 
owner of the "Dreadnaught,'' — which, by the way, cost 
nearly fifty thousand dollars to build, — Mr. Samuels won 
another famous race over the Newport course, on which oc- 
casion the celebrated yacht "Sappho" received lier defeat. 
He has had great experience in the management of yachts, 
and the recent defeat of the "Dauntless"' in no way reflect- 
ed upon his management of that vessel. 




CAPTAIN SAMUELS. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



219 



WILLIAM R. MORRISON. 

Born Sept. 14, 1825. 

Mr. Moerison is best known to the country as a tariff re- 
former. His bill, advocating a horizontal reduction of duties, 
was agitated before congress, and after a thorough argument, . 
pro and con, rejected. Notwithstanding his defeat he is as 
determined as ever to enforce his views on the tariff, and is 
as fully convinced now as then, that the prosperity of the 
country lies in a reduction 
of the import duties. As 
chairman of the ways and 
means he had great powei, 
the committee being the 
most important of the 
house. Born in Monioe 
county, Illinois, he was 
educated in the common 
schools and at McKendiee 
college, Illinois. He studied 
law and was admitted to 
the bar. He was made 
clerk of the circuit court, 
and for four terms was a 
member of and for one 
term speaker of the Illinois william e MORRibOV 

house of representatives He was elected t") the that} eighth, 
forty-third, forty-fourth, forty-fifth, forty-sixth, forty-seventh, 
forty-eighth, and forty-ninth congresses as a democrat. In 
the last congressional campaign he was defeated by the Hon. 
Jehu Baker. 

Mr. Morrison has gained the reputation of being a great 
thinker. He will often pass his most intimate friends with- 
out recognizing them when in a study, and in absent-minded- 
ness on such occasions is only equaled by Justice Lamar. 




220 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



A. K. CUTTING. 

Born about 1847. 
Mr. Cutting was the publisher of a Spanish newspaper, 
called the '^11 Ceiitinela," at the small town of Paso del 
Norte, where he w:;s arrested and imprisoned for the publi- 
cation of certain defamatory remarks on a rival publisher, Im- 
iglis Medina, in his own paper; and also in the "Sunday Her- 
ald " of El Paso, substantiating his remarks with the addi- 
tion of fraud and swindler. 
Cutting was arrested by 
the Mexican authorities at 
the motion of Medina, and 
was not even allowed to 
furnish bail. American cit- 
izens have often been sub- 
jected to the indignities of 
Mexican authority, and in 
the event of war, the feel- 
ings of both governments 
will be agitated by the 
wrongs that have occasion- 
ally been perpetrated on 
both sides of the border. 

The affair, however, was 
amicably settled, but not 
until Cutting had acquired 
national notoriety. At the time, soldiers gathered at El Paso, 
Mexico believing that she could easily defeat the United 
States, and firmly believes that, in case of war, the southern 
states would come to her assistance to regain what they lost 
during the civil war. Mexico also thinks that England would 
render her valuable assistance in blockading the Atlantic 
and Gulf ports. But the cloud passed away, and our amicable 
relations with her are continued. 




A. K. CUTTING. 



TEE BIOOEAPHICAL REVIEW. 221 

NILS ADOLF ERIK NORDENSKJOLD. 

Born Nov. 18, 1832. 
A NATIVE of Finland, this noted arctic explorer came of a 
race distinguished since the latter part of the seventeenth cen- 
tury for daring endeavor and scientific acquirements, num- 
bering among them mining engineers, soldiers, alchemists, 
and scientific farmers. The family was ennobled in 1757, 

and a peculiar residence 
was built on their proper- 
t^, the central portion of 
which contained a large 
hall with a gallery, around 
which were arranged col- 
lections of natural history. 
A sepulchral mound in the 
p irk surrounding the house 
formed the last resting- 
])lace of several members 
of the family. 

While yet a boy he be- 
Ccirae an indefatigable col- 
lector of minerals and in- 
sects, and often ancompa^ 
nied his father in his geo- 
logical surveys. He re- 
ceived a thorough educa- 
tion, and early in life he 
BARON NOKDENSKJOLD. began to pubUsh original 

researches in chemistry, mineralogy, and natural history. In 
1858 he began his career as an arctic explorer, which result- 
ed in 1879 in the accomplishment of the Northwest passage. 
The results of his expeditions are unparalleled, and have been 
productive in increasing our knowledge of the conditions and 
products characteristic of the polar seas. 




222 



THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW, 



LOUIS PASTEUR 

Bin-n in lr2'J. 
The celebrated Freiicli clieinist and physiologist, Louis 
Pasteur, is a sou of a tuinier who was also an old soldier of 
the First Empire. Louis, however, received a good education, 
and early in life began to devote himself to chemistry. After 
graduutiug, he was appointed assistant professor of physics 

at Strasburg. 

In 1854 he removed to 
Lille, as dean of the facul- 
ty of sciences. Though 
still an enthusiast in mole- 
cular physics, he devoted 
some of his lectures to the 
subject of fermentation, as 
the staple industry of that 
town was distilling. In the 
course of the next few 
years, spontaneous genera- 
tion, wine, vinegar, the 
.^^^ silkworm disease, splenic 
fever, chicken cholera, and 
hydrophobia received his 
attention, and were won- 
derfully elucidated by his 
researches. 

LOUIS TASTEUR. Hc succccdcd in saving 

millions of dollars to the graziers, by protecting animals 
from severe attacks of the plague, through his discovery that 
an attenuated virus of the splenic fever, if used as inoculat- 
ing matter, would confine this plague to but a mild form. 

In like manner, his discovery that inoculating a person 
bitten by a mad dog with an attenuated virus of the poison 
producing rabies, acts in such a manner that the original 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 223 

poison seems neutralized, and the patient recovers, has almost 
revolutionized one section of medicine. 

A large pension, voted by the French legislature, enabled 
the savant to devote the greater portion of his time to the 
researches indicated; and now his admirers, aided by the 
Paris municipality, have erecteda large hospital and labora- 
tory for the treatment of hydrophobia under his system. 

M. Pasteur has received high honors, both from his own 
and from foreign countries. He is a member of the acad- 
emy of sciences; while orders, doctorates, and other honor- 
ary diplomas, have been showered on him by almost every 
civilized country in the world. 



CHARLES FRANCIS JOSEPH. 

Born Aug. 18, 1830. 

The emperor of Austria and king of Hungary, Francis 
Joseph, was at the early age of eighteen called to rule an 
empire shaken by rebellion and civil war. 

The absolutist regime was maintained during the first ten 
years of the emperor's reign, though as subsequent events 
showed, the emperor's own sentiments inclined to a more lib- 
eral and constitutional rule. 

The system fell through severe reverses abroad. In 1859 
the Austrians were driven out of Lombardy and severely 
defeated by the allies; and in 1866 Austria, after her de- 
feat at the battle of Sadowa, was compelled to agree to 
the North German confederation, under the leadership of 
Prussia. 

These disasters compelled the change to constitutional- 
ism. The emperor called to his councils a Saxon statesman, 
Count von Beust, and with his assistance put an end to the 
dispute with Hungary. National self-government was restor- 
ed in that kingdom; the emperor was crowned king of Hun- 
gary in June, 1867, and the dominions of the Hapsburgs 



224 



THE niOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



became a ''dual nioiuircliy,*' or federation. The two divi- 
sions of the nation were independent as far as regards inter- 
nal affairs, but linked together by a common ministry for 

common affairs. 

Francis Joseph is a good 
man of business, a great 
soldier and an indefatiga- 
ble worker. He is simple 
in his habits, and, except 
for an occasional hunting 
tour, allows himself little 
relaxation from affairs of 
state. In foreign affairs 
his influence has been con- 
siderable, and it has been 
chiefly directed to estab 
lishing and preserving a 
close alliance with Ger- 
many. 

The conflJct of races 
which prevails in the em- 
pire has always been a 
matter of grave anxiety, 
but the present emperor, through his wise administration, 
has succeeded admirably in procuring a harmonious feeling 
between the two races of his empire. 

The emperor of Austria, Francis Joseph, is fifty-eight 
years old, and has worn the imperial crown for forty years. 
His predecessor was his uncle, who abdicated the throne 
in his favor when but f.fty-five yercrs cf age, because he was 
tired of the turmoil and trouble. Francis Joseph is a polish- 
ed scholar, a linguist, an equestrian, and an admirer of mil- 
itary pomp. He is healthy and bids fair to reign for a 
longtime to come. lie is the supreme chief of the laud and 
naval foi-ces of the' empire. 




CHAKLES FRANCIS JOSEPH. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 225' 

Years ago when Francis Joseph, now emperor of Austria, 
paid a visit to the duke of Bavaria, then living in a mountain 
chalet with his three daughters, it was not for the sake of the 
Princess Elizabeth, but for that of her elder sister, that he 
went. 

While on his way on foot to the duke's residence, Francis 
Joseph stopped on the brow of a hill, whence there was a fine 
view over a charming lake and valley. On the lake his eye 
caught sight of a girl dressed as a peasant and seated in a 
boat, who, instead of rowing, seemed indulging in a day 
dream over her oars as she slowly drifted along. The prince 
descended to the water's edge. " Mademoiselle," he said, 
"will you row me across the lake? I believe the duke's 
chalet, to which I am going, is on the other side." " Will- 
ingly," answered the young girl, and with a stroke or two 
of her oars she pulled her boat alongside the bank, and 
Francis Joseph stepped in. 

When they reached the other shore he asked if she 
would show him the way to the duke's abode. Mooring 
her boat, she started up a narrow pathway: he followed, 
watching with pleasure the easy grace of her steps and her 
swaying figure, as shapely and strong-looking as that of a 
Diana. After dinner, just as the duke and his guest entered 
the parlor, a young girl, dressed in white, with long, fair 
hair falling in ringlets over her shoulder, entered the room. 

To his surprise the prince recognized his guide of the 
morning, and then with a peal of merry laughter, she told 
the story of their meeting to her father and sisters. 

When he retired that night Francis Joseph had made the 
discovery that it was not the eldest but the youngest of the 
Bavarian princesses with whom he was in love. The next 
morning he said as much to his ducal entertainer, and as 
nothing had as yet been hinted to any of the girls as to the 
motives of the prince's visit, the substitution was easily ar- 
ranged. 



226 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



HON. G. Y. N. LOTHROP. 

Born in 1817. 

This gentleman is a native of Connecticut, and was edu- 
cated at Brown University, graduating therefrom in 1838. 
He then began the study of law at the Harvard Law School, 
graduating from there in 1840. Among his class-mates were 
James Russell Lowell, William M. Evarts, W. W. Story, Ru- 
fus King, and E. Rockwood Hoar. 

Mr. Lothrop began a law 
practice in Detroit in 1844, 
being connected in the un- 
dertaking with D.Berthune 
DufSeld. This connection 
lasted until 1856. 

Mr. Lothrop was attor- 
ney-general of Michigan 
in 1848 and again in 1860. 
During the war he was 
what in those days was 
termed a ''war democrat," 
and has always been most 
earnest in advocating the 
cause of the democracy. 
He is not only one of the 
ablest lawyers of his state, 
but is one of the foremost 
barristers in the Union. He is most brilliant as an orator, 
and has often assisted his party upon the stump. 

On May 8, 1885, he was appointed, by President Cleve- 
land, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of 
the United States to Russia, at an annual salary of seventeen 
thousand five hundred dollars. 

Personally, Mr. Lothrop is a thorough and pleasing gentle- 
man of distinguished presence and carriage. 




m? 



HON. G. V. N. LOTHROP. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



227 



HENEY BERGH. 

Born in 1823. 

The everyday life of Henry Bergh, the animal's friend, 
has been an expression of sympathy with "our poor earth- 
horn companions and fellow-mortals," the dumb creatures. 
He was born in the city of New York, the son of a wealthy 
ship builder, who was also a native of the Empire state and 
an old-time resident of the 
city of New York. 

He received a superior 
education. In IS 62 he was 
appointed secretary of le- 
gation at St. Petersburg, 
and there began that active 
interference in behalf of 
the right of animals to 
kind treatment, which has 
given him a reputation as 
v^^ide as civilization. 

The society of which Mr. 
Bergh was the founder, is 
inodeled largely after the 
English Royal Society for 
the Prevention of Cruelty 
to Animals, in London. 

Returning to New York in 1864, he spent a year in matur- 
ing his plans for the establishment of means to check and 
prevent cruelty to animals. The American Society for the 
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was instituted in 1865. In 
1866 it was given by statute the power of prosecution and 
even arrest, a power which it still possesses. Mr, Bergh has 
been its president since its inception, and its invaluable ser- 
vices to beast, and man as well — for men are made better 
loj being more humane — are largely due to his resolution, 




HENKY BEEGH. 



228 



THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 



tact and perseverance. He stands six feet high, and his ap- 
pearance and carriage denote a power of will which readily 
commands respect. But his appeal to the moral sense and 
his disinterestedness are the principal elements of his suc- 
cess. He receives no salary for his work, freely gives his 
time and energies to it, and the public knowing this to be 
the case, respect and honor the man who makes the sacrifice. 

The statute of 1866 constitutes Mr. Bergh an assistant 
district attorney in the city of New York, and assistant of 
the attorney-general of the state, in the enforcement of the 
laws against cruelty to animals. 

He is a member of the bar, and effective in the court- 
room, as well as in interferences in behalf of animals in the 
public streets and elsewhere, and on the public platform as a 
lecturer enforcing the wisdom and duty of humane feeling 
and action. 

The New York society has nearly four hundred workers 
in the state. Nearly all the states in the Union have founded 
similar organizations, and Mr. Bergh's correspondence con- 
tains many applications from foreign lands for information 
as to his methods and the laws under which he works. 

Ten thousand cases of cruelty to animals have been pros- 
ecuted by this society, and about thirty thousand animals in 
New York and Brooklyn have been suspended from work 
because of being disabled. 

Dog-fighting men, rat-baiters and cock-fighters, as a mat- 
ter of course, regard Mr. Bergh as an enemy. But pigeon- 
shooting, a form of sport affected by the wealthy and influ- 
ential, he has as yet been unable to stop. An arena was built 
in the city of New York for the avowed purpose of bull- 
fighting; but Mr. Bergh put an end to the enterprise, with 
great loss to its promoters. The income of the society is over 
twenty-five thousand dollars per year, and has been assisted 
powerfully by bequests, that of Bonard being ^150,000. "Our 
Animal Friends" is the oflicial gazette of the society. 



THE BIOORAPHIGAL REVIEW. 



GEN. E. S. BKAGG. 

Bor7i Feb. 20, 1827. 

The present (1883) American minister to Mexico, was ap- 
pointed to that position by President Cleveland in 1887. 
Gen. E. S. Bragg, the minister referred to, is a resident of 
Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. He was a delegate to the demo- 
cratic national convention at Chicago which nominated 
Cleveland; and in eulogiz- 
ing the then governor of 
the Empire state, he said, 
"We love him for the en- 
emies he has made," allud- 
to Tammany's opposition. 

Born at Nunadilla, N. 
Y., he received a classical 
education, which was com- 
pleted at Geneva college. 
He studied law and was 
admitted to the bar; and 
later removing to Fond du 
Lac, he there practiced his 
profession. 

In 1868 and 1869 he 
was a member of the state 

GEN. E. S. BKAGG. 

senate. 

Upon the breaking out of the war, he entered the Union 
army as a captain. This was in May, 1861, and in October, 
1865, he was mustered out of service with the full rank of 
brigadier-general. 

Gen. E. S. Bragg was sent to represent his district in the 
forty-fifth congress, and was re-elected to the forty-sixth, 
forty-seventh and forty-ninth congresses, serving his constitu- 
ents with faithfulness. 




230 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

ROBEKT BROWNING. 

Born in 1812. 

Robert Browning, the head of what has been termed the 
psychological school of poetry, and who has now been for 
nearly half a century regarded, and by many recognized, as 
one of the most original and intellectual of intellectual poets» 
was born in Camberwell, in Surrey, and educated in the 
London university. As a child he began to write verses — 
though this may be said of almost every poet. At the age 
of twelve he had written enough poetry to make a volume. 
At the age of twenty he produced anonymously '^ Pauline: 
a fragment of a confession." Up to this time his verses were 
written chiefly under the influence of Byron and Shelley, but 
neither of these was destined to be his poetic master, ''for 
he was to make a path of his own in poetry, and to work in 
a manner strikingly personal and original." In 1832 he went 
to Italy and acquired a remarkable knowledge of the Italian 
life and language. In 1836 the drama or, more strictly 
speaking, metaphysical dialogue, " Paracelsus" was publish- 
ed and brought its author into notice of several of the best 
critics of the day. 

The keynote of his poetry is struck in '"Paracelsus," in 
which is shown that love of psychological analysis and that 
subtle imagination more fully displayed in the author's later 
works. It is the history of a soul struggling and aspiring 
after hidden knowledge, power, and happiness — 

'■'■All ambitions., iqnoards tending, 

Like plants in mines, which never saw the sun," 

but is thwarted and baffled in the visionary pursuit. For an 
author of twenty-four years of age this was a remarkable 
poem. 

In the following year appeared the historical drama "Straf- 
ford," which was brought out upon the stage but proved 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



unsuceessful, notwithstanding Macready personated the hero. 
In this the interest again centred in the struggles and mo 
lives of one heroic personage, this time entangled in a fatal 
mesh of great events. 

In 1841 he sent forth another psychological poem — 
which one of his critics has characterized " the richest puz- 
zle to the lovers of poetry which was ever given to the 
world" — a thin volume, 
entitled "Sordello." In 
1843 "A Blot on the 
' Scutcheon " was brought 
out at Drury Lane, and 
though it failed as a repre- 
sentation, it evinced such 
tragic strength as to stamp 
the author as a great 
poet. 

His subsequent works 
were conceived in drama-, 
tic form and spirit, thej 
most popular (as it is cer- 
tainly the most simple^ 
and varied of his plays) S 
being "Pippa Passes." InS 
this beautiful drama, a^^ 
cluster of four scenes, with 
prologue, epilogue, and 
interludes, the author shows every side of his genius, Pippa 
is a girl from a silk factory, who "passes " the various per- 
sons of the play at certain critical moments, in the course 
of her holidays, and becomes, unconsciously to herself, a de 
termining influence on the fortunes of each. This drama is a 
work of pure art which has a wealth of original fancy and 
romance, apart from its wisdom, to which every poet will 
do justice. Some of the other plays are " The return of the 




EOBEKT BROWNING. 



232 TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Druses," Columbe's Birthday," and " Luria," and two short 
dramatijc sketches, " A SouFs Tragedy "' and "In a Balco- 
ny," which are superior productions both in conception and 
execution, "The Pied Piper of Hamelin: a child's story," 
told with inimitable liveliness and spirit, and with a flow of 
rattling rhymes and quaint fancies rivaling Southey's " Cat- 
aract of Lodore," 

In 1855 the reputation of Mr. Browning was greatly en- 
hanced by the publication of a collection of poems, fifty in 
number, bearing the comprehensive title of "Men and Wo- 
men," which is considered as the most finished and com- 
prehensive of his works and the one his readers least would 
spare. 

In all of his work Browning deals with the individual man 
as a soul distinct and unique. As G, W. Cooke says, " He 
is not dainty or sentimental, but full of noble impulses, 
overflowing with geniality, robustness, and vitality. He has 
lived in the whole of his being, and he has poured out the 
manifold riches of his nature without measure. There is a 
completeness in his work, as of one who has left no corner 
of his being unoccupied. The mansion of his mind has all 
the rooms in use, while sun and air come into them in un- 
stinted circulation. Work and play and joy are going for- 
ward in every one." 

A less enthusiastic admirer (Mr. E. C. Stedman) pays the 
following tribute to his genius: " He represents the antiquity 
of his race by study of mediaeval themes, and exhibits to 
the modern lover, noble, statesman, thinker, priest, their 
prototypes in ages long gone by; he constantly exalts pas- 
sion above reason, while reasoning himself, withal, in the 
too curious fashion of the present day; again, he is the expo- 
nent of what dramatic spirit is still left to England — that 
of psychological analysis, which turns the human heart inside 
out, judging it not from outward action, in the manner of 
the early, simple, objective masters of the stage." 



THE BIOORAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



233 



Mr. Browning was married in 1846, to Elizabeth Barrett, 
better known as Elizabetli Barrett Browning, the greatest 
English poetess, who died in 1861. 



MOUTZ HITO, MIKADO OF JAPAN. 

Born in 1852. 

The Mikado of Japan, Moutz Hito, succeeded his father's 
titular honors in 1867. The Mikado's passion for European- 
izing his country outrages the feelings of conservatives. A 
brand-new constitution was 
created by imperial author- 
ity in 1875, and about the 
same time materials for a 
brand-new religion were 
being diligently collected 
among the nations of the 
West. 

The telegraph was intro- 
duced one year, railways 
the next, and iron-clads 
shortly afterward. 

The external relations 
of the monarch have been 
pacific, especially with 
Europeans. With China, 
there have been occasional 
disputes, chiefly concern- 
ing the suzerainty of Corea; 
but in 1875, and again 

in 1884, the matter was finally settled without fighting — 
the two governments wisely determining not to give Rus- 
sia a pretext for intervention. 




MIKADO OF JAPAN. 



234 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



KOLOMAN TISZA. 

Born 171 1830. 
The Hungarian statesman, Koloman Tisza, was horn in 
Geszt, and on the outbreak of the revohition of 1848, he had 
just become a clerk of the ministry of public instruction. 
He spent the next few years in travel, and in 1859 came 

forward as a champion of 
Hungarian protestantism. 
In 1860 he was returned 
to the Hungarian cham- 
ber, and became a party 
leader; and in 1875 he be- 
came minister of the inte- 
rior and president of the 
cabinet. 

He has displayed great 
financial skill, and is un- 
doubtedly the Hungarian 
Gladstone. 

By his wise and timely 
counsels he has kept in 
check the somewhat tur- 
bulent chamber, winning 
the admiration of friends 
and adversaries alike, 
KOLOMAN TISZA. ^ In October, 1866, an im- 

portant statement was made by Koloman Tisza of the inten- 
tion of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy to resist any imposi- 
tion of the treaty of Berlin, and of her determination to 
abide by the German alliance. This policy brought the sub- 
ject of this sketch into still greater prominence. 

M. Tisza, as prime minister, has guided the affairs of the 
naiion with vigilance and foresight, effecting many reforms 
that have endeared him to his countrvmen. 




TEE BIOORAPEICAL REVIEW. 



235 



CAPTAIN JOHN EKICSSON. 

Born in 1803. 

As i.«^6fG as the page of history exists which records the 
terrible naval combat between the Monitor and the Merri- 
mac, so long will the name of John Ericsson be known to 
posterity. 

In the very heart of Sweden there was once a little min- 
ing camp, and the place is 
marked to-day as the birth- 
place of the great engi- 
neer, by a granite shaft. 

When but thirteen years 
of age, he was one of a 
corps of surveying engi- 
neers, and had charge of a 
section of a ship canal; his 
engineering ability having 
made itself apparent, even 
at that early age. 

In 1826 he visited Eng 
land, and has never since 
returned to Sweden. Up- 
on his arrival in England, 
he immediately turned his 
attention to a series of ex- 
periments with the steam engine,andin 1829 his locomotive, 
the "Novelty," was entered as a competitor against Steph- 
enson's "Rocket." Ericsson still claims that his locomotive 
was the fastest motor, although the " Rocket" was declared 
the winner. 

His first propeller, the "Francis B. Ogden," met with so 
little favor in the eyes of the admiralty, that he determined 
to try a new field for his operations, and came to America 
in 1839. 




JOHN EKICSSON. 



236 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

He began at once the construction of war ships. The first 
was the "Princeton," and he reached the climax in that line 
when he built the little iron-clad '^Monitor,'' which played 
such sad havoc with the navy of the confederates in the civil 
war. He has devoted much time and energy to the construc- 
tion of his torpedo boat, " The Destroyer," and his sun-mo- 
tor engine. The latter is intended to irrigate the sun-burnt, 
tropical regions of the earth, by utilizing the concentrated 
rays of the sun and the atmosphere as a motive power. 

He is averse to any publicity which takes him from the 
work in which he delights, and though he gives a caller a 
strong cordial grasp and welcomes him with a rich, deep 
voice, if he is, by chance, in the reception room when he ar- 
rives; yet his secretary is speedily introduced if the conver- 
sation becomes of a personal character. 



POPE LEO XIII. 

Bern March 2, 1810, 

The holy father of two hundred million souls has more to 
do with the destiny of things human than any other man on 
earth. The spiritual hierarchy which he has been chosen to 
represent can boast of a far longer succession than any dig- 
nity in the world. It has linked together the two great ages 
of civilization, and were the things which it has led to strick- 
en from the chronicles of every age, the pages of history 
would present a universal blank. ''Our modern feudal 
kings," says Macaulay, "are mere upstarts compared with 
the succession in regular order of Sylvester and Leo the 
Great." 

Not long after the death of Pope Pius IX in 1878, Gio- 
acchino Pecci was chosen his successor, and crowned as Leo 
XIII. He is descended from an old patrician family, and 
was born at Carpineto, a village of Central Italy. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



237 



After graduating in law and theology, he became a pre- 
late in the household of Pope Gregory XVI, with whom he 
was an especial favorite. At thirty-three years of age he 
was made archbishop of Dalmatia, 

There are many peculiarities in the appearance and man- 
ner of Pope Leo, solemn and impressive peculiarities, the 
proper "attributes of awe and majesty wherein doth sit the 

dread and fear of kings." 
His complexion is bleached 
and white as ivory; his 
speech is -slow, and no 
breach of gravity is ever 
noticeable in his demean- 
or. His every action is a 
ceremony proclaiming him 
a most reverend and potent 
man. 

As archbishop of Peru- 
gia, his pastorals attracted 
much attention. Upon re- 
ligious topics he wrote a 
good deal, and then as now 
he was wont to discuss the 
questions of modern socie- 
ty in a simple, pleasing and 
effective style. 

Bonghi said of the arch- 
bishop that his was "one of the most finely balanced and 
vigorous of characters," and that he realized the ideal of a 
cardinal such as St. Bernard conceived it. It is doubtful, in- 
deed, if Rome has ever seen a pope of a more exquisitely 
cultured mind, or one who possesses a more thorough ac- 
quaintance with philosophy and letters. Popes are regarded 
as arrogant, exacting, and given to all sorts of extravagance, 
when, in fact, they are the very reverse. 




POPE LEO XIII. 



238 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

According to the Brussels ' ' Courier," the papal coffers are 
in better condition now than for years past. 

The annual expenses of the papacy are said to be about 
seven million francs. The burden is substantially met by 
the Peter's penny, which was originally an English idea. 
But in 1861, after the twenty provinces of the papal states 
had been reduced to five, the Peter's penny was quickened 
into new life in Belgium. 

The first incitement to the generous endowment of the 
papacy by the free-will offerings of the faithful, rich and 
poor, was given by the diocese of Ghent. Its example was 
quickly followed in other lands. 

Until the year 1870 the average yearly result of the Pe- 
ter's penny was a little over seven million francs. Since that 
date it has constituted the sole income of the pope, and in 
no single year has it been lower than six million francs. 
During the jubilee year of 1887-88 the bishops of Latin 
Christendom have handed in to the pope the extraordinary 
sum of thirty-two million francs, which is equivalent to over 
six million dollars. 

The jubilee mass of Leo XIII brought nearly three mil- 
lion francs. The papal treasury is, consequently, in good 
condition. The "Work for the Extension of the Faith," 
founded at Lyons in 1822, provides the papacy with a fund 
for missions. It has contributed from 1822 to 1887 no less 
than two hundred and twenty million francs. Its contribu- 
tions for the year of 1887 amounted to nearly seven million 
francs. The pope expressed his regret that the contributions 
of Germany to that fund amounted to only four hundred 
thousand francs, while Austria gave even less than one hun- 
dred thousand francs. 

The pope disposed in 1887, in addition to the annual ex- 
pense of seven million francs, some six million francs for 
missionary purposes contributed "for the spread of the faith," 
as heretofore mentioned. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GEOKGE Q. CANNON. 

Born Jan. 11, 1827. 
One of the presidents of the Mormon church is George 
Q. Cannon, who is also a statesman of no mean ability. He 
is a native of the English seaport of Liverpool, and at the 
age of twelve years sailed for Canada, where soon afterward 
he embraced the Mormon faith, and proceeded to the Illinois 
town of Nauvoo, the Mormon headquarters at that time. 

Here he learned the print- 
er's trade, and worked at 
the case as compositor. 

In 1847 he went with 
Brigham Young to Salt 
Lake, and two years later 
was sent on a mission to 
California, and thence to 
the Sandwich Islands. 

He returned to Salt Lake 
in 1854, and in 1855 was 
again sent to California, 
this time to publish the 
"Western Standard," a 
Mormon sheet, but return- 
ed to Utah in 1857, upon 
'"''■■•'■■■■''• ' the breaking out of the 

GEOKGE Q. CANNON. " Mormon War." 

In 1860 he was made an "apostle" and was sent to Eu- 
rope, sending thirteen thousand emigrants from there to 
Utah. In 1862 he returned and edited the "Deseret News," 
and when Utah claimed admission as a state, he appeared in 
Washington as a claimant for the senatorship. He was made 
territorial delegate in 1872, and continued in office until the 
year 1881, when he was thrown out by the first of the anti- 
polygamy laws that was enforced. 




240 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



Upon the death of Brighaiu Young, he was made one of 
the executors, and also made first councillor of President 
Taylor. He is now the ruling spirit of Mormonism. 

He asserted that the Mormons cannot get justice in the 
federal courts, and accordingly went into hiding to avoid 
arrest under the new law against polygamy, and eluded the 
government officers until February 13, 1886, when he was 
arrested and brought to trial. He managed to escape, how- 
ever, on some unforeseen technicality. 



MKS. SAKTOKIS (NELLIE GRANT). 

Boryi in August, 1855. 
The favorite child of the late General Grant was his 
daughter Nellie, who was born in the same house in which 

her mother was born — on 
her grandfather's farm at 
Whitehaven, near the city 
of St. Louis. 

She was married to Mr. 
Sartoris on May 21, 1874, 
in the east room of the 
White House in Washing- 
ton. Before her marriage 
she was a great favorite in 
Washington society. Since 
her nuptials she has lived in 
England, but hastened to 
this country at the time of 
the General's death, and 
who had expressed a wish 
to gaze upon the face of 
MRS. SARTORIS (NELLIE grant). his favorite child again. 
The marriage has not been a happy one, her husband be- 
ing somewhat dissipated, though she remains a faithful wife. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



241 



EDWIN BOOTH. 

Bom in 1833. 

The great American tragedian, Edwin Booth, is a son of 
Junius Brutus Bootli, who also was one of the greatest tra- 
gedians of his day^ Edwin was born in the state of Maryland, 
near the city of Baltimore. 

His first success on the stage was in 1851, when, during 
his father's illness, betook 
the part of " Richard III " 
in a new York theater. 

After professional tours 
in Australia and the Pa- 
cific, he visited England 
in 1861; and on bis return 
to America established bis 
reputation by a series of 
Shakespearean revivals. 

In 1869 he opened a 
large new theater in the 
city of New York; but 
though it still bears his 
name, the management 
passed from bis hands, ow- 
ing to pecuniary losses. 

After this he retired al- 
most entirely from the stage until 1877, when he enacted 
another brilliant series of revivals of Shakespeare's plays. 

In 1880 Edwin Booth again visited England, and played 
"Othello" with Henry Irving, each acting Othello and lago 
on alternate nights for several weeks to crowded London au- 
diences. He then played in the principal cities of Europe. 

Mr. Booth's acting is remarkable for graceful refinement 
and carefully poetic enunciation of the verse, in which he 
is considered the liighest living master. 




EDWIN BOOTH. 



242 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

JULES FERRY. 

Bor7i April 5, 1832. 
The French statesman, Jules Ferry, was born at St. Die, 
an old monastery town in the east of France. He struggled 
against poverty in acquiring his education, and in 1854 he 
made his debut in Paris as a lawyer. Coming to the great 
capital, wliere every one he met was a decided partisan, he 
began to have a lively interest in politics and was filled with 

disgust at the imperial par- 
ty and the doubtful char- 
acter of its operations. He 
joined that daring band of 
young lawyers who aided 
the deputies in maintain- 
ing a constant opposition 
to the empire. 

In the famous trial of 

the '■'•Thirteen" he was 

one of those condemned, 

and this taste of imperial 

correction served but to 

I embitter his hatred, while 

it caused him to look for 

new means of obtaining 

satisfaction for his griev- 

JULES FERRY. auccs. He felt his power, 

as every powerful Frenchman does, and was determined to 

make his enemies share in that feeling. 

Accordingly in 1863 he published a pamphlet called the 
"Electoral Contest," in which he directed his fire at the 
shameful manner of electing official candidates. It had a 
surprising effect. The young lawyer was no longer looked 
upon with indifference. He was making himself dangerous- 
ly offensive, and spies were set upon his track, who dogged 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 243 

his footsteps with sublime patience and persistency. In 
1865 we find him writing for "Les Temps," which was the 
best evening paper in Paris. Prefect Haussmann was then 
rebuilding the city and his accounts received a terrible anal- 
ysis in this paper at the hands of Ferry. If he had flung a 
quantity of stinging Vitriol into the face of that functionary 
it could not have had a more painful effect. 

Ferry soon became one of the most fearless and formida- 
ble players in that dangerous game of satirical journalism 
to be found in France, and more than once his weapon made 
a wound which required an application of a pecuniary na- 
ture, an "amende," as the Parisians say, which was often 
enforced with painful rigidity in those days. 

In 1870 he was made a delegate to the central mayor- 
alty of Paris and presided oyer the assembly of mayors dur- 
ing the war. In this position he showed himself wonder- 
fully fertile in expedients. Every morning he satisfied in- 
numerable demands from the twenty wards of the city. He 
found food when everyone else failed, and always either 
found or forced a way through every difficulty. 

In 1871-2 he was prefect of the department of the Seine, 
and in 1872-3 he was embassador to Greece, although JVl. 
Thiers desired that he should go to Washington instead. 
He was made minister of public instruction and tine ails in 
1879, and during his term his opposition to the abrogation 
of the exile laws, which had been enacted at his instigation, 
is especially noteworthy. He was made president of the 
council in 1880, and two years later was again appointed 
minister of public instruction. In 1883 he became prime 
minister of France. 

Jules Ferry is, on the whole, one of the most remarkable 
men in France. He is a man of stern stuff, whose manner 
is nervous and impressive. However bitter he may have 
been as a partisan, when France was in danger he has never 
feared to stand "in the imminently deadly breach." 



244 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

JOHN JAMES INGALLS. 

Born Dec. 29, 1833. 
The present senator from Kansas, John James Ingalls, was 
born at Middleton, Massachusetts. He entered Williams 
college at eighteen, and graduated from that institution four 
years later, None of his fellow-students were more able and 
diligent or better equipped at graduation for their life work. 

He and Garfield were in 
this college three years to- 
gether, Mr. Ingalls gradu- 
ating one year before him. 
Immediately after leaving 
college, young Ingalls be- 
gan the study of law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 
1857. The year following 
he removed to Atchison, 
Kansas, where he began 
the practice of his profes- 
sion. 

Within a year he had so 
far established himself in 
the confidence and esteem 
of his fellow-citizens, that 
he was chosen a member 
of the Constitutional Con- 

SENATOK INGALLS. ^^^^^^^^^ ,^^^^^ ^^^^^, ^^ ^j^^^, 

ed to other high offices. He was elected to the state seriate 
in 1802. Being defeated in his candidacy for the lieutenant 
governorship, he accepted the position of editor of the Atchi- 
son ''Champion,' which he retained for three years. 

In 1872 he was elected to the United States senate as the 
republican candidate to succeed Pomeroy, and assumed his 
seat on March -t, 187-1, which he still holds. 




THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 245 

In 1887 John J. Ingalls was made president of the senate 
pro. tem. The vice-president of the United States is the 
president of the senate; but that ofiBcer having died, Senator 
Ingalls was chosen by his fellow-senators to preside. 

When Ingalls was a graduate of Williams college, he 
looked as he does now — thin and spare. He was eccentric 
in his dress, and always wore something that was of a strik- 
ing character. 

"He used to wear, I remember, a big, red necktie," sai4 
one of the senator's classmates 'to a correspondent in the 
city of New York. Continuing, the classmate said: "-He 
was a shy, reserved fellow, and had the reputation of being 
very cynical. It was said that he lay awake nights polishing 
his bitter epigrams. Young Ingalls wasn't very popular; 
and as a lawyer, though he was considered smart, he had 
only a fair practice. 

"I think I came to be as intimate with Ingalls as any of 
the boys were, and I well remember his telling me one night 
as we sat in my room smoking together, the manner in which 
he was working to secure command of language. He said 
it was his practice for an hour or so each day to open Web- 
ster's dictionary at random and run down a column or so of 
words, carefully studying the meaning of each word, and 
hunting up in the lexicons its derivation and so forth. In 
explaining the meaning of a great many words, the diction- 
ary gives a line or a couplet from Pope or Johnson, or from 
one or more of the classic authors, and these quotations In- 
galls would often commit to memory, especially if they hap- 
pened to appeal to his imagination. Then, too, he would 
look up in Crabb's synonyms the words which meant the 
same, or nearly the same, as the word he had in his mind; 
and he would study carefully the nice shades of difference 
between them all. He told me that so far from finding this 
work tiresome or disagreeable, he took the greatest pleasure 
in it, and that he knew it did him inestimable benefit." 



246 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



WILLIAM M. STEWART. 

Born Aug. 9, 1S27. 
The repeated election of Mr. Stewart to tlie United States 
senatorship, proves that gentleman to be a popular and fa- 
miliar figure in the public affairs of Nevada. 

He was born in Wayne county, in the Empire state. En- 
tering Yale college in 1848, he remained eighteen months 
only, when he left to emigrate to the gold fields of Califor 

nia, where he spent two 
years in the mining busi- 
ness. 

In 1852 he commenced 
reading law, and during 
that year was appointed 
district attorney for the 
county of Nevada, being 
subsequently elected to the 
same office. He next spent 
nearly two years practicing 
at his profession in San 
Francisco, and afterward 
at Nevada City and Dow- 
nieville. In 1860 he re 
moved to the then Terri- 
tory of Utah (now Neva- 
da), and served in the 
Mr. Stewart was also a mem- 




SENATOR STEWART. 

territorial legislature in 1861. 



ber of the constitutional convention held in 1863, and was 
elected a senator in congress from Nevada from the term 
commencing in 1865 and ending in 1869, during which time 
he served on many important committees. In the year of 
1865 he received from Yale college the degree of M. A. 

The senator was re-elected for the term ending in 1875, 
and he also holds a seat for the term ending in 1893. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 247 

FKEDEEIC AUGUSTE BAKTHOLDI. 

Born about 1835. 

The sculptor, Bartlioldi, was born in France, where he still 
resides. The work of the colossal statue of "Liberty En- 
lightening the AVorld " is from the hands of this famous 
French sculptor. 

As a pupil of the famous Ary Scheffer, his artistic ability 
was recognized in the bas- 
relief of "Francesca di 
Rimini," executed in 1852. 

His name was brought 
into pleasing prominence 
in the United States in the 
year 1872, when his well- 
known statue of Lafayette 
was forwarded as a gift 
from the people of France. 

At the centennial exhi- 
bition, where he was one 
of the French commission- 
ers, he was awarded a 
medal for the exhibition ( t 
the fine bronze statues ( I 
"Peace," "The Youn 
Yine Grower," and "Gi 
nius in the Grasp of Mi 
ery." M. Bartholdi is a m. bartholdi. 

chevalier of the legion of honor; and many other honors 
have been showered upon him. 

It was his wish that France should present to the people 
of the United States a suitable gift, commemorative of the 
traditional feeling of good will existing between the two na- 
tions. He therefore volunteered his artistic services in the 
construction of an enormous figure, representing " Liberty 




248 THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Enlightening tlie World," to be placed on Bedloe's Island, 
in New York Harbor; and lie became so enthusiastic in car- 
rying on the project, that, when subscriptions lagged, he 
pledged his own private fortune tO defray the running ex- 
penses of the work. 

The structure raises the torch of electric lights to a height 
of three hundred and nine feet, which is twenty-two feet 
higher than the tov/ers of the Brooklyn bridge. The build- 
ing of the pedestal cost the sum of two hundred and lifty 
thousand dollar». 



HENRY yiLLARD. 

Born 111 1S35. 

Henry Villard was born in Speyer, Germany, in wliich 
country his father was first a provincial judge and afterwards 
occupied a seat upon the national supreme bench. 

He is best known as the president of the Pacific railroad, 
to which position he was appointed in 1881. He is again 
its president, being reappointed to that position in 1887. 

He was educated at a university, and at the age of eigh- 
teen came to America to make a career for himself. He 
studied law, but soon learned that his tastes were better suit- 
ed to the atmosphere of journalism.- After thoroughly mas- 
tering the English language, he obtained an engagement co 
report the Lincoln-Douglas campaign for an eastern paper. 
In 1859 he went to California for the purpose of writing up 
the gold discoveries, and in 1860 did political correspond- 
ence for the New York " Herald." 

He did active and hazardous service as correspondent 
during the war, for the <^ Tribune " and the "Herald" of 
New York, the Chicago "Tribune," and the Cincinnati 
"Commercial Gazette," winning the reputation of an enter- 
prising and reliable correspondent. From 1868 to 1870 he 
was secretary of the American Social Science Association. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



249 



In 1875 Mr. Yiliard became president of the Oregon and 
California railroad and the Oregon Steamship Company, and 
from 1876 to 1878 was receiver for the Kansas Pacific. 

In 1879 he organized the Oregon Railway and Navigation 
Company, which was the first move toward the union of the 
wheat and pasture country east of the Cascade mountains 
with the great trans-continental railroad. In 1881 he formed 
what was known on Wall 
street as the "blind pool." 

About ten millions of 
money was placed in his 
hiands by leading bankers 
without security, save his 
personal receipt, and with- 
out definite knowledge as 
to his purposes. With this 
capital and his own, he 
quietly bought a controlling 
interest in t h e JSTorthern 
Pacific stock, and in the 
fall of 1881 was chosen 
president of the company. 

His entire system of 
roads has been rapidly 
pushed forward to comple- 
tion, and Mr. Yiliard may 

well congratulate himself upon the success which has attend- 
ed his efforts. 

In personal appearance he is tall and robust, with blue 
eyes and brown hair. His manner is frank and cordial. He 
has a summer home at Dobb's Ferry. His wife is a daugther 
of W. Lloyd Garrison. His Wall street operations are bold 
and gigantic, but almost always are confined to the protection 
of the stock and interests of the companies over which he 
presides. 




HENRY VTLLARD. 



250 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GENERAL JOHN POPE. 

Born March 16, 1823. 
On March 16, 1886, Major-Gen, John Pope was placed on 
the retired list, and Gen. Howard is his successor. Born at 
Louisville, Kentucky, he graduated at West Point in 1842, 
and was assigned to the duty of topographical engineer. 
Prior to 1846 he was engaged in Florida and in the survey 
of the north-east boundary between this country and Canada. 

In the war with Mexico he 
participated in the battles 
of Monterey and Buena 
Vista, gaining the brevets 
of first lieutenant and cap- 
tain. From 18 53 to 1859 
he conducted a survey of 
the Pacific railroad. 

From that time until the 
war broke out he served 
on lighthouse duty. 

In 1861 he was made 
brigadier-general of volun- 
teers, and in December of 
the same year he surprised 
i'X"':>::->3 >: > V ' ' the conf ed er ates at Milf ord 

GEN. JOHN POPE. and captured large stores. 

The army of the Mississippi he next commanded, and with 
Admiral Foote took New Madrid in 1862. He was made 
major-general in the same year, and captured Island No. 10. 
Witli Halleck he participated in the advance on Corinth.and 
upon the evacuation of that place pursued the confederates. 
He was made brigadier-general in the regular army in 1862, 
and placed in command of the army of Virginia. He took a 
very active part in all the engagements of his command. In 
1882 he became major-general, his present title. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



251 



JEREMIAH M. RUSK. . 

Born June 17, 1S30. 

Jeremiah M. Rusk, The governor of Wisconsin, was born 
in Morgan county, Ohio. His father was a farmer of small 
means, and could not afford to give his son a very liberal ed- 
ucation. The boyhood of young Rusk accordingly was di 
vided between work on the farm and acquiring a common 
school education. And as 
regards his knowledge of 
books, he has been depend- 
ent chiefly on unassisted 
studious application. 

He was twenty - three 
years of age when he re- 
moved to Wisconsin, tak- 
ing a farm near Viroqua 

In 1862 he entered the 
army, and began a militaiy ' 
career which was distm 
guished and honored. 

He was major, and after- ^ 
ward lieutenant-colonel of '^ 
the twenty-fifth regiment " ' 
of his adopted state, and 
brigadier-general. •'• ^'- ^^^®^- 

Shortly after the close of the war, he was elected state 
bank controller, an office which he filled from 1866 to 1870. 
His next public position was that of a member of the forty- 
second congress in the house of representtaives. He served 
three consecutive terms in Washington, and distinguished 
himself as a legislator of no mean ability, doing important 
committee work. 

He was an intimate friend and associate of James A. Gar- 
field while in congress, and upon the election of that eminent 




252 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

man to the presidency was tendered successively the appoint- 
ments of charge d'affaires to Paraguay and Uruguay, and 
chief of the bureau of engraving and printing. Both of these 
positions vt'ere declined, and in 1881 lie was elected gover- 
nor on the republican ticket, receiving a majority of nearly 
twelve thousand votes over his opponent. 

Receiving the re-election in 1884 is strong evidence of the 
conviction of his availability entertained by the leaders of 
his party in Wisconsin. 

Gov. Rusk is a man of distinguished appearance, is easily 
approached and a ready listener. While respectfully consid- 
erate of the opinion of others, he holds tenaciously by his 
own judgment after having decided upon a course of action. 
His administration is described as both wise and strong, and 
he still retains his popularity. 

The lady who presides over the gubernatorial residence of 
Wisconsin, Mrs. Elizabeth M. Rusk, is one of the best and 
most favorably known ladies of the state, and is among those 
well known in the great northwest. 

Gov. Rusk's military career, his six years' residence in the 
national capital as a member of congress, his previous career 
as a state officer, and his seven years' of popular service as 
governor, have afforded for himself and his wife a wide ac- 
quaintance. 

Over the executive residence this lady presides with an 
easy grace and dignity peculiarly natural and possessed by 
but few ladies. Quiet, unassuming, modest, of thoroughly 
domestic tendencies and habits, a devoted wife aiid mother, 
she has grown with the governor in the respect and esteem 
of the people. 

As a social entertainer she has few peers. She much enjoys 
riding. She was married to the governor in 1856. In per- 
sonal appearance she is of medium height, and of alight com- 
plexion. Four children have been born to them, but a son and 
a daughter only are now living. 



I HE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 253 

AUGUSTUS H. GAKLAND. 

Born Jicne 11,1832. 
This great lawyer and statesman was born in Tipton coun- 
ty, Tennessee, but when he was but a year old his parents 
removed to Arkansas. Receiving a classical education at St. 
Mary's college and St. Joseph's college in Beardstown, Ken- 
tucky, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853. 
For three years he practiced law at Washington, Arkansas, 

removing to Little Rock 
in 1856, where he continu- 
ed to practice law. 

He was a delegate to the 
Arkansas state convention 
in 1861, when that body 
passed the ordinance of 
secession; and was also a 
member of the provisional 
congress that met at Mont- 
gomery, Alabama, in May 
of the same year. He was 
afterward chosen to repre- 
sent his state in the con- 
federate congress, serving 
in both houses, being in the 
senate at the close of the 

AUGUSTUS H, GARLAND. late War. 

In 1867 he was chosen United States senator from Arkan- 
sas, but was not allowed to take his seat. He then followed 
the practice of law until the fall of 1874, when he was cho- 
sen governor without opposition. He took his seat in the 
United States senate on March 5, 1877, succeeding the repub- 
lican, Powell Clayton. He was made attorney-general by 
President Cleveland in 1885. Upon the senate floor he has 
distinguished himself as a most able lawyer and debator. 




2.54 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JACK BURKE. 

The English pugilist, Jack Burke, who has picked up the 
American gauntlet thrown to him by some of our national 
and naturalized pugilistic countrymen, is a very popular per- 
sonage among the sporting fraternity, having figured in nu- 
merous prize-fights with more or less success since his debut 
in the ring, and has ac 
quired a celebrity that is 
world-wide. 

Jack Burke is a native 
of the British Isles, and a 
true son of John Bull, and 
has been a resident of ma- 
ny of England's large and 
small cities, but made the 
city of London his chief 
abode, until be came to 
America, when he located 
himself at Chicago. 

He is a skillful and sci- 
entific boxer, having been 
long in training in Eng- 
land and also here in this 
country, and the sporting fraternity have looked upon him 
as invincible, although he has met with several unsuccessful 
encounters, having been removed from the ring in a com- 
pletely knocked-out condition, from which he at one time 
barely escaped with his life, after a seyere and lengthy pe- 
riod of pain and suffering. 

His successes have been numerous, and the match which 
was arranged in 1886, to come off between himself and Mr. 
Dempsey at San Francisco, was considered by his backers 
one of certain success; and although Dempsey was the gen- 




JACK BUKKE. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



255 



eral favorite, there were many sportsmen who favored the 
idea that Burke would win on account of his being the hea- 
vier and more systematic boxer than his opponent. 

The steadfast opinion that Burke would win, however, soon 
lost ground, but at the conclusion of the fight, the referees 
being unable to agree, the match was called a draw, and 
Dempsey received the cheers of the audience, as he was ob- 
served to be in the better condition of the two. 



CHARLES E. DAVIES. 

The name of Charles E. Davies is better known to the 
sporting fraternity by the title of "■Parson" Davies. He is 
one of the most skillful 
and efficient managers of 
pugilistic affairs that this 
country has produced. He 
is called the " Parson " on 
account of the clerical cut 
of his clothes, and the se- 
vere, placid expression that 
his face always wears. 

The very able manner in 
which he managed the af- 
fairs of the Dempsey-Burke 
contests shows off his pe- 
culiar abilities to great ad 
vantage. 

He has had several con- 
tests with John L. Sulli- 
van's manager, Mr. Pat 
Sheedy. At San Francisco they were again at loggerheads, 
for the Sullivan-Ryan and Dempsey-Burke contests were set 
for the same night; but they reconciled their differences. 




CHARLES E. DAVIES. 



256 ■ THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

MATT W. RANSOM. 

Born in 1826. 
Born in Warren county, North Carolina, he received an 
academic education, graduating therefrom at the age of 
twenty-one years. He next studied law, laying the founda- 
tion of that broad legal knowledge which has made him of 
so much service to his state. 

Upon the completion of his law studies he settled in his 

native state as a planter. 
In 1852 he entered the po- 
litical arena, being then 
elected attorney-general of 
Nortli Carolina, resigning 
three years later. 

During 1858-60 he was 
a member of the North 
Carolina legislature, and 
was a peace commissioner 
from that state to the con- 
gress of southern states 
held at Montgomery, Ala- 
bama, in 1861. 

Upon the outbreak of 
the civil war he followed 
his state into secession. and 

MATT W. RANSOM. ^ i ^i i; j ^ 

entered tlie confederate ar- 
my, serving as lieutenant-colonel, brigadier-general, and ma- 
jor-general; and he was in Lee's army at the time of its sur- 
render to Gen. Grant. 

In 1872 Mr. Ransom was elected to the United States 
senate, as a democrat. He was re-elected in 1876, again in 
1883, and his present term will not expire until March, 1889. 

He is a thorough gentleman, and northern senators think 
highly of this southern statesman. 




YHE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 257 

HARKIET BEECHER STOWE. 

Born June 14, 1812. 

Urs. Hakeiet Beechek Stowe has announced to her inti- 
mate friends her permanent retirement from the literary 
world. The author of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " is no longer 
the strong woman of twenty years ago, and although she rei- 
tains a lively interest in current events in order that she 
may gratify the desires of her invalid husband, the famous 
writer is content that her work is done. The returns from 
her works have fortunately placed her in comfortable cir- 
cumstances, and but for the sickness that has for so long a 
time filled the thoughts of its occupants, her home would be 
one of the pleasantest in Hartford, the city of her res- 
idence. 

Harriet Beecher Stowe was born at Litchfield, Connec- 
ticut. The first twelve years of her life were spent in the 
intellectual atmosphere of Litchfield, which was a famous 
resort of ministers, judges, lawyers and professional men 
of superior attainments. When about twelve, she went 
to Hartford, where her sister Catherine had opened a school. 
While there she was known as an absent-minded and moody 
young lady, odd in her manner and habits, but a fine scho- 
lar, excelling especially in the writing of compositions. In 
1832, when her sister's health failed, she went to Cincin- 
nati, to which place her father had removed, where they 
opened a school. On the fifth of January, 1836, she married 
Professor Calvin E. Stowe, a man of learning and dis- 
tinction. 

For several years previous to her marriage she had con- 
tributed occasionally to the periodical literature of the day, 
and gave promise of becoming noted among men and wo- 
men of letters. At the meetings of the "Semicolon Club" 
in Cincinnati, she first became conscious of the power she 
could wield with her pen; and shortly after her marriage, pub- 



THE BinORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



lislied "The Mayflower," part of which had already appear- 
ed in the papers of the "Semicolon Club." 

. From this time, her life flowed quietly along for several 
years in domestic channels, until the passage of the fugitive 
slave law. Then, one definite purpose arose in her mind 
— to show up slavery as it really was; and her earnest con- 
victions at that time laid the corner stone for "Uncle Tom's 

Cabin," which was first 
published as a serial in 
the "National Era." With- 
in six months after its re- 
publication iu book form, 
over one hundred aud fifty 
thousand copies were sold. 
In England, two hundred 
and forty thousand were 
ordered by the booksel- 
lers in one month. It was 
translated into Spanish, 
Italian, French, Danish, 
Swedish, Dutch, Flemish, 
German, Polish, Magyar, 
Arabic, and Armenian. 

In 1852, Mrs. Stowe 
took up her residence at 
Andover, and soon after 
MRS. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. weut abroad to rccupcratc 
her exhausted strength. Her visit was one continuous ova- 
tion; and a year later, she gave to the public her "Sunny 
Memories of Foreign Lands." Subsequently she wrote 
"Dred: a Tale of the Dismal Swamp," "The Minister's 
Wooing," "Agnes of Sorrento," and several novels of quiet 
domestic interest. This gifted woman has produced poetry, 
some of which has been published. It is chiefly religious 
and pathetic in character. 




I 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 259 

In 1864 Mrs. Stowe built a beautiful residence in Hart- 
ford, where she has since chiefly resided. She has spent her 
mnters in Florida. 

Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe has been feeble of late, and 
rarely writes anything but brief letters to her friends. She 
did, however, for charity's sake, contribute a few lines to a 
paper published during the progress of a fair in Hartford. 
The contribution was short but amusing: "When I was eight 
years of age I had a favorite cat of which 1 was fond. Puss 
was attacked with fits, and in her paroxysms flew round 
the top of the wall, jumped on to our heads, and scratched 
and tumbled up our hair in a frightful way. My father shot 
her, and when she was cold and dead my former fondness 
returned. I wrapped her nicely in cloth, and got my brother 
to dig a grave and set up a flat stone for a monument. Then 
I went to my older sister Catherine, and asked her to write 
me an 'epithet' to put on the stone. -She wrote: 
Here lies poor Kit 
Who had a Jit, 

And acted queer; 
Killed with a gun, 
Her race is run, 
And she lies here. 

"•I pasted this upon the stone, and was comforted." 
It is doubtful if a book was ever written that attained such 
popularity in so short a time as did Harriet Beecher Stowe's 
"Uncle Tom's Cabin." The thrilling story was eagerlyread 
by rich and poor, by the educated and uneducated, eliciting 
from one and all heartfelt sympathy for the poor and abused 
negro of the south. It was, indeed, a veritable bombshell 
to slave-holders, who felt that such a work would be danger- 
ous to the existence of slavery. And well had they cause to 
fear, for its timely appearance was undoubtedly the means of 
turning the tide of public feeling against the abominable 
curse of slavery. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GEN. LUCIUS FAIRCHILD. 

Bor7i Dec. 21, 1831. 
Born at Franklin Mills, Portage county, Ohio, the subject 
of this sketch, Gen. Lucius Fairchild, at an early age went 
to Cleveland, residing there until he was fifteen years of age, 
when he went to Wisconsin, settling in Madison. 

In 1849 he went by the overland route to California, stay- 
ing there until the year 1855, when he returned to Madison. 
_ ^~" ^--v^ In 1858 he was elected, 

as a democrat, clerk of the 
circuit court of his county; 
and in 1861 he enlisted as 
a private in the governor's 
guard of Madison, and 
went out with the three 
months' men. He was 
made captain of his com- 
pany, and soon after re- 
fused the lieutenant - colo- 
nelcy oftered him by Gov- 
ernor Randall, feeling him- 
self incompetent to fill the 
position. 

In 1801 he was appoint- 
ed by President Lincoln as 
captain of the sixteenth 
regulars, and at about the same time major in the second 
Wisconsin infantry by Governor Randall. He accepted both 
positions and obtained leave of absence to serve in the vol- 
unteer regiment. Shortly afterward he was made lieutenant- 
colonel, and as his superior officer was in ill-health, he really 
commanded the regiment most of the time. 

His regiment formed part of the famous "Iron Brigade'^ 
which did such effective work before Chancellorsville. 




GEN. LUCIUS FAIRCHILD. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 261 

On May 3, 1863, he was made stafF-offieer under Gen. 
Wadsworth. At Gettysburg, during the first day's fighting, 
"Wisconsin lost one hundred and sixteen out of three hundred 
men engaged, and there CoL Fairchild fell with his left arm 
so badly shattered that amputation near the shoulder became 
necessary. 

After his recovery he was nominated for secretary of state 
by the union convention of Wisconsin, and resigned his po- 
sition as brigadier-general, to which position he had in the 
meantime been appointed, to make the canvass. He was tri- 
umphantly elected, and filled the position with great dis- 
tinction. 

In 1865 he was nominated for and elected governor, and 
was re-elected in 1867 and 1869 respectively, filling this im- 
portant office to the entire satisfaction of the public. 

In 1872 he wsa made American consul at Liverpool, Eng- 
land, serving until 1878, when he was made consul-general 
for France. In 1880 he was made American minister to 
Spain, but two years later resigned his post and returned to 
Madison, where he was received by his fellow-citizens with 
an outbreak of the greatest enthusiasm. The high esteem 
in which he found himself to be held by the citizens of his 
adopted city and state, and the country generally, was very 
gratifying and pleasant to this noble son of America, who 
has done so much for the public welfare. 

Since then he has devoted his time to his family ajffairs 
and the education of his children. 

He is, as a matter of course, a member of the Grand Ar- 
my of the Republic, of which organization he was chosen 
Commander, succeeding Gen, S. S. Burdette. He held this 
honorary position until 1887, being succeeded by Gen. ilea, 
of Minneapolis. 

He is yet a hale and hearty man, and but fifty seven years 
of age, and the possibilities of future greatness are among 
the probabilities of time. 



262 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



THOMAS F. BAYARD. 

Born Oct. 29, 1828. 
Mr. Bayard is a gentleman of high character and the 
most sterling attainments, and a learned lawyer of great 
ability. He was born in the state of Delaware, in which he 
still resides when not on duty at the national capital. Hav- 
ing graduated early, he commenced the practice of the law 
in 1851, when he was but twenty-three years of age; indeed, 

with such success that two 
years subsequently he was 
appointed United States 
district attorney, which po- 
sition he resigned a year 
later, devoting himself to 
the ordinary work of his 
profession. 

In 1869 Mr. Bayard en- 
tered on his first senatorial 
term, impressing his col- 
leagues most favorably not 
only with his eloquence, 
but with his sound com- 
mon sense. 

He has been re-elected 
twice since his first term as 
senator. In 1885 he was made secretary of state by Presi- 
dent Cleveland. This statesman is a democrat of large views 
and dignified antecedents. 

Mr, Bayard is an advocate of free trade, but he was a cop- 
perhead during the war, and voted for the '' back pay" grab, 
facts that would naturally tell against him should he ever re- 
ceive the nomination for the presidency. He is a great ora- 
tor and statesman, and has always been recognized as a 
party leader. 




THOMAS F. BAYARD. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, 263 

Only the smallness of the territory which he represents 
seems to have prevented Thomas F. Bayard from receiving 
the democratic nomination for the presidency of the United 
States. For years he has been an avowed candidate, and in 
this respect he resembles John Sherman. 

It is extremely doubtful whether Bayard will ever again 
receive as many votes as he did in 1884, when he was Cleve- 
land's strongest opponent. Bayard was then in the prime of 
life. 

Mr. Bayard is descended from a long line of ancestors 
numbered among the gallant knights and courtiers conspicu- 
ous in the wars of France during the sixteenth and seven- 
teenth centuries; and statesmen prominent in colonial, revo- 
lutionary and national affairs in America during the eigh- 
teenth and nineteenth centuries. 

Francis I, a king of Spain, would receive knighthood from 
no other hand than a Bayard. 

One of three Bayards, brothers who embraced the Reform- 
ed Faith in France and fled to Holland to escape religious 
persecution, became the husband of Anna, the sister of Peter 
Stuyvesant, the governor of New Amsterdam. With three 
sons and one daughter she landed in America with her vali- 
ant brother, the governor of the Dutch possessions. Petrus, 
the youngest of these sons, was naturalized in Maryland in 
the year 1684. 

It was his grandson, the grandfafher of the subject of this 
sketch, who made Thomas Jefferson president of the United 
States by his vote in the house of representatives in the year 
of 1801. 

So Mr. Bayard comes of old stock, and is himself a credit 
to his ancestry. As a scholar and gentleman he ranks with 
the noted politicians and statesmen of the country, who ac- 
knowledge him as a leader. 

Mr. Bayard's wife died in 1886, his favorite daughter soon 
after following her mother to the grave. 



264 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

GEN. GEORGE CROOK. 

Born Sejyt. 8, 1829. 

The great Indian fighter, George Crook, was born in 
Ohio, and entered the United States military academy at 
West Point, July 1, 1848, from which he graduated July 1, 
1852, and was commissioned brevet second lieutenant of the 
fourth infantry. He served at Fort Columbia, in the state 
of New York for a time, dropped the brevet and became 
a full second lieutenant on July 7, 1853. He was sent to Be- 
nicia barracks, California, and was then transferred to Fort 
Jones, in the same state, where he served until 1856, his 
principal duty being to escort the topographical party then 
making a survey of the Rogue river country. 

March 11, 1856, he was promoted to first lieutenant, and 
was in command of the Pitt river expedition in 1857. He 
was wounded by an arrow in a skirmish with the Indians, 
but not so badly disabled as to prevent him from engaging 
the hostiles twice afterward in July of the same year. 

On May 14, 1861, he accepted a captaincy in the fourth 
infantry, came East, and was assigned to duty in "West Vir- 
ginia. 

September 13, 1861, he became colonel of the thirty-sixth 
Ohio volunteers, and was placed in command of the third 
provisional brigade. At the battle of Lewisburg in West 
Virginia, he was badly wounded, and for gallantry display- 
ed there was promoted to the rank of major in the regular 
army. May 23, 1862, and to brigadier-general of volun- 
teers September 7 of the same year. For gallant services 
at the battle of Antietam he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel 
September 17, 1862. He was then transferred to the army 
of the Cumberland, to command a division; and October 7, 
1863, was brevetted colonel of regulars for gallantry at the 
battle of Farmington, Tennessee, in 1863, and he took 
command of the second cavalry division. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



265 



He took active part in numerous battles, receiving con- 
I tinned promotions, and was brevetted brigadier-general at 
I the close of the war. 

He was engaged in the last battle of the war at Farmville 
in 1865, and was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular 
army for gallant services in West Yirginia in 1864. He was 
mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866, and became 
major of the third infan- 
try July IS, and lieuten- 
ant-colonel of the twen- 
ty-third infantry ten days 
later. 

Being put in command 
of the department of Ari- 
zona, then overrun with 
hostile Apaches, he coped 
with them so successfully 
that in 1873 he was pro- 
m o t e d to brigadier-gen- 
eral. 

After his promotion, 
General Crook was assign- 
ed to the command of the 
department of the Platte. 
His policy was to deal fair- 
ly with the Indians, and 
thus get their confidence gen. geoege crook. 

and make them friendly if possible. If these measures did 
not prevail and they revolted, he waged relentless war against 
them till they were forced to yield to constituted authority. 
A few years ago he was transferred from Arizona to the de- 
partment of the Platte, which he commanded, with head- 
quarters at Omaha. 

In 1888 he was promoted to major-general, succeeding 
Gen. Terry, who has been placed upon the retired list. 




TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



FRANK HISCOCK. 

Born Sept. 6, 1834. 
One of the most conspicuous figures on the floor of the 
liouse of representativ^es, while a member of that body, was 
Frank Hiscock, of New York. Born at Pompey, in the state 
of New York, he now resides in Syracuse when not on duty 
at the national capital. Receiving the advantages of an 

academic education, he be- 
gan at once the study of 
law, and was called to the 
bar in 18.55. Taking up 
the practice of his profes- 
sion at Tully, Onondaga 
county, in his native state, 
he was chosen district at- 
torney of that county, serv- 
ing from 1860 to 1863. 

In 1867 he was sent to 
the state constitutional con- 
vention. He was elected 
to the forty - fifth, forty- 
sixth, forty-seventh, forty- 
eighth, snd forty - ninth 
congresses as a republican, 
FKANK HISCOCK. and has served on several 

important committees. He was most popular with his fellow 
members, and his ability soon made him a party leader, and 
was one of the most prominent candidates for speaker of the 
forty-seventh congress. 

The action that he took in the Lasker matter was general- 
ly regarded as indicating a manly and dignified course. 
In 1887 he M^as elected to the United States senate, which 
position he will honorably fill. The term of this office expires 
in 1893. 




/y>^ 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 267 

MAKQUIS OF LANDSOWNE. 

Born about 1846. 

The full name of the Marquis of Landsowne is Charles 
Keith Fitzmaurice. Although but a comparatively young 
man, this English statesman has already filled the positions 
of lord of the treasury and that of under-secretary for India, 
both of which positions he has filled with such ability as to 
add greatly to the honors 
of his name. 

Because of a difference 
of opinion in regard to the 
land policy of Ireland, 
where he is a large prop- 
erty owner, he retired from 
Mr. Gladstone's cabinet, of 
which he was a member. 

Landsowne was made 
governor-general of Cana- 
da in 1883. 

The wife of the marquis 
is the daughter of a duke, i 
and is not only a beautiful j 
woman, but also a scholar | 
and good writer. She took | 
kindly to Canada, and was 
somewhat a favorite with 
the masses. mAkquis of landsowne. 

The marquis is not as popular as were his predecessors, 
Dufferin and Lome, who were always greeted with enthusi- 
asm by large crowds of admirers, while Landsowne receives 
hardly a respectable cheer. But the majority of Canadian 
people are tiring of having an English autocrat presiding 
over them. They want a chief executive of their own creation 
— a native who knows its customs and requirements. 




268 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 

DR. EGBERT KOCH. 

Born in 1843. 
"Light, more light," these were the last words of the 
great Goethe, who saw the first struggling efforts of science; 
and it has been vouchsafed to his race to make some of the 
greatest scientific discoveries. 

Dr. Robert Koch, the young German microscopist, was 

born in the Hartz moun- 
tains. He took his degree 
as physician in the year of 
1866, and for six years he 
was an assistant in differ- 
ent hospitals. 

He claims to have dis- 
covered the germs of chol- 
era, which he calls bacili; 
he also has proved, to a 
certain extent, that con- 
sumption and diptheria are 
traceable to the minuter 
organisms. His claims are 
antagonized by many prom- 
inent physicians, but the 
DR. KOBEKT KOCH. rcscarchcs in the same field 

by Pasteur, the eminent French chemist and microscopist, 
give every indication that Koch is correct. 

One thing is certain, that he has stirred medical and scien- 
tific circles by his discoveries, and his name has become as 
familiar as that of Jenner, who discovered that small-pox 
could be prevented by inoculation. Any light on the sub- 
ject of treating such a disease as consumption, which is the 
scourge of the nineteenth century, will be eagerly welcomed. 
As Koch has the assistance of the German government, we 
can look upon his career as but commencing. 




THE BIOORAPEICAL REVIEW. 



BENTON J. HALL. 

Born Jan. 13, 1835. 

In 1888, Benton J. Hall, of Burlington, Iowa, was made 
patent-commissioner at Washington, succeeding Mr. Martin 
Montgomery. 

He was born in Mount Yernon, in the state of Ohio, but 
has been a resident of Iowa since December, 1839. Mr. 
Hall was educated at Knox college, Illinois, and at Miama 
university, Ohio, at which 
latter institution he gradu- 
ated from in June, in the 
year 1855. 

Studying law in the of- 
fice of his father, in Bur- 
lington, he was admitted 
to the bar when but twen- 
ty-two years of age, and 
has ever since been con- 
tinuously engaged in the 
practice of his law profes- 
sion. 

For the term of 1872 
until 1873 he was a mem- 
ber of the lower house of 
the general assembly of the 
state of Iowa. 

He was elected a senator in the general assembly of Iowa 
for four years, commencing in 1882; and was eventually 
elected to the forty-ninth congress as a democrat, receiving 
the election by a small majority. 

The reputation Mr. Hall has gained in his state as a law- 
yer is indeed worthy of reward, and the position of patent- 
commissioner, although the salary is but five thousand dol- 
lars per annum, is a recognition of his worth. 




BENTON J. HALL. 



270 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



HON. S. J. RANDALL. 

Born Oct 10, 1828. 
FoK over a quarter of a century Mr. Eandall has occupied 
a seat in the house in which he has been for a very long time 
the leader of the democratic party. 

Of an aggressive character, he shows greater strength in 
making an attack than in repelling one; and as the leader 

of a minority in congress, 
he has been more success- 
ful than as the defender of 
a majority where it is only 
necessary to hold the van- 
tage ground. 

The chair of the house 
was assumed by Mr. Ran- 
dall at a very critical mo- 
ment — soon after the elec- 
tion of 1876, the result of 
ivhich was involved in a 
dangerous uncertainty at 
that time. 

Samuel Jackson Randall 
is one of the many dis- 
tinguished sons of Penn- 
sylvania, being born in the city of Philadelphia, the son of 
an eminent lawyer of that city. His mother's maiden name 
had been Ann Worrall, and she was the daughter of James 
Worrall, a democratic leader in the days of Jefferson; so 
that the subject of this sketch may be said to be traditional- 
ly a demo^vat, as well as by convictions a member of that 
time-honored party. 

His first position in public life was as a member of the 
city council of Philadelphia, wherein he showed marked abil- 
ity, and was soon transferred to the senate of his native state. 




HON. S. J. EANDALL. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 271 

The beginning of the civil war, in his thirty-third year, 
prompted Mr. Kandall to patriotic military service in the 
light horse of Philadelphia, which led to his promotion first 
as quartermaster of his company, and then as cornet, a rank 
corresponding to that of captain in the regular army. In the 
terrible year of 1863 he was among the troops advanced to 
Harrisburg as the result of General Lee's invasion of north- 
ern territory. 

"When General Couch announced to Cornet Randall, com- 
manding, that Governor Curtin would accept the active ser- 
vices of his troop without swearing its members, he said: 
" I know we can ft-ust to the honor of the corps without an 
oath." 

In the summer of the same year he made a brilliant re- 
connaissance, in which he captured several prisoners and es- 
tablished the presence of the confederates in force between 
Chambersburg andWilliamsport. During the battle of Get- 
tysburg his rank was that of provost marshal of Columbia. 

He entered the thirty-eighth congress in 1861, and has 
kept his seat in the house of representatives ever since that 
time, having served on the committees on public buildings 
and grounds, banking and currency, retrenchment, and on 
expenditures in the state department, besides serving on nu- 
merous other committees. 

This eminent statesman is a ready, concise speaker, with- 
out rhetorical afiectations. The campaign for General Han- 
cock in 1880 was opened by Mr. Randall with a most effec- 
tive speech at New York. 

He has served as chairman on important committees, and 
during 1877-81 was speaker of the house. Randall is a firm 
believer in a protective tariff, and it was mainly upon this 
issue that he was defeated for the speakership by Carlisle. 
His name was brought forward as a candidate for the presi- 
dency on the democratic ticket in 1884, and he received on 
the first ballot seventy-eight votes. 



272 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. 

Born Feb, 24, 1824. 
The American journalist, Mr. Curtis, is a native of Provi- 
dence, Rhode Island, bnt his early education was received in 
a private school at Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. 

At the age of fifteen he became a clerk in a mercantile 
house in the city of New York, and in 1842 he and his broth- 
er became members of the Brook Farm Community, where 

he remained a year and a 
half, dividing his time be- 
tween study and agricultu- 
ral labor. 

The following year and 
a half were spent by the 
two brothers in the employ 
of a farmer at Concord, 
Massachusetts, after which 
'1^ they spent six months in 
tilling a piece of ground 
on their own account. 

From 1846 to 1850 Mr. 
Curtis spent in Italy, Ber- 
lin, Egypt, and Syria, and 
on his return to America 
GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. hc published his first book, 

''Nile-Notes of a Howadji," and soon thereafter joined the 
staff of the New York "Tribune." Since that time he has 
been a journalist continuously. 

He was one of the original editors of " Putnam's Month- 
ly," which was commenced in 1852. Curtis has been a con- 
stant contributor to "Harper's Monthly Magazine" since 
1853; and to "Harper's Weekly," of which he has been ed- 
itor-in-chief since 1857. A number of articles also from his 
pen appeared in "Harper's Bazar" during 18G7-73. 




TEE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 273 

"TheHowadji in Syria," which was published in 1852^ 
was the second book from the- pen of Mr. Curtis. The year 
previous to the publication of this work he wrote a series of 
letters from the various watering places for the New York 
"Tribune," which were afterward published in a volume en^- 
titled "Lotus-Eating." 

Some of his magazine articles were also collected and pub- 
lished in book-form under the titles of "The Potiphar Pa- 
pers" and "Prue and 1." A novel was also written by him, 
for "Harper's Weekly," entitled "Trumps," which also af- 
terward appeared in book-form. 

This great American journalist has won an enviable repu- 
tation, not only as a great writer, but also as a lecturer and 
public speaker, and he has been a constant contributor to the 
literature of the day ever since he chose writing as his pro- 
fession. As an orator, his eloquence has made him a favor- 
ite before the societies in colleges and universities. Curtis 
is master of an elegant style, characterized by clear and forc- 
ible thought, which in his lectures is strengthened by an at- 
tractive presence and a finely-modulated voice that never 
fail to please a cultured audience, and which also make him 
one of the most polished and popular of platform-orators in 
America. 

Mr. Curtis has also attained a national reputation as a pol- 
itician. The political sentiments of this gentleman have, as 
a rule, been invariably in favor of the republican party; and 
the great influence of his pen, through the medium of "Har- 
per's Weekly," has generally been wielded in the interest of 
that great political party. 

But when the nomination in 1884 of Mr. Blaine for the 
presidency of the United States was made by the republican 
party, Mr. Curtis at once changed the policy of the publica- 
tion of which he was chief, and waged a relentless war against 
their candidate. Since that time he has been dubbed by the 
republican press of the country as "Mugwump" Curtis. 



274 



THE BTOQRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GEORGE W. MELYILLE. 

Born in 1841. 

The subject of this sketch, George W. Melville, is a na- 
tive of the city of New York, where he was born in the 
year 1841. 

When a young lad he was apprenticed to an engineer in 
Brooklyn, where he remained until 1861, when he was made 
assistant engineer in the 
navy and sent into active 
service. 

Mr. Melville served 
through the war of the re- 
bellion, and has ever since 
remained in the navy of 
the United States. 

He was chief engineer 
of the "Jeannette" arctic 
expedition, and, Lieut. 
Danenhowers's eye sight 
having failed him, he took 
command of the second 
cutter when the ship was 
crushed by the ice. 

This eminent engineer engineer melville. 

was again sent to the arctic seas in 1884, as chief engineer 
of the Greely relief expedition. 

Mr. Melville was appointed chief of the bureau of steam- 
engineering (ranking as commodore in the navy) in the 
year 1885, which he still holds. This bureau has charge of 
the construction and repair of steam-marine engines for the 
navy, and is responsible for the perfect working of them. 
As the speed of vessels is dependent mainly on the improve- 
ment of marine engines, it is no easy task to keep the bureau 
equal to the new demands constantly being made upon it. 




TEE BIOQBAPEICAL REVIEW. 275 

OLIYER WENDELL HOLMES. 

Born in 1809. 

This great American writer, Oliver Wendell Holmes, de- 
lights the English, who have always read his contributions 
to literature with appreciation. He has not been in "the 
old country " for about fifty years until a few years ago. 
The genial, alert old gentleman is not less young in feeling 
than he was when another 
generation of cultured Eng- 
lish people received him 
into their homes. His 
learning, wit and lovable 
character brilliantly repre- 
sent his country. Americans 
watched his social tri- 
umphs in England with 
loving interest. 

Oliver Wendell Holmes, 
poet, physician and humor- 
ist, was born in the old 
" gambrel-roofed " house 
in Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts, opposite the Harvard 
university buildings. His 
father, Rev. Abiel Holmes, ^^^^^^ wendell holmes. 

D.D., was an eminent preacher, and was long pastor of the 
first congregational church of Cambridge. Dr. Holmes 
graduated at Harvard in 1829, and adopting the medical 
profession, completing his studies in 1836. Up to 1847 he 
filled the chair of anatomy and physiology at Dartmouth. 
He then assumed a similar professorship at Harvard. He 
continues in his retirement a resident of Boston. 

It would be difiicult to say whether Dr. Holmes enjoys 
greater distinction as a physician or a man of letters. Both 




276 THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 

in the theory and practice of medicine, he has achieved the 
most brilliant success. His graceful and polished style in- 
vests the dryest topics with a peculiar charm, making him one 
of the best known and most popular of American writers. 

His earliest work in verse was in the form of contributions 
to the '' Collegian," a paper published by undergraduates at 
Harvard. He has written many verses with college anni- 
versary occasions as their subjects. The problems created 
by the interdependence of mind and matter have employed 
Dr. Holmes' pen, both as he is a man of science and as a 
literary man. 

Iti his " Currents and Under-currentsin Medical Science," 
and in "Mechanism and Morals," he deals with them from 
the scientific, and in "Elsie Venner," a romance, from the 
artistic standpoint. The "Atlantic Monthly" had Dr. 
Holmes among its founders, and " The Autocrat of the Break- 
fast Table " appeared first in the pages of that periodical. 

Several medical journals and the " North American Re- 
view" and the "International Review" have been enriched 
by contributions from the versatile doctor, who seems to be 
equally ready for profound disquisition on a wide range of 
subjects and for the composition of those " trifles " which 
will always be treasured as expressions of genius. Who does 
not know the ' ' One Horse Shay " and the ' ' September Gale^' 
The apt sweetness of his sentimental verses is appreciated by 
all readers of taste. 

The wife of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes died at her resi- 
dence in Boston in 1888, in the 69th year of her age. Mrs. 
Holmes was a daughter of Judge Charles Jackson, one of the 
justices of the Supreme Judicial court of Massachusetts, who 
sat on the bench from 1813 until 1824. His daughter .was 
married to "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table" in June, 
1840. A son — Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. — is a justice 
of the supreme court of Massachusetts, who also served with 
distinction in the war. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



277 



Dr. Holmes has been likened to Thomas Hood, but there is 
little in common between them, save the power of combining 
fancy and sentiment with grotesque drollery and humor. 

Holmes writes simply for the amusement of himself and 
his readers. He deals only with the vanities, the foibles, 
and the minor faults of mankind, good-naturedly and almost 
sympathizing by suggesting excuses for folly, which he tos- 
ses about on the horns of his ridicule. 



COUNT GUSTAYE YON KALNOKY. 

As THE minister of foreign affairs in Austria-Hungary, 
Count Gustave von Kalnoky, occupies a position of much 

importance in the present 
troubled condition of \Eu- 
ropean affairs. The soi of 
an imperial chamberlain, 
whose forefathers had been 
hereditary magnates of 
Hungary for two centuries, 
he entered life as an officer 
of the hussars. He was 
then in his thirtieth year 
when he resolved to pass 
examination for the diplo- 
matic service. His promo- 
tion here was rapid. 

He was secretary of le- 
gation at Berlin 1856-57, 
and for four years follow- 
ing was in the service of 
COUNT GiTSTAVE VON KALNOKY. , his government in London. 
After being minister successively at Hague, Copenhagen, 
and Rome, he was in 1880 transferred to Petersburg, and 
was embassador in that city. 




278 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JOSEPH E. M'DONALD. 

Born August 29, 1819. 
Indiana has many distinguished sons who have rendered 
conspicuous service to the country. Not the least prominent 
of these is the Hon. Joseph E. McDonald, whose name is 
often mentioned as a possible candidate of the democratic 
party in presidential contests. 

Joseph Ewing McDonald is descended from Scotch and 

Huguenot parentage, and 
was born in Butler coun- 
ty, Ohio. To the careful 
training which he received 
in his youth from his moth- 
er, Mr. McDonald is large- 
ly indebted for his supe- 
rior qualities. His father 
died when he was yet a 
small boy, and until he 
was twelve years of age 
young McDonald spent his 
time on the farm receiving 
instruction from his moth- 
er. He early expressed a 
desire to study law, but it 
m'donald. was thought advisable for 

I trade before committing himself to a 
professional career. Accordingly he was apprenticed to the 
firm of Andrews and Nichol, saddlers and harness makers 
at Lafayette, Indiana, for a term of six years. He applied 
himself with great diligence to the task of acquiring skill 
and efficiency in the craft, with so much success that he 
was dismissed from his apprenticeship three months before 
the legal expiration of the same. 

He was now eighteen years of age, and he resolved to 




JOSEPH E 

him to learn 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 279 

prepare himself for a nobler sphere of action than was of- 
fered by the saddlery business. He entered Wabash college 
at Crawfordsville, Indiana, supporting himself by working at 
his trade night and morning and between terms. In 1840 
he left this institution and entered the Asbury university at 
Greencastle, Indiana, of which Bishop Simpson was the 
president. If reports are reliable, young McDonald was a 
most exemplary student during his career in college, and 
when he retired from the seat of learning was more than 
ordinarily proficient in his studies. 

He began the regular study of law soon after leaving col- 
lege, in the office of the late Zebulon Baird, at Lafayette, In- 
diana, who took a kindly interest in the young aspirant, and 
devoted much time to instructing him in the principles of law. 
On his admission to the bar he possessed a better knowledge 
of the practice and principles of law than is common in can- 
didates. He was elected prosecuting attorney soon after, and 
re-elected in 1845. 

During that year he removed to Crawfordsville, where 
he built up a large and lucrative practice, and achieved a 
position of the first rank at the bar of the state. In 1856 
he was elected attorney general of Indiana, and filled the 
position in a most satisfactory manner. Three years later 
he removed to Indianapolis and entered into partnership 
with Addison L. Koache, ex-judge of the supreme court. 
This connection lasted until 1860, when Mr. Roache retired. 
Mr. MfrDonald then formed a partnership with the Hon. 
John M. Butler, with whom he is still associated. They at 
once assumed a position among the leading firms of the state, 
and have had a hand in some of the most celebrated cases 
which have been contested in Indiana. 

Mr. McDonald has ever been a faithful and devoted ally 
of the democratic party. In 1849 he was elected to the thir- 
ty-first congress, but was defeated in his next candidacy. In 
1864 he was nominated for governor, but was defeated. 



280 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

He was elected United States senator in 1874, against 
strong opposition, due to his hard money theories. He took 
his seat March 5, 1875, and retained it until 1881. 

Mr. McDonald is a resident of Indianapolis, Indiana, 
where he is known as a hospitable, kind and generous neigh- 
bor. He has been three times married, and his present 
wife is one of the most handsome and accomplished ladies 
in Indiana. 



JUSTIN S. MORKILL. 

Born April 14 1810. 
This statesman, Justin S. Morrill, is a native of New Eng- 
land, being born in Vermont. He received an academic educa- 
tion, and after graduating 
became a merchant. This 
business proving distaste- 
ful to him he shortly after- 
ward engaged in agricul- 
tural pursuits. 

Entering the political 
arena, he- was elected a 
representative in the thir- 
ty-fourth and re-elected in 
the thirty-fifth, thirty sixth, 
thirty - seventh, thirty- 
eighth, and thirty-ninth 
congresses. He was elected 
to the United States sen- 
ate as a union republican 
in 1867, being re-elected 
in 1872, in 1878 and in 
1884. His term of service 
expires on March 3, 1891. He has served on important com- 
mittees, and in 1887 was appointed chairman of the com- 
mittee on finance. 




JUSTIN S. MORKILL. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 281 

CLAKA LOUISA KELLOGG. 

Born 171 1S42. 
The career of Clara Louisa Kellogg is one which will 
ever be a valuable example and trustworthy guide to all vo- 
cal aspirants. She was born at Sumter, South Carolina, but 
her parents came from New England, and her earlier years 
were passed in Connecticut, where she was educated at the 
free schools. 

Though her voice was 
rather sweet, it attracted 
no particular attention, 
and when singing in a 
church choir at Lynne, 
Conn., her pretty voice 
was quite ignored in the 
presence of more vigorous 
organs. 

In 1858 her parents 
were residing in New York 
city, and knowing their 
daughter's desire to be- 
come a public singer, con- 
sulted with Miss Eliza? 
Logan, the once distin- 
guished actress, and sister^ 
of Olive Logan. 

Miss Logan attempted cl\rv loui^a kfltoctC 

to discourage the young girl by pointing out the haps and 
mishaps that are inevitably connected with a life on the stage, 
and dwelt at length upon the unjust obloquy which attaches 
to the name of almost every actress; but in spite of the ob- 
stacles, Miss Kellogg realized that she must do something 
for sustenance, and preferring the stage to the drudgery of 
the seamstress or the shop girl, she made her first appearance. 




282 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIE\\\ 

Her failure was most pronounced, apparently hopeless. 
But there was plucky spirits still left in the girl's heart, and 
instead of turning to the sewing machine, she gave her days 
and nights to careful and laborious study. Her second ap- 
pearance, while it was not a grand success, yet gave her 
hope and confidence in her belief that earnest labor would 
meet with its reward. 

At last, in 1860, she made her debut, at the Academy of 
Music, in "• Rigoletto,'' again meeting with failure. Three 
times did this young artist make her appearance before the 
public granted an enthusiastic reception; then, encouraged 
and delighted, she devoted even more of her time to the 
cultivation of her voice, making success after success, in 
rapid sequence, until to-day she ranks first among the cele- 
brated women of America, who have held their audiences 
spell-bound by the sweetness of their voices, and the brilli- 
ancy of their execution. 

Miss Kellogg is a fine actress as well as vocalist. She 
has an intelligent and expressive face, a graceful figure and 
appropriateness of gesture which denote a careful study of 
everything which pertains to her art. Success, such as hers, 
implies not only ability through natural gifts, but persever- 
ance, hope, courage, study, patience and a score of splendid 
qualities, all united in one person, and carefully nurtured 
for the attainment of a noble and lofty ambition. 

She is considered by the American public as, we might 
say, the finest opera singer, in this country at least. Her 
performances are always attended by large audiences, des- 
pite the fact that the price of admission is invariably very high. 
However, the singing is grand, and the acting superb, and 
lovers of good operatic singing are ever ready to pay for its 
enjoyment. 

She is very wealthy now, having made enormous sums, 
in the larger cities, amounting to thousands of dollar, from 
a single two- weeks' engagement. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JOHN F. JONES. 

Born about 1S30. 

Although this gentleman was born in Herefordshire, Eng 
land, he was brought to this New World of ours when but 
a babe in arms, and may, consequently, be regarded as al- 
most a native American. 

He was educated in Cleveland, his family having settled 
in Ohio on their arrival in 
this country. 

In 1849 he made a trip 
to California, round Cape 
Horn, in a sailing vessel. 
His success there at first 
was not very well assured; 
but being an active and 
able politician, he was 
subsequently elected sher- 
iff of Tuolumne county, 
and was returned several , 
times to the upper and 
lower houses of the state 
legislature. 

In 1867 he was a can- 
didate for the lieutenant- 
governorship, but was de- 
feated. Poor and disgusted with politics, he then removed 
to Nevada, where he became interested in several mines, and 
among others in the Crown Point and Belcher. Finally, with 
the assistance of some friends, he became the owner of the 
Crown Point, in which, not long afterward, a bonanza was 
found that placed him in the possession of ten million dol- 
lars at once. 

In 1873 he succeeded Mr. James Nye as senator for Ne- 
vada, when it was supposed that he would become simply 




JOHN p. JONES. 



284 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

a senatorial figurehead, who had secured his position through 
his great wealth only. This impression turned out to be 
most premature and erroneous; as in the debate upon the 
inflation bill, which was subsequently vetoed by President 
Grant, he made an oiF-hand speech which for its brilliancy, 
sound views and profound analysis, not only took the whole 
country by surprise, but placed him at once among its fore- 
most financial authorities. 

In those days the house of Mr. Jones was the headquar- 
ters of the beauty, wit and wisdom of Washington, his own 
brilliant and varied attainments being of so high a charac 
ter as to attract the most refined, wealthy and educated to- 
ward him. 

In fact, so marked were his acquirements, and so nappy 
his conversational powers, his reunions or receptions were 
always looked forward to by his friends with unbounded 
pleasure, as a source of both amusement and the highest in- 
tellectual gratification. 

In politics, Mr. Jones is a conservative republican, and the 
unflinching advocate of an unrestricted silver currency. He 
was a devoted friend of Koscoe Conkling, and he was held 
in high esteem by the late lamented ex-president Chester A. 
Arthur. 

Senator John P. Jones has been twice married, and has 
one son by his first wife, and two daughters by his present 
one. His second wife is a daughter of Mr. Eugene Sullivan, 
of San Francisco. 

In 1879 Senator Jones received the re-election as senator 
of the United States from Nevada; and again in 1885 he 
was returned as a member of that body, which term expires 
in the year 1891 

Senator Jones is a busy man, being constantly engaged in 
numerous enterprises of great magnitude. Indeed, he has 
such great business ability and discernment that his various 
undertakings are invariablv successful. 



I HE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 285 



MKS. GROVER CLEVELAND. 

Born in 1866. 

On June 2, 1886, Frances Folsom, of Buffalo, was married 
to Grover Cleveland-, the president of the United States. 
She is a handsome woman, and a general favorite with the 
ladies of her acquaintance. 

The affair was a quiet one, no guests being present, except 
the members of the cabinet, and a few intimate friends of the 
bride and groom. 

The president's wife is 
very unassuming in man-^ 
ner, and for one so young, 
she has displayed a remark- 
able tact in the manage- 
ment of receptions, and in 
fulfilling all the require- 
ments of fashionable socie- 
ty at the national capital. 

She accompanied her hus- 
band in 1887, in his visits 
to the western and south- 
ern states, the presi- 
dent and his bride being | 
received with enthusiasm, 
everywhere being tendered 
receptions flattering to 
royalty itself. 

There have been a num- mrs. gkover Cleveland. 

her of previous weddings at the White House, but this is the 
first marriage of a president that has occurred there. Al- 
though Mr. Tyler was married during his term of office, the 
ceremony on that occasion was performed- at the home of 
his bride in the city of New York. 




286 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

ALEXANDEK III. 

Born March 10, 1845. 
It is a grand, a gaudy array that the Czar can marshal 
beneath his colors. Not even the queen of England rules 
over so diverse a population as he — so heterogeneous a 
mass of humanity. In the ranks of his army the Mongol 
brushes against the Scandinavian, the Slav against the Ger- 
man, the Turkoman against 
the Esquimau, the Tcher- 
kessian against the Lap. 
If they are not all inspir- 
ed by the same fervor and 
love of country, a sense of 
her greatness at least per- 
vades and overavv^es them; 
and, fighting in her cause, 
there are never signs of 
flinching due to lack of 
patriotism or differences 
of race. 

Alexander III, Czar of 
all the Russias, was well 
educated at the Russian 
universities. 

In 1866, he married the 
ALEXANDER III. Priucess Maria Dagmar, 

daughter of the king of Denmark and sister of the Princess 
of Wales, to whom his eldest brother, the Grand Duke 
^Nicholas, at that time deceased, had been betrothed.* Four 
children have been the result of the union. 

The nihilist conspiracy has confined the attention of the 
Czar''s government to home affairs. His attitude toward 
Germany is one of friendship, of which the best evidence is 
the recent negotiation of a heavy loan with the bankers of 




TEE BIOGBAPEICAL REVIEW. 287 

Berlin; and his aim has been to maintain amicable relations 
with foreign powers. Still, he represents the feeling that is 
intensely and exclusively Kussian, a sentiment which might 
give a more positive coloring to his foreign policy were he 
freed from the danger of domestic revolution. 

Nihilists are punished with unrelenting severity, and at 
times the government's repressive measures seem on the 
verge of success, but it is only in appearance. The na- 
tional strength is paralyzed by this internal malady. Only 
the dread of dynamite plots could have occasioned the unpar- 
alleled delay of the coronation ceremony for more than two 
years. And now that the event has occurred the Czar is 
credited with great courage in so far braving nihilistic at- 
tack as to be publicly crowned. 

The private property of the emperor yields him a large 
annual revenue. He possesses a million square miles of cul- 
tured land and forests, besides owning gold and silver mines 
in Siberia, the vast revenue of which is not known, as, be 
ing tbe emperor's personal estate, the amount never appears 
in the budget. The sum Arising from all these sources is es- 
timated, however, at over twelve million dollars, of which 
sum two million dollars are expended in charities, schools 
and theaters, leaving a net income of ten million dollars. 

The present Czar is the seventeenth of his house. While, 
especially since his coronation, he has appeared oftener in 
public than previously, there is as yet no evidence that in- 
creased confidence in his subjects will lead him to carry 
out much needed reforms in the administration of govern- 
ment. The condition of Russia is a disgrace to the age. 

The Czar ascended the throne after the assassination of his 
father, March 13, 1881. He is represented as a self-willed 
man, wdth a taste for political affairs, and his personal in- 
fluence is more than that of his father. 

The heir-apparent is the Grand Duke Nicholas, the Czar's 
eldest son, who was born in 1868. 



288 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

The population of Russia, including Siberia, is over one 
hundred million, and in time of peace her army contains 
over seven hundred and fifty thousand soldiers, and in case 
of war could place in the field nearly two and a half million 
men. She has four hundred war ships, thirty of which are 
ironclads. Russia is deeply in debt, the interest of which is 
about one hundred and fifty million dollars annually — 
about one fourth of the annual revenue. 



NICHOLAS DE GlERS. 

The Russian minister of foreign afiairs, Nicholas de Giers, 
succeeded Prince Gortschakoff in 1883. He is of a Swedish- 
Finn family of- Jewish ex- 
traction, and of course 
has not the social prestige 
of his predecessor. 

The greater part of his 
life has been spent in the 
foreign ofiice, and every 
confidence seems to be 
placed in him by the 
Czar. 

Through the efforts of 
the country to extend its 
I territory, it is brought, as 
a matter of course, into 
'collision with the interests 
of other European affairs, 
and diplomacy is necessa- 
ry to satisfy the offended 
NICHOLAS UE GiERs. govcmments and avoid 

war. The chief grounds of complaint have come from Rus- 
sian encroachment of Afsjhanistan, Turkey, and Bulgaria. 




TEE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GEN. A. KOMAROFF. 

The commander of the Eussian forces in Afghanistan, 
Gen. Alexander Komaroff, has seen much active service. 

The name of this great general will come into greater' 
prominence, when, at no distant day, that great Russian 
force will be sent by the Czar beyond his frontier — on the 
one side to swallow up the 
Bulgar and Turk, and on 
the other the Afghan, Per 
sian, and perhaps also the 
Sepoy of India. At no 
previous period in her his- 
tory has Russia been better 
equipped for the fray than 
she is at the present, and 
never before has the same 
combination of circum- 
stances favored her de- 
signs, if she fails there- i 
fore, it is safe to say that 
her opportunity has past 
forever. 

Russia's military strength 
is greatly due to her large 
and well-organized cavalry 
force. Her cavalry of the guard stands especially high in the 
estimation of military critics. It is composed of two divisions, 
the first including the horse-guards or "chevaliers gardes" 
and "gardes a cheval," the cuirassiers of the emperor, the 
cuirassiers of the empress, and the two regiments of Cos- 
sacks, all under the supreme command of the Czarowitz, 
The second division includes the horse " grenadiers," the 
Uhlans of the guard and of the emperor, and the hussars of 
the emperor and of Grodno. 




GEN. A. KOMAKOFF. 



290 



TEE BIOGRAPEICAL BE VIEW. 



HEXRY L. DAWES. 

Born Oct. 30, tS16. 
The United States senator from jNIassacliusetts, Henry L. 
Dawes, was born at Cimimington, in that state. He was a 
graduate of Yale college, began life as a school teacher, and 
edited the Greenfield "Gazette"' and Adams ^'Transcript." 
At the same time he fitted himself by his exertions for the 

legal profession, and was 
admitted to the bar in the 
year 1S42. 

Beginning his public ca- 
reer in 1848 as a member 
of the lower branch of the 
legislature, he was returned 
to that office in 1849 and 
1S52, and in 1850 became 
a member of the state sen- 
ate. In 1853 he was a del- 
egate to the state constitu- 
tional convention, and in 
the same year was appoint- 
ed district attorney for the 
western district of Massa- 
chusetts, retaining that of- 
fice until 1857. 
Mr. Dawes was elected to the thirty -fifth congress in 1858, 
and was re-elected to the thirty-sixth, thirty-seventh, thirty- 
eighth, thirty-ninth, fortieth, forty-first, forty-second, and 
forty-third congresses, declining in 1875 to be a candidate 
for election to the forty-fourth. 

For ten years he served as chairman of the committee on 
elections, during the most important years in the history of 
the country — through the war and the reconstruction period. 
This senator's term expires in 1893. 




HENRY L. DAWES. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



291 



RANAYALONA, III. 

Born in 1861. 

The qneen of Madagascar, Ranavalona III, who is a dig- 
nified, sensible woman, mounted the throne and was crowned 
in 1883, succeeding her aunt, Queen Ranavalona II, being 
chosen by her predecessor to succeed her, but was also form- 
ally elected to the office. 

According to the custom of the country, the queen on her 
accession married Rami- ^ 

lalarivono, the prime min- 
ister of the kingdom, who 
had also been the husband 
of the last queen. The 
present queen has always 
been eager to forward the 
development of the people. 
She has embraced Christi- 
anity for herself, and 
made it the state religion. 

The Hovas are a good 
fighting race, and their 
experience in repelling the 
recent French invasion has ; 
developed them greatly in 
a military way. Their 
civilization, also,, has been 
advanced, in spite of the 
war, during the past few ranavalona hi. 

years, under the wise administration of the present queen. 
The queen has a council of advisers, but the royal will is su- 
preme in every case. 

The French minister resident in Madagascar has advised 
his government to confer the decoration of the legion of honor 
on the queen, regarding her friendship worthy of the gift. 




THE niOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



LI HUNG CHANG. 

Born in 1823. 
The most distinguished statesman, Li Hung Chang, is a 
staunch advocate of progress, an enlightened and skilful di- 
plomatist, and a determined enemy of that self-sufficient 
spirit which has so hindered the advancement of the Chinese 
people. Hofei, in China, is his birthplace. After a very hon- 
orable career in college, he 
was ordered to take the field 
against the Taeping rebels 
that were ravaging his na- 
tive province. As the re- 
ward of conspicuous skill 
and bravery in this en- 
counter he was made judi- 
cial commissioner. 

Later he became an in- 
tendent of circuit and gov- 
ernor of the province of 
Kiansoo. 

In 1862 he first came in- 
to intimate relations with 
foreigners, and co-operated 
with Gen. Staveley in the 
defense of Shanghai. He 

LI HUNG CHANG. , , . \ <. , , . 

made a close study or this 
general's methods and recognized the superiority of foreign- 
ers in military science. On the appointment of ''Chinese " 
Gordon to the command of the ever victorious army, Li Hung 
Chang joined him cordially and with becoming deference. 

He has opened the Kaiping coal and iron mines, brought 
about the construction of a telegraph line along the coast ot 
the empire, and memorialized the throne in favor of railway 
enterprises. He is a man of commanding appearance, being 
over six feet in heiulit, and havino; an intellectual face. 




THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



MICHJEL DAYITT. 

Michel Davitt, who ranks among Ireland's most popular 
men, was born in Mayo county. He has devoted many 
yeaES of his life to the solution of the Irish question, and 
does not yet despair of seeing Ireland fully righted and no 
longer subjected to the domineering rule of England. 

Michael Davitt has been in prison for his connection with 
Irish politics for a period 
of over nine years. This 
length of time was passed 
in several jails and convict 
establishments. He was 
treated as an ordinary 
prisoner, not being allowed 
any indulgences, until the 
favor was granted him (on 
his remission to Portland 
prison on the 3d of Febru- 
ary, 1881, after breaking 
his ticket-of-leave,)to keep 
a little blackbird. This bird, 
named Joe, was the "Soli- 
tary Audience " of the book 
which he wrote while in 
prison and which was 
published in London in 
1884, under the title of "Leaves from a Prison Diary; or 
Lectures to a. Solitary Audience.'' 

Both sad and serious, gay and amusingare the notes found 
therein; written in a style at once simple and eloquent. He 
writes with much pathos of his " Chum Joe;" most especially 
in the passage where he released his little companion. He 
says: " I opened the door with a trembling hand, when, quick 




MICHEL DAVITT. 



294 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

as a flash of lightning, he rushed from the cage with a wild 
scream of delight and in a moment was beyond the walls of 
the prison." In speaking of his hope that the bird would re- 
turn to him, lie says: >•' The instinct of freedom was too 
strong to be resisted, though I had indulged the fond hope 
that he would remain with me." 

After Davitt's release from prison he went to England and 
spent some time there maturing future plans. He intended 
going to Australia before visiting America but that plan was 
abandoned, and he visited this country instead, delivering 
lectures; and since his return to Ireland he has devoted him- 
self entirely to the work of reform. He says in a cablegram 
of June, 1886, to Mr. Patrick Ford, in the state of New York, 
" Victory is certain if the Irish race throughout the world 
will stand united and calmly persevere on the present lines." 



WADE HAMPTON. 

Born March 2S, 1S18. 

The name of Wade Hampton is '•'familiar in our mouths as 
a household word," and has been for many years. No more 
prominent statesman than he gives distinction to the south 
in the councils of the nation. South Carolina is proud of 
her son, whose loyalty to her interests, according to that 
view of them given by his convictions, has been invariably 
devoted and conspicuous. 

Hon. Wade Hampton is of distinguished birth, the grand- 
son of General Wade Hampton, a mayor general in the 
American army of the revolution, and a representative in 
the congress of the United States. His father was also a 
prominent and wealthy man. 

Wade Hampton was born in Charleston, South Carolina. 
He received an academic education. Having graduated at 
South Carolina college, he read law and was admitted to 
the bar. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL BE VIEW. 295 

In 1861, South Carolina seceded from the Union; he was 
serving as state senator and resigned his seat, and devoted 
his energies to the confederate cause, in a capacity of a 
soldier. Among the earliest in the field of conflict, he led 
the "Hampton Legion" at the first battle of Bull Run, in 
which he was wounded. His services in this action were 
conspicuously recognized by the confederate government, 
which commissioned him a 
brigadier-gen eral. 

As soon as possible he 
resumed service in the ar- 
my, and was wounded, the 
second time, in the battle 
of Seven Fines. He com- 
manded the confederate 
cavalry of the army of 
Northern Virginia. In 
1864 he was made lieuten- 
ant-general. 

Early in 1865 he was 
sent to South Carolina and 
commanded the rear guard 
of the confederate army 

... \ „ TT 1 , , WADE HAMPTON. 

which was railing back be- 
fore Gen. Sherman. Large quantities of cotton had been stor- 
ed at Columbia, the capital of the state, which, upon the ap- 
proach of the Union forces was piled up in an open square 
ready to be burned, fire was set to this which resulted in a 
conflagration by which a great part of the city was destroyed. 
A sharp discussion arose between Gen. Sherman and Hamp- 
ton, each charging the other with the destruction of Columbia; 
according to the best evidence, as far as either side was con- 
cerned, the conflagration was purely accidental. He was 
wounded the third time in the battle of Gettysburg. When 
the army in which he was serving surrendered to the Union 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 296 

forces, nis military experiences were ended. In 1876 he was 
elected governor of South Carolina, and was re-elected 
in 1878. 

He is exceedingly popular in his native state; knows its 
condition fully, and is of course, strongly and unequivocally 
in favor of federal aid for education. 

" When the negro was made a citizen, he said, " it follow- 
ed as a logical consequence, under the theory of our institu- 
tions, that he must become a voter." 

With these well known views, he was re-elected to the 
United States senate in 1884, and his term of service expires 
March 3, 1891. South Carolina will receive an addition to 
her school fund of over four and a half million dollars, when 
this bill for which the senator not only SDeaks, but votes. 



Born to great wealth and large estates, he has always been 
regarded as one of the richest men in the South, and his 
hospitality knows no bounds in his great house. Four years 
of confederacy, however, nearly ruined him. For years after 
the war he was one of the most uncompromising of confed- 
erates. Now he is a furrowed, grizzly old man, whose ex- 
perience has dulled the blood of middle age, and he enters 
into no arguments. He has been in both branches of the 
state legislature and was a senator when his state seceded; 
he however resigned his seat on the occurrence of that 
event. 

Senator Hampton is one of the finest looking men in the 
senate chamber, though a hunting accident a few years ago 
cost him the loss of a leg. The injuries received on this oc- 
casion he has never fully recovered from, the shock and 
suffering consequent upon the loss of his limb having some- 
what shattered his system, and the ill effects have aged him 
considerably. 

This great soldier and politician has done much toward 
improving the educational condition of the south. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 297 

JOHN KUSKIN. 

Born %n 1819. 

BoEN in London, John Rnskin, in 1842, graduated at 
Christ Church, Oxford, where, three years before, he had 
gained the Newdigate prize for English poetry. The first 
volume of his "Modern Painters" was published in 1843, 
and the fifth and last in 1860. This is the one of his numer- 
ous works which is the most read. It embodies a treatise 
on the principles of art, and is enriched with descriptions of 
nature which are unsurpassed for eloquence. The publica- 
tion of tlie first volume raised a storm which greatly promot 
ed the popularity of the book. Its design was to prove the 
superiority of modern landscape painters, Turner above 
them all, to the old masters. Conservatives in art strongly 
opposed this position, and the contest of opinion is memor- 
able in the history of art and literature. When, in after 
years, Ruskin saw the Turner collection m Marlborough 
House, his love of truth led to the considerable modification 
of his early and enthusiastic admiration for the artist, but the 
views expounded in "Modern Painters" have greatly influ- 
enced and improved recent art. 

Mr. Ruskin published "The Seven Lamps of Architecture" 
in 1849, and in 1851-53, "The Stones of Venice." Both 
were written for the purpose of promoting a better style of 
domestic architecture. They were adorned with illustrations 
made after the hand of the author. A later work, "The 
Study of Architecture in Our Schools," published in 1865, 
contains studies and investigations founded upon Mr. Ruskin's 
observations of Venetian buildings. The complete list of 
his works shows him to be one of the most vuluminous as 
well as ablest writers of the century. In 1867 he received 
the degree of LL.D. from the University of Cambridge, 
which also gave him a professorship. Two years earlier, Ox- 
ford had made him Slade Professor of the Fine Arts. He 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



showed his desire to advance art education by giving twenty- 
five thousand dollars to endow a Master of Drawing at Ox- 
ford. His "Element of Drawing'" is a valuable and thor- 
oughly practical treatise. "Political Economy of Art'' is a 
successful endeavor to prove the scope, the capacities and 
the utility of art. Besides many other lectures, essays and 
pamphlets upon subjects related to architecture and art in 

their proper aspects, Rus- 
kin has written upon mor- 
als, social problems and 
other questions in no way 
related to the studies and 
labors which have given 
him pre-eminence. " Fors 
Clavigera " is a work de- 
signed to promote the in- 
terests of workingmen. It 
has failed to awaken that 
iintcrest in the class ad- 
• dressed which Mr. Ruskin 
|had hoped to awaken. 

John Ruskin is a noble, 

free-handed man. While, 

as a matter of course, not 

equally happy in treating 

all the subjects which have 

JOHN RUSKIN. engaged his prolific pen 

and eloquent voice, the greatest art critic of the world never 

speaks from press or platform without exciting the interest 

of cultured persons. 

John Ruskin is now known as the champion growler and 
cynic of the age. Writing to the Fall Mall Gazette about 
the province of universities, he says: "The university's 
business in any country in Europe is to teach its youths as 
much Latin, Greek, mathematics and astronomy as they can 




THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 299 

quietly learn in the time they're at it — and nothing else. If 
they don't learn their own language at home they can't learn 
it at a university. If they want to learn Chinese, they 
should go to China — and if they want to learn Dutch, to 
Amsterdam; and after they've learned all they want, learn 
wholesomely to hold their tongues, except on extreme occa- 
sions, in all languages whatsoever," 



MARQUIS TSENG. 

Born in 1836. 

The great Chinese diplomatist. Marquis Tseng, entered the 
Chinese service at an early age. In 1878 he was minister to 
the courts of London and 
Paris, to which that of St. 
Petersburg was added the 
following year. 

He succeeded in arrang- 
ing a treaty by which Rus- 
sia ceded the northern part 
of the province of Kulja, 
for which five million rou- 
bles was paid in exchange 
by China. 

During the state of un- 
declared war that exist( 1^ 
between France andChii i 
in consequence of Frendi! 
operations in Tonquin, tl c^ 
Marquis Tseng made se 
eral unsuccessful efforts to 
effect a reconciliation. In m vi i^i i>« i-i ni 

1885 peace was, however, maintained through him on the ba- 
sis of the cession of Tonquin to France. Other services 
have also been performed by him at different times. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



SENATOR REAGAN. 

5om Oct. 8, 1818. 
The subject of this sketch was born in Sevier county, in 
the state of Tennessee, where he received a limited collegi- 
ate education. He studied law, and settled in the republic 
of Texas in 1839,w4iere he became both farmer and lawyer. 
He was deputy surveyor of the public lands from 1839 to 
1843, and was elected to the legislature in 1847. Five years 

afterward he was made 
judge of the district court, 
resigning in 1856, when he 
was re-elected for another 
term. 

In 1857 he was elected 
representative to congress, 
and re-elected in the year 
1859. 

In 1861 he was a mem- 
ber of the Texas secession 
convention, and a repre- 
sentative of that state in 
the confederate congress. 
For a short time before 
the close of the war he 
was acting secretary of the 
treasury of the confederacy 
In 1875 he was a member of the state constitutional conven- 
tion, and was elected successively to the forty-fourth, forty- 
fifth, forty-sixth, forty-seventh, forty-eighth, forty-ninth and 
fiftieth congresses. 

In 1888 he was elected to the United States senate, suc- 
ceeding Senator Maxey, The career of Mr. Reagan, as a 
statesman, has been a long and busy one; and he yet will 
live to attain still higher positions of public trust. 




SENATOR KEAGAN. 



J 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



301 



HENRY W. BLAIR. 

Born Dec. 6, 1834. 

The United States senator from New Hampshire, Henrj 
W. Blair, was born at Campton in that state. His father, 
who was a decendant from a colon j of Scotch-Irish which 
settled in New Hampshire, was a scholarly man, of musical 
tastes and culture, and a prominent officer in the state militia.. 
The mother of Senator Blair had similar tastes and attT,in- 
ments to those of her hus- 
band. Both his parents 
were members of the con- 
gregational denomination. 

In 1836 Senator Blair's 
father was killed accident- 
ally, leaving a widow in 
extreme poverty. Before 
the subject of this sketch 
had attained the age of 
thirteen, his mother also 
died. About three years 
previous to this bereave- 
ment, he had been taken 
as an inmate of the resi- 
dence of Mr. Richard Bart- 
lett, of Campton, with 
whom he lived several 
years, improving his mind 
as opportunities afforded and working on the farm of his 
benefactor. His education up to the age of nineteen was 
gained chiefly by attendance at the common school in winter, 
and two, terms at the Plymouth academy 

Upon leaving his home at Mr. Bartlett's, Mr. Blair taught 
school and^dopted other means to raise sufficient money for 
a full course at college; but his health failing, was deprived 




HENRY W. BLAIR. 



302" THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 

of this advantage, succeeding only in having one term at the 
New Hampshire Conference Seminary. He subsequently 
read law with William Leverett, of Plymouth, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1859. 

In 1860 he was elected prosecuting attorney for Grafton 
county. Upon the outbreak of the war he entered the army, 
and was appointed major of the fifteenth New Hampshire 
volunteers, of which regiment he was soon made lieutenant- 
colonel. During the siege of Port Hudson he was wounded 
severely twice, and, on account of sickness, was incapable of 
active service during the remainder of the war. 

In 1866 he was elected member of the New Hampshire 
house of representatives, and of the state senate in 1867-68. 
He served in the forty-fourth and forty-fifth congresses, but 
declined a renomination to the house of representatives of 
the forty-sixth. 

Perhaps his greatest distinction has been earned by his 
attention to social questions. He is an ardent temperance 
reformer, as well as educationalist. His speeches, both in 
congress and at temperance meetings, have commanded con- 
siderable attention throughout the country. Mr. Blair's 
leading achievement as a statesman has been the passage in 
the senate of his educational bill. As passed in 1884, it appro- 
priated seventy-seven million dollars to be distributed among 
the states in proportion to their illiteracy, on the basis of the 
census of 1880, the payments of the money to extend over 
a series of eight years. The amount proposed to be distribu- 
ted the first year was seven million dollars; the second, ten 
million dollars; the third, fifteen million dollars; the sums 
then diminishing at the rate of two million dollars annually 
until the eighth year, when all appropriations would cease 
entirely. 

Mr. Blair was elected to the United States senate, and 
took his seat June 20, 1879. He received the re-election, and 
his present term expires in 1891. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



NICHOLAS OF MINGRELIA. 
Born Jan, 4, 1847. 

Nicholas, Prince of Mingrelia, is a colonel in the Kussian 
army, and an aide-de-camp to the czar. The hereditary title 
of "prince" comes from his ancestors, who held a chieftain- 
ship over some of the wild tribes of the Caucasus. The ex- 
tinct dynasty which he represents, claimed direct descent 
from King David of Is- 
rael. 

Prince Nicholas is said 
to be a highly educated, 
and courteous man of 
European type, and speaks 
several languages. Though 
still maintaining his ances- 
tral castle at Luddidi, he 
resides mostly at St. Pe- 
tersburg. 

Mingrelia is in Asia, 
bordering on Circassia and 
the Black sea, and is a part 
of the lieutenancy of the 
Caucasus, of which the 
Grand-duke Michael is the 
satrap. 

The people of Mingrelia Nicholas, peince of mingrelia. 
do little beside raise corn and rice enough for tobacco, 
and bad wine enough to supply their appetites. There are 
practically no roads or other improvements, and the whole 
country has a savage and forbidding aspect. The inhabitants 
number about two hundred and forty thousand, and are of 
the most debased type of Georgians, being physically, men- 
tally, and morally, the lowest of the Caucasian tribes. Min- 
grelia was taken in conquest by Russia in 1804. 




304 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



MILAN I, KING OF SERVIA. 

Born in 1853. 
The king of Servia, Milan I, was crowned in 1882, with 
the consent of the powers; but before that he had held 
the throne for fourteen years by election as Prince Milan 
Obrenovic lY. He is the fourth of his dynasty since Servia 
threw ofl' the Turkish yoke in 1829. His predecessor was 

.assassinated. 

In 1885, the king, with- 
out a declaration of hos- 
tilities, led his army across 
the Bulgarian frontier, ac- 
tuated by motives of jeal- 
ousy at the prospect of 
Prince Alexander becom- 
ing the ruler of a united 
Bulgaria. After decisive 
successes had been won 
by the Servian troops, 
Prince Alexander rallied 
his men. and drove the Ser- 
vians out of Bulgaria. The 
intervention of Austria put 
a stop to hostilities, and 
peace was made in 1886. 
Servia has a population of 
MILAN I, KING OF SERVIA. ^^^^^ millions; the regular 

army consists of fifteen thousand soldiers, with a reserve of 
sixty thousand men. 

The constitution of this kingdom was recently remodeled 
in liberal form. The executive power is vested in the king 
and his ministers, and the legislative power in an assembly 
of two houses elected by the people. The king was married 
in 1875; a year later the heir apparent, Alexander,was born. 




TEE BIOGRAEEICAL REVIEW. 305 

GEN. ROSECKANS 

Born in 1819. 

Gen. Koseckans is one of the heroes of the late war: 
He was employed as an engineer until 18 54, when he resign- 
ed. He commanded the army of the Mississippi, and the 
army of Cumberland in 1862-63; and commanded at Stone 
river and Chickamauga. Graduating at West Point, he en- 
tered the army, but resign- 
ed in 1854. He re-entered 
the service in 1861, and re- 
signed again a major-gen- 
eral in 1867. In 1868 was 
minister to Mexico; from 
1881 to 1885 a member of 
congress from California. 
Was appointed register in 
1885. 

The register of the treas- 
ury was established in 
1789. It is the duty of the 
register to keep a strict ac- 
count of every receipt and| 
disbursement on behalf of| 
the government. 

At the outbreak of the 
war he was appointed 
brigadier-general, and com- 
manded the union forces ^^^- koseceans. 
in West Yirginia. In 1862 he commanded the army of the 
Mississippi, and gained an important victory at Corinth in 
October of the same year. In 1863 he defeated Bragg at 
Stone river; and going in pursuit of him into Georgia, he 
occupied Chattanooga but was compelled to retire. The 
general has filled many diplomatic and military appointments, 
and was American minister to Mexico in 1868. 




306 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



LILLIE LANGTRY. 

Born in 1852. 
This noted actress, Lillie Langtrj,is the daughter of a clergy- 
man and a native of the little Isle of Jersey. She made her 
debut as Lady Clara in " A Fair Encounter," soon afterward 
appearing at the noted London Haymarket theatre. 

After a provincial tour, during which she assayed new 
characters, she again appeared in London in September, 1882, 
in " As You Like It." 

Ill the fall of the same 
year she came to the United 
States, and played in New 
York and Boston to large 
audiences, which, like the 
English public, manifested 
at first a qualified approv- 
al. As she improved rap- 
idly in her acting, she 
gained the praise of critics 
and popular applause. 

Returning to London she 
leased a theatre and play- 
ed to large audiences, 
winning great applause as 
Pauline in the "Lady of 
Lyons." 

In 1886sheagain visited 
the United States, and repeated her successes in this country, 
where she has invested most of her earnings. 

In July, 1887, while in San Francisco, Lillie Langtry re- 
nounced British allegiance, and applied for naturalization as 
a citizen of the United States. 

When in Chicago, a correspondent visited her, and found 
the "Jersey Lily" in the reception room of her parlor-car, 




LILLIE LANGTRY. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 307 

in which she always rides when traveling in this country. 
The beauty, in a loose Turkish robe, sat among her rugs, her 
silks, and her books. There were books of all kinds: Swin- 
burne and Owen Meredith, Shelley and Shakspeare, Irving 
on the "Art of Acting," and an abstruse treatise on botany. 

"Even when I was only fourteen years of age " she said, 
" a sighing swain had proposed for my hand. He was a 
lieutenant in the forty-third foot, and I was a tomboy, play- 
ing cricket and football and saddling my own mare. He 
was the son of a former archbishop of Canterbury, and my 
father, who, you know, was dean of Jersey, thought it would 
be delightful to marry me to the son of an archbishop. But 
you can't think how I hated the man. He was very nice, 
no doubt; but I had a girlish dislike of him, and much pre- 
ferred the society of my seven big brothers and my lesson- 
books. For, do you know, I was quite studious when I was 
simply Miss Le Breton of Jersey. 

"At that time I studied Latin and Greek. Even mathe- 
matics. I could translate Virgil and dabble in Xenophon. 
I was pretty good, too, in algebra and trigonometry. But 
this learning seems to have vanished like a dream, and I 
sometimes feel, like Roger Tichborne, that a good education 
has been wasted on me. 

"A great many people have said that I had an early 
training for the stage. But I had none. I never trod the 
boards, even at home, till I appeared at Twickenham town 
hall in 'A Fair Encounter.' And all I knew of the stage 
I learned from the boxes of the little theatre of my native 
town." 

She married Mr. Langtry when but nineteen years of age. 
When asked about him she was silent. And the actress 
traveled back in memory to a day when she was neither 
famous nor thought of fame — to a day when she only 
thought of love, and a Yiking came over the seas to win her. 

" Though only twenty -five, he was a widower," she said, 



308 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 

after a pause. " Plis first wife was a Miss Price. The 
Prices were Irish people living in Jersey; and Mr. Langtry 
was Irish, too, his people being among the chief land-owners 
of Belfast. One of my brothers married his sister, and so 
onr families contracted their intimacy. "My father thought 
he was richer than he was. He was nearly at the end of 
his fortune, and I knew nothing of what was in store for me. 
His money lasted only three years after I married him. 
When we went to London we were miserably poor. 

"I was an artists' success. The paintings made me famous. 
My face belonged to the Greek type, which was popular in 
London. Watts used to measure my face when I sat for 
him. He would say, 'Good God! Not a hair's breadth out.' 
Then my pictures were exhibited at the Academy, and that 
made everybody talk of me. My poverty did even more 
than the painters popularity. I had recently lost one of my 
brothers, and I went to parties in a plain black dress that I 
possessed, and I wore it everywhere. The women sneered 
at first, but the men commended. 'Notice her simplicity,' 
they said. ' She always appears in a plain black dress. 
She wears no jewelry, no ornaments of any kind.' And in 
this way they thought me to be lovelier, perhaps, than I 
really was. But after all it is luck — blind luck. There are 
so many pretty women in London that there was no reason 
why I should be singled out. 

"All my best successes have been in dramas of society. 
I love to play the part of a wroiiged wife. Perhaps I feel 
the character more then others do. 

"In 'A Wife's Peril,' she is not a wronged wife; she is. a 
naughty wife. I don't like the type myself; but the public 
seem to like it. 

"In 'As in a Looking Glass' th^ heroine is an adventuress. 
She is a woman of society. I have seen many such women 
in society. So has everybody else. And I doubt if the type 
had ever been presented on the English-speeaking stage." 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 309 

JOHN BEOWK 

Born in 1790. 

In these days of rapid changes in political affairs, a man 
who has been continuoush- employed bj the government for 
a half-century or more, is certainly an object of interest. 
Such a man is John Brown, the founder and still a resident 
of Brownsville, Washington county, Maryland. 

At the age of sixteen he commenced driving his father's 
team to Baltimore, follow- 
ing this pursuit ' for six 
years. Then he went to 
work at the United States 
armory at Harper's Ferry, 
a place destined to be in- 
separably associated long 
afterward with the deeds 
of a namesake. 

Remaining there about 
eighteen months, he next 
enlisted in the army for 
the war of 1812. He first 
encamped at Camp Han- 
sted; his company fought 
bravely at the battle of 
North Point, under the ■■■■■-- ^•■•.•■^v.•;;^^-^•::^•;^^^^^ 

command of Captain Stem- John beown. 

pie. Upon the restoration of ipeace he was honorably dis- 
charged, and returned to the old homestead. 

In 1816 he started a tan-yard, and erected the buildings 
for a tannery in what is now Brownsville, continuing in the 
trade until a short time ago. 

In 1826 he put up the first house in Brownsville, the place 
taking its name from him; two years, later he married, two 
children, Catherine and Cornelius blessing this union with 




310 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Hannah Dare, who is yet healthy and strong, at the jovial 
age of eighty-four. The venerable pair occupy the dwelling 
which Mr. Brown erected in 1820, situated in the center of 
the village. The little tannery prospered, bringing people 
to the place and leading to the beginning of a settlement. 
A postoffice became a necessity, in due course, and one 
was established by President Jackson, in charge of John H. 
Beall, whose appointment dated from January 28, 1833, 
his successor being Andrew Burns, who served from Octo- 
ber 27, 1835, to February 30. 1830, when the subject of this 
sketch succeeded to that position, which he held for twenty- 
seven years. 

On February 25, 1803, his son Cornelius took the office his 
worthy father had filled so long and faithfully, and he is 
the present postmaster. The old gentleman did not entirely 
sever his connection with the postal business, although retir- 
ing from the more active duties of the village "Narby;" to 
this day he is in the employ of the department as mail car- 
rier, although ninety-eight years old he never misses a trip. 
Thus for upward of fifty years he has served the government 
without a break, and he is certainly the oldest of its employ- 
es engaged "in actual work. 

The patriarch enjoys excellent health, retains his faculties 
unimpaired, and is a veritable encyclopedia of events reaching 
back to the dawn of tlie century. The portrait is engraved 
from a photograph taken a few years since, and is an ad- 
mirable likeness. 

There are many people in the employ of the United States 
government who have led more eventful lives, if not of so 
long a duration, as tliat of John Brown; and could the lives 
of such persons, however unimportant a part they may have 
played in the world's history, be placed before us, undoubt- 
edly they would be of more interest to the great majority of 
the reading public, than are the lives of many a monarch or 
" eminent " man. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



311 



LUCIUS QUmXIUS C. LAMAR 

Born Sept. 17, 1825. 

This great statesman was born in Putnam county, Georgia, 
and graduated from Emory college in 1845. Studying law 
under the Hon. A. H. Chappell, he was admitted to tlie 
bar in 1847. Going to Mississippi in 1849, he was made pro- 
fessor of mathematics in the Mississippi university. In 1850 
he resigned and went to Covington, Georgia, where he estab- 
lished a law practice, and 
was elected to the legisla- 
ture in 1^53. 

In 1854 he returned to 
Mississippi, and was sent to 
congress, serving in the 
thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth 
congresses. 

In 1861 he represented 
his state in the convention 
of the southern states, and 
during the same year en 
tered the confederate army 

In 1873 he was sent by 
President Davis to Russia 
on diplomatic business. 

In 1866, he became lucius QuiNTirs c. lamae. 
professor of political and social science in the university of 
Mississippi; but "in the succeeding year, he was transferred 
to the Ikw professorship. In 1876 he was chosen United 
States senator for the full term, having previously been 
elected to the forty-fourth and forty-fifth congresses. 

He was appointed secretary of the interior by Cleveland 
on March 5, 1885, and chief justice in 1888. 

Senator Lamar's speech in congress, after the death of the 
eminent Charles Sumner, made a deep impression and creat- 




312 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

ed a profound sensation, coming as it did from southern 
lips, yet praising sincerely and fervently, with eloquent words, 
the life of one who had criticized with severity the south and 
its policy. All his prepared efforts are remarkable for their 
beauty of conception and dignity of expression. 

When Mr. Lamar was in congress before the war he was 
a popular and well-known figure at the capitol. He has al- 
ways had as many friends on the republican side of the 
senate as on the democratic side. He and Roscoe Conkling 
were boon companions, and it was one of their favorite 
diversions to meet for a friendly round with the gloves. 
The new judge is also an excellent swordsman, and' he is al- 
ways happy to take up the foils with any one who pretends 
to have skill in fencing. 



SHELBY M. CULLOM. 

Born Nov. 22, 1829. 

Shelby M. Cullom, of Springfield, Illinois, was born in 
"Wayne county, Kentucky, his father removing to Tazewell 
county, Illinois, when the subject of this sketch was but one 
year old. After receiving an academic and university edu- 
cation, he went to Springfield in the autumn of 1853 to 
study law, and has since resided there. 

Immediately upon receiving license to practice, he was 
elected to the position of city attorney, still continuing, how- 
ever, in the, business and practice of law until he took his 
seat in the house of representatives in the y^av of 1865. 

Mr. Cullom became a presidential elector in 1856. on the 
Fillmore ticket, and was elected a member of the house of 
representatives of the Illinois legislature in 1856, 1860, 
1872, and 1874, being elected speaker in 1861 and in 1873. 
He was also a representative from Illinois in the thirty-ninth, 
fortieth, and forty-first congresses, serving from 1865 to 1871. 
This great statesman was also a delegate to the national re- 



I HE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 313 

publican convention at Philadelphia in 1872, being chairman 
of the Illinois delegation, on which occasion Gen. Grant was 
placed in nomination; and again in 1884 he was a delegate 
to the national republican convention as chairman of the Il- 
linois delegation. 

After filling numerous positions of trust, he was elected 
governor of Illinois in 1876, was re-elected in 1880, serving 
until 1883, when he resign- 
ed, having received the 
election to the senate of the 
United States as a republi- 
can. This term expires in 
March, 1889. 

Mr. Cullom is an unpre- 
tending, capable, and an 

exceedingly conscientious " ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^lilp^ 
man. 

Senator Cullom's popu- 
larity makes his house a 
favorite resort, and there is 
seldom a moment during 
the morning or the evening 
that he is without callers. 

Mrs. Cullom is equally 
popular in society, and her 
parlors are constantly sought by a host of friends and admir- 
ers. The senator says that his wife's enthusiasm for the 
inter-state commerce bill was simply intense until she learn- 
ed by the merest accident that when it became a law she 
would not be able to ride on passes any more. After tuat 
she turned a regular somersault and became one of the lead- 
ers of the opposition. 

The Senator labors in the plain, old-fashioned way that his 
facial counterpart — Abraham Lincoln — did, giving his time 
and his mind incessantly to his arduous legislative duties. 




SHELBY M. CULLOM. 



314 



THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW- 



MARIE CHRISTINA. 

Born July 21,1858. 
The Queen Regent of Spain, Marie Christina, widow of 
King Alfonso, gave birth to a son in 1886. This son, whose 
royal sire died before his birth, is named Alfonso Leon, and 
is the heir to the throne of Spain. 

Queen Marie Christina is the daughter of the Archduke 

Karl Ferdinand and the 
Archduchess Elizabeth, a 
cousin of Francis Joseph, 
emperor of Austria. She 
was married to King Al- 
fonso XII, of Spain, in the 
year of 1879. 

A daughter was born to 
them in 1880, who was ac- 
cepted, at the death of the 
king, as heir to the Span- 
is! i throne; but the birth of 
this male heir, of course, 
took from her that royal 
honor. 

In 1886 the queen sign- 
ed a decree freeing the 
slaves in Cuba, which lit- 
MARiE CHRi^iNA. tlc island is a Spanish pos- 

session. This brought to a close the emancipation move- 
ment of that country, and the curse of slavery no longer ex- 
ists in Cuba. The decree of the queen released, it is estimat- 
ed, about two hundred thousand slaves. 

The military glory of Spain has passed away, it is true, 
yet she has an army, on a peace footing, exceeding one hun- 
dred thousand men. The expenditure generally exceeds her 
revenue, and there is a debt-of $1,190,000,000. 




THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 315 



DON PEDRO M. SAGASTA. 

The prime minister of Spain, Senor Sagasta, is the leader 
of the Spanish liberals. He is an old and experienced 
statesman, and is backed by a very large majority in the 
cortes. 

The king of Spain, Alfonso XII, died November 25, 1885, 
of consumption, deeply mourned by his loyal subjects. His 
son and heir, Alfonso XIII, 
was born May 17, 1886; it 
was the very unusual case 
of a child born to tlie 
throne • — - acknowledged a 
king from the moment of 
,its birth. 

The Carlists had hoped 
to profit by political disor- 
ders after the death of the 
late monarch, but were 
doomed to sad disappoint- 
ment, as it seems to have 
rallied all classes in sup- 
port of the throne. For 
in the general elections of 
1886 the ministerial party 
headed by Senor Sagasta, 
secured an overwhelming senok sagasta. 

majority in both houses, completely discouraging the follow- 
ers of Don Carlos, the pretender to the Spanish throne. This 
pretender is the grandson of Carlos de Bourbon, the second 
son of Charles lY. 

Of course the power and authority of the present king, 
on account of his infancy, is limited by the regency of his 
mamma, Marie Christina. 




816 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



ALEXANDER AGA8SIZ. 

Bor7i Dec. 17., 1835. 

The son of Louis Agassiz occupies a place probably not 
less distinguished than that filled by his illustrious father. 
Alexander Agassiz is one of our most eminent men of science, 
and is regarded with the grateful interest to which men of 
superior attainments who employ them for the public good 
are surely entitled. He was born at Neuchatel, Switzerland. 
His mother was the sister 
of Alexander Braun, Louis 
Agassiz's friend while at 
college, a woman distin- 
guished in many ways, but 
especially in the skill of 
drawing. 

When, in 1846, his 
father left home for the 
United States, Alexander 
remained at home with his 
mother. He was fifteen 
years of age when he land- 
ed in the United States, a 
motherless boy. His father 
had him prepared for col- '': 
lege, and he was entered a 
student at Harvard, where 
he was graduated in 1855. 

Young Agassiz chose Alexander agassiz. 

civil engineering as his profession, and studied in the Law- 
rence scientific school of Harvard, and took his degree of 
B.S. in 1857. During three terms in the chemical school, 
with which he supplemented his studies at the scientific school, 
he devoted a part of his time to teaching in his. father's 
school for young women. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 317 

Alexander Agassiz went to California in 1859, where he 
received the appointment of assistant on the United States 
coast survey. His work was on the northwestern boundary. 
After resigning office he employed himself in San Francisco 
making drawings of fish that had been caught along the 
boundary. At this time also he began to make additions to 
his father's collection of natural objects. 

He spent the greater part of the winter of 1859-60 at Pa- 
nama and Acapulco, collecting specimens for the museum 
of comparative zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

The next spring he returned to his work in San Francisco, 
After examining mines in the interior of California, in July^ . 
1860, he returned to Cambridge, wnere he was appointed 
agent of the museum.. He then took the full course in the 
zoological and geological departments of the Lawrence scien- 
tific school. Previous to the absence of his father in Brazil 
in 1865, he had been appointed assistant in zoology at the 
museum, Cambridge, of which he was in full charge at the 
time. 

In 1865 he also engaged in coal mining in Pennsylvania, 
additional to his work at home in Massachusetts. From 1866 
to the autumn of 1869 Agassiz assisted with brilliant success 
in the development of mining property in Michigan. He 
afterward went abroad to examine the museums of the lead- 
ing countries of Europe. 

In 1870 he returned to Cambridge, when he was made 
assistant curator of the museum. His father died in 1874, 
when Alexander succeeded him as curator of that institution. 
In that year also, he was elected by the alumni one of the 
overseers of Harvard. Four years subsequently he was chosen 
by the corporation one of its fellows. He resigned the honor 
several years ago on account of bad health. 

Mr. Agassiz retains his connection with the museum, 
which he has enriched by liberal gifts. It is stated that in 
all he has given more than half a million dollars to Harvard 



318 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

university. He was away on a long voyage to Alaska, to 
get rest and to regain strength, after the exhaustion induced 
by excessive application. 

Mr. Agassiz was for a time connected with the Anderson 
school of natural history, on Penikese Island. Some results 
of his work in various parts of South America in 1875 are 
seen in the collection of Peruvian antiquities at the Peabody 
museum, Cambridge. 

In 1873 he gained the Walker prize of a thousand dollars 
from the Boston society of natural history. Two years later he 
assisted Sir Wyville Thompson to arrange and make up the 
collection of the Challenger exploring expedition. 

He was the first foreigner to receive the "Prix Serres*' 
from the academic des sciences de Paris. The honor is 
awarded once only in ten years. 

■ Agassiz spent the winters from 1876 to 1881 in deep-sea 
dredging, the steamer ' ' Blake " being placed at his disposal 
for this purpose by the coast survey. 

His degree of LL.D. is from the university of Cambridge, 
England. He was elected a member of the American asso- 
ciation for the advancement of science in 1869; six years 
later he became a fellow; and in 1870 was made vice-presi- 
dent. In 1866 was elected to membership in the national 
academy of science, and held the office of foreign secretary 
till 1886. 

Dr. Agassiz is likewise a member of numerous societies, 
both in this country and in Europe, including the academy 
of natural sciences, Philadelphia; the New York academy of 
science; and American philosophical society, Philadelphia. 

The list of his published works would be a long one. All 
his papers and volumes are on subjects of natural history. 
This eminent man of science is unpretending in his manners, 
lively and energetic in his movements. He is kindly-natured 
and affable, a good and a wise man; like his great father, an 
honor to human nature. 



THE BIOOBAPEICAL BE VIEW. 



319 



ABDURRAHMAN KHAN. 

Born in 1840. 

The ameer of Afghanistan, Abdurrahman Khan, is the 
son of Dost JVlohamed, the ruler of Afghanistan fifty years 
ago. When Shere Ali was disposed by the British, his son, 
Yakoob Khan, was made ameer, but being a weak man, he 
was unable to maintain his authority. In 1879 he was de- 
posed, and his cousin Abdurrahman succeeded him. 

The ameer has made 
an offensive and defensive 
alliance with Great Britain, 
for the sake of protecting 
his country from an inva- 
sion by Russia from the 
north. Afghanistan lies 
in the path between Russia 
and British India, and its 
conquest is undoubtedly a 
part of Russia's plans. So 
far, however, Russia's ad- 
vance has been checked by 
British diplomacy. 

Russia is steadily ad- 
vancing her conquest of 
Asia. The Transcaspian 
district has been wholly 
conquered and the railroad 
extended through Merv to 
Bokhara, which is the next country to be annexed. This will 
extend the Russian power all along the northern boundary 
of Afghanistan and further endanger the peace of that country. 

Furthermore, Ayoub Khan, the pretender to the ameer- 
ship, has been released by the Persians, and with secret as- 
sistance from the Russians, seeks to gain the favor of the 
disaffected Afghans. 




ABDUKEAHMAN KHAN. 



320 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GEOKGE F. EDMUNDS. 

Born about 1828. 
Among those who are universally conceded to be among 
the most prominent statesmen, is Senator George F. Ed- 
munds of Vermont, As a lawyei' statesman and debater, 
he ranks among the highest in the land. The country hears 
from him on all great public questions, which do not seem to 
have been thoroughly discussed until the illumination of his 

learning, cool judgment 
and perspicuous statement 
have been brought to bear 
upon them. 

He is a genial man, 
warm and constant in his 
friendships, as is seen in 
the brotherly association 
with ex -Senator Thurman 
of Ohio. That he is a man 
against whose fair name 
calumny would be power- 
less, needs not be said. 

In 1880 and 1884 sev- 
eral newspapers strongly 
urged his nomination for 
GEORGE F. EDMUNDS. the presidency, and the 

latter year he received ninety-three votes for that office. Ed- 
munds is a Vermonter by birth, having been born at Kich- 
mond. 

Receiving a public school education, he read law and was 
admitted to the bar. At twenty-three years of age he was 
elected to the state legislature, and continued to assist in its 
proceedings five years, during three of which he served as 
speaker of the house. In 18G1-2 he acted as temporary pre- 
siding officer of the senate of Vermont. The seat in the 




I 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 321 

United States senate has been held by him continuously 
since 1866. On the resignation of David Davis as the pres- 
ident of the senate, he was elected to succeed him. 

No public man commands greater respect than Senator 
Edmunds. His honors are universally felt to be due to hiS' 
superior talents, exemplary diligence and exalted character. 



WILLIAM M. EYAETS. 

Born in 1818. 

It is said of Senator Evarts, that his favorite amuse- 
ment rests in his feet rather than in his hands, and he winds 
his long legs in and out like the India-rubber man of the cir- 
cus. He is said to be able to twist one leg around the other 
three times and rest both feet flat on the floor* and this is 
his favorite attitude while listening to a good story or think- 
ing up an after-dinner speech. Evarts is one of the best af- 
ter-dinner speakers in congress, and he is one of the best sto- 
ry-tellers. He rarely remains in his seat for any length of 
time, and slides about through the senate chairs from one 
brother senator to the other, giving a word of wisdom here 
and a witty repartee there, and carrying good nature with 
him wherever he goes. Evarts is a good laugher — that is, 
he is a good laugher for Evarts. 

He seldom laughs loud enough for any one else to hear 
him, and the only time when he gets the wrinkles out of his 
anatomy is when he hears a#good joke and shakes all over 
with that convulsive but silent laugh. 

This statesman, William M. Evarts, is one of the most dis- 
tinguished citizens of the United States. Although he is an 
uncompromising republican, he is revered and esteemed by 
his political opponents, fully as much as by his friends. The 
Evarts family hail from Massachusetts, and Jeremiah Evarts, 
the father of the subject of this sketch, was one of the most 



322 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 



prominent of Boston's clergymen. William M. Evarts was 
born in Boston, and graduated at Yale college in 1837. 

He studied law at the Harvard law school and was ad 
mitted to the bar in 1840. He practiced law in New York 
city and soon established a lucrative practice, and became 
celebrated for his great profundity and great erudition. 
When the republican party was founded, he was one of the 

first to enroll himself as a 
member. 

At the time of Presi- 
dent Johnson's impeach- 
ment, Mr. Evarts was his 
principal counsel, and suc- 
ceeded Stan berry in the 
cabinet. 

Before this, from 1847 
to 1853, he was United 
States district attorney. In 
1871, he with two col- 
leagues were appointed by 
Gen. Grant to defend the 
interests of the citizens of 
the United States before 
the "Tribunal of Arbitra- 
tion" that met to settle 
the "Alabama claims." 
Mr. Evarts was the principal counsel in the notorious- 
Tilton-Beecher trial in 1875. In 1877 he argued the repub- 
lican side of the case before the electoral commission. Up- 
on the accession of Mr. Hayes to the presidential chair, he 
entered the cabinet as secretary of state. He is considered 
one of the most brilliant of orators, and he was honored in 
receiving the degree of LL.D. from Union college in 1857; 
from Yale, his "Alma Mater," in 1865; and from Harvard 
in 1870. The senator's term expires in 1891. 




AMLLIAM M E\ ART'S 



I HE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



323 



JOHN KUSSELL YOUNG. 

Born in 1841. 

This popular author and newspaper writer was bora at 
Downington, Pennsylvania, and was educated at the Jiigh 
school at New Orleans. Upon attaining a proper age he 
became connected with the Philadelphia "-Press," and work- 
ed upon the paper in the capacity of compositor, reporter, 
and news editor. Such was 
the ability with which he 
managed his department 
on that paper that he at- 
tracted the attention of 
Horace Greeley, who offer- 
ed him a position on the 
New York ' 'Tribune," then 
at the zenith of its success. 

Mr. Young accepted the 
offer and became the man- 
aging editor. This was in 
1865; in 1869 he resigned 
and started the "Stand- 
ard, "which did not, how- 
ever, meet his expectations; 
and, in 1872, he joined the 
staff of the New York 
*' Herald." 

When General Grant made his tour of the world-. Young 
was elected to accompany him, representing the New York 
"Herald;" and he sent that paper graphic accounts of the 
journey. Returning with Grant to America, he wrote his ex- 
periences and published them in book form, which was pro- 
fusely illustrated. In 1882 Mr. Young was made minister 
to China. He was married shortly before his departure for 
that country, where his wife died. 




JOHN KUSSELL YOUNG. 



324 



TEE BIOGEAPIIWAL REVIEW. 



LOUISE MICHEL. 



The life of Louise Michel lias been one of sadness and of 
unusual intensity. 

She was born at the Chateau de Vroncourt, where her 
mother was a domestic; her father is said to have been an 
aristocrat. Her early life was passed in plenty, and she 
was the pet of the household circle, who admired her pre- 
cocity and the originality of her views. Upon the death of 

her protectress and the ad- 
vent of new owners to the 
home in which she had 
lived in comfort and honor, 
her mother and she were 
sent out into the cold 
world. Under these cir- 
cumstances she opened a 
school in the village of 
xVudelencourt, but did not 
gSucceed;and an experiment 
fof the same character, 
Hnade in Paris, was also a 
^failure. She then found 
m ore congenial associa- 
tions than those of the 
school-room in the political 
clubs which were springing 
up in the French capital; and she became a leader in the 
diffusion of ideas which, in the course of time, took the form 
ill her mind of a new social system. During the struggle 
made by the Commune she fought under the red flag, was 
made prisoner and exiled to New Caledonia. The noble 
generosity of the woman appeared in many ways while on 
her way to that far-oft' land and while a resident there. Her 




LOUISK MICIIKL 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 325 

bestowing her stockings and shoes upon a wretch more in 
need of them than she while on the way out is remembered as 
one of her numerous acts of self-deniah Upon her pardon 
and return to her native country she resumed her old occu- 
pation as a political agitator, and came the second time 
under legal constraint, being sentenced to a long term of 
imprisonment. By the clemency of the president of the 
French republic she was, however, soon liberated. 

Louise Michel is described as a quiet, kind-looking middle- 
aged woman, homely in her general appearance. Her brow 
is intellectual, her mouth too large for beauty, her hair 
brown in color and cut short, her eyes gray and full of ex- 
pression. She dresses shabbily in black. One of her ad- 
mirers says that after a brief conversation with her the 
plainness of her features is lost sight of in the charm of her 
manner and of her mind. IJer delivery as a public speaker 
is quiet and subdued; she utters terrible things in a manner 
amiable and winning. Her political views are summarized 
in her own words, thus: "Tear down the whole social edifice, 
and begin over again." She maintained that crime is the 
result of existing abuses, which would be destroyed in the 
creation of a new social edifice, in which justice and love 
would rule. Her scheme involves the abolishment of govern- 
ment and the creation of social groups, in which every 
member would contribute to the general good, the abler 
members without superior reward on account of superior ser 
vices, but content with doing more for the association. 
Money would have no place in this arrangement, the wants 
of all being supplied from a public store to which all would 
contribute according to the nature of their production and 
the extent of their capacity. 

The apostle of this dream has her home in poverty in one 
of the obscure parts of Paris. She has realized but little by 
the authorship of school books, which are said to 
superior merits. 



326 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

JOHN WANNAMAKER. 

Bor7i about 1840. 

The leading merchant ill Philadelphia, John Wannamaker, 
is jet a middle-aged man. His youth was a laborious struggle, 
rewarded in early manhood with the means to open a cloth- 
ing establishment in ' ' the city of Brotherly Love." Untiring, 
honest, straightforward, shrewd, the young merchant 
prospered. 

A good story is told of him wheeling a barrow containing 
a large package promised 
to a customer for delivery 
at a certain time, rather 
than to disappoint his 
customer. He continued in 
the clothing business un- 
til about the year 1880, 
w^hen he opened the bazar, 
which is one of the 
" sights " of Philadelphia. 
New York has nothing to 
compare with it. It is a 
won derf ul transformation 
of the depot formerly oc- 
cupied by the Pennsylvania 
Railway Company. Every- 
thing for which a place can 
be found in the house is '^""^ wannamaker. 

purchaseable at Wannamaker's excepting, perhaps, groceries 
and meat. 

To fully enumerate its variety is an impracticable and un- 
necessary task. Of course, old-fashioned and conservative 
business people said Wannamaker would fail in his great 
enterprise. They were mistaken. He is the first mer- 
chant of his city. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 327 

GEORGE I, KING OF GREECE. 

Borri in 1845. 

George I, the king of Greece, or king of the Hellenes, 
has been king for a quarter of a century, or since he was but 
eighteen years of age, when he was elected to the Hellenic 
throne. He finds it a hard job to rule the modern Greeks 
or keep their favor, and has never been too firmly establish- 
ed on the throne. More 
than once during his event- 
ful career it seemed as if 
King George would even 
have to abandon the 
throne. 

Neither can it be said 
that, under his reign, agri- 
culture has much improved 
or even that brigandage 
has diminished. 

The relations between 
Greece and European pow- 
ers (except France and , sf^^^^^P**^^ J% S-?^, 
Denmark) are not altogeth- ^|^^^^^^^i.E^gP^^^^||^^%$. 
er friendly, as Greece re- 
sents the action of the 
powers in forcing her to 
desist from war with Tur- 
key in the spring of 1886. george i, king of grbeoe. 

Like Servia, Greece resented any disturbance of the exist- 
ing order of things by which she did not profit, and armed 
herself in preparation for a general- conflict, advancing her 
claims to Epirus and Thessaly, based on the award of the 
Berlin conference; but she was ordered by the powers to dis- 
band her armies. The population of the country is about 
two millions, with an army of thirty-five thousand men. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



MUKAT HALSTEAD. 

Born Sept. 2, 1829. 
The great journalist, Murat Halstead, is a native of Ohio, 
being born in Paddy's Run, in Butler county of that state. 
He spent the summers on his father's farm, and the winters 
in school until he was nineteen years old. He then taught 
school for a short time, entered Farmer's college, near Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, whence he graduated in 1851. 

He had already contri- 
buted to the press, and 
after leaving college, be- 
came connected with the 
Cincinnati "-Atlas," and 
later on with the " Enquir- 
er." He afterward estab- 
lished a Sunday school 
paper in that city, and dur- 
ing 1852-53 worked on the 
"Columbian Great West," 
a weekly newspaper. 

After working on the 
Cincinnati ' ' Commercial " 
a short time, he bought an 
interest therein, and in 
1867 its control passed in- 
to his hands. 

After pursuing for a time a course of independent journal- 
ism, he allied himself with the republican party, which he 
has since supported. 

The Cincinnati "Gazette" was consolidated with his paper 
in 1883, and he became president of the company that pub- 
lish the combined journal under the name of the '^ Commer- 
cial-Gazette." 




MUUAI llAl 5lL VJ 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT. 

Born Nov. 19, 1827. 

The prominent lawyer and statesman, William Crownin- 
shield Endicott, is a native of Salem, in the state of Massa- 
chusetts. He is a direct descendant of ex-gov. John Endicott, 
and a grandson of Jacob Crowninshield. Graduating at 
Harvard in 1847, he studied in the law school and with Na- 
thanael J. Lord, and was 
admitted to the Massachu- 
setts bar in 1850. 

He then practiced law 
until 1873, when he was 
appointed associate justice 
of the supreme court of 
Massachusetts, which office 
he held for ten years, when 
he resigned. 

Mr. Endicott was origin - 
ally a "whig" in politics, 
but when that party was 
broken up, he joined the 
democrats, and was a can- 
didate of that party for the 
governorship of Massachu- 
setts in 1884, but received 
defeat, although he was very popular, and polled quite a 
large vote. 

In March, 1885, he was appointed secretary of war, which 
position he still holds (1888). The war department was es- 
tablished by act of congress in 1789. The secretary of war 
is at the head, and performs the duties respecting military 
affairs, subject to the wishes of the president, of whose cab- 
inet the secretary is a member. The duties of this office are 
manifold, requiring a general supervision of army affiiirs. 




WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT. 



S30 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JOHN M. HAKLAN. 

Borji in 1833. 

The subject of this sketch, John M. Harlan, before he 
became a justice of the supreme court, was well known as a 
politician and public speaker. 

Judge Harlan is a native of the state of Kentucky, and 
still remains one of the citizens of that state. Early in life 

he studied law, and before 
he had attained his thir- 
tieth year was elected at- 
torney - general of his 
state. 

In 1877 he was appoint- 
ed by President Hayes to 
the position of justice of 
the supreme court of the 
the United States, which 
he still retains. 

The duties of the supreme 
court are very arduous, and 
the increase of appeals 
made to it grows larger 
every year. Justice Har- 
lan says: "In 1803 the 
whole number of cases on 
the docket of the supreme court was fifty-one. In 1819 
there were one hundred and thirty-one cases. But in 1860 
the number had increased to three hundred and ten, of which 
ninety-one were determined during the term. In 1870 the 
docket contained over six hundred cases; in 1880, over 
twelve hundred; and in 1886, nearly fourteen hundred, of 
which four hundred and fifty-one cases were disposed of dur- 
ing the term." This shows the heavy work that falls to the 
lot of the justices of the supreme court. 




JOHN M. HARLAN. 



\ 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 331 

HENRY L. MULDROW. 

Born about 1835. 

The lawyer and politician, Henry Loundes Muldrow, is a 
native of the state of Mississippi. After studying law he 
was admitted to the bar in 1859. 

When the war broke out, he entered the confederate 
army and served four years, rising to the rank of colonel. 

In 1875 he was elected 
to the state legislature, and 
two years later was sent to 
congress. Here he con- 
tinued until 1885, when 
he was chosen for the first 
assistant secretaryship of 
the interior department. 

The department of the 
interior was established by 
act of congress in 1849. 
At the head of the depart- 
ment is the secretary of 
the interior, who is charg- 
ed with the supervision of 
public business relating to 
the following subjects: 
Public lands, including henet l. mtjldrow. 

mines; the Indians; pensions and bounty lands: patents for 
inventions; the custody and distribution of publications; ed- 
ucation; the census; government hospital for the insane; 
Columbia asylum for the deaf nnd dumb; and the territories 
of the United States. There are two assistant secretaries 
and a large clerical force in the general office, to say nothing 
of the employes in the different bureaus of the department. 
Some idea can, therefore, be seen of the work that would 
naturally fall upon the shoulders of Mr. Muldrow. 




332 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JOE MULHATTAN. 

Born about 1845. 

In 1884, as a joke, Joseph Mulhattan was nominated for 
president of the United States, by the drummers' national 
convention, held in Louisville, Kentucky, on the ticket of the 
"business men's reform party." 

Mr. Mulhattan professed not to regard his nomination as 
a joke, but spoke of it quite seriously. In an interview at 
the time he said: "There 
are two hundred and fifty 
thousand drummers in the 
United States, and though 
we do not expect a large 
vote this time, we shall 
make a good showing, and 
organize for the next cam- 
paign. This year we had 
to do everything inside ot 
a week, and we did not have 
time to get properly orga- 
nized. The drummers are 
good canvassers, and they 
will stump the country 
from Maine to California, 
so, you will see, we shall 
have lots of stump speak- 
ers on the road. We may 
carry a state or two, and JOe mulhattan. 

thus throw the election into the house, and in that case the 
present political parties will have to compromise with us. I 
have always been a democrat, but now I suppose I shall have 
to call myself the leader of the business men's reform party. 
In 1888 the drummers propose to down the bummers." 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 333 

Joseph Mulhattan was born near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 
the son of a presbyterian minister. He was educated at Pitts- 
burgh, and graduated with honor in the high school of that 
city. Upon leaving school he began business life with a 
hardware firm in Pittsburgh, and in a short time he was sent 
on the road as a drummer for the houseo Subsequently been 
tered the employment of a firm of wholesale hardware mer- 
chants, Louisville, Kentucky, and began to travel in their 
interest. His peregrinations were extensive, over the south- 
ern and southwestern part of the United States, and had been 
continued six years for one concern, when he accepted an 
engagement from a Louisville house who had an establish- 
ment at Galveston, Texas, which was made Mr. Mulhattan 's 
headquarters. Having traveled about a year in Texas and 
Mexico in this position, he returned to the service of the 
Louisville firm who first employed him, with whom he still 
remains. His experience as traveling salesman has been a 
great success. 

Mr. Mulhattan is a remarkably bright and clever business 
man, is genial and tender-hearted, sunny of disposition, 
truthful, excepting in joke, and a practical philanthropist. A 
year ago he organized the Kentucky humane society, and has 
worked hard since to promote the success of this benevolent 
enterprise. 

He is still a bachelor, having, as he says, refused all offers 
of marriage and never made one. In personal appearance 
this ex-presidential candidate is very pleasing. He is a 
small, and shapely man, about five feet five inches in height, 
and weighing one hundred and thirty-five pounds. His hair 
and beard are dark, and heavy dark eye-brows reach across 
his nose. He speaks with astonishing rapidity, and is quick 
in all movements. His blue eyes give the impression of com- 
prehensive observation. Slanderous attacks on Mulhattan 
would fail of their purpose; he is a good man, and is highly 
esteemed wherever he is known. 



334 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

The expression "the greatest liar in America,'"' as applied 
to Mr. Mulhattan, must be understood with modification. It 
has been given him on account of the harmless weakness 
with which he beguiles the monotony of selling hardware all 
over the country east of the Ko^ky mountains. "Joe Mulhat- 
tan " is known everywhere in connection with the authorship 
of newspaper yarns as surprisingly clever and impossible as 
the creations of Baron Munchausen. They are as entirely 
harmless as brilliant in conception and treatment, such as 
only a pure-minded and educated gentleman of exceptional 
endovs-'ments can write As a rule they have been used with- 
out remuneration to the author, who has sometimes done 
graver work for the magazines and newspapers for pay, and 
with the conscientious regard for trustworthiness which 
characterizes ail Mr. Mulhattan's merely business operation. 
Apart from these his genius takes wing and indulges in flights 
which amaze by the sublime range of their unveracity. Hence 
the epithet applied to this American Munchausen, which he 
never resents, because his unassailable character as a business 
man and good citizens gives the proper limits to its 
application. 

"The champion liar of America," a variation in phraseol- 
ogy which some affect in speaking of this ex-presidential can- 
didate, is credited with the enormous feat of " laying out " 
Tom Ochiltree, who, with characteristic chivalry, acknowled- 
ged his defeat. Threats were made of sending him to con- 
gress in Tom's place on this account, and he had to leave 
the district in order to avoid what was, at that time, an un- 
desirable consummation. The story which produced such 
momentous results is briefly outlined as follows: A huge 
meteor fell from the heavens, crushing houses, people, cattle 
and trees by its stupendous weight. So enormous was its 
'ponderosity that its fall imbedded it two hundred feet in the 
earth, and left seventy feet in height still exposed to the 
light of day. This meteor was red hot, blasting everything 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 335 

about it, and from huge fissures in its substance proceeded 
sulpliurous gases of baneful strengtli. The Fort Worth 
Gazette published this incredible fabrication in collusion with 
its author. An associated press agent read the account, in his 
hunger for news swallowed it, and telegraphed it to the main 
office in New York, from whence it was distributed the 
length of the United States. The morning after its univer- 
sal publication, the Gazette received one hundred and four- 
teen telegrams of inquiry respecting the alleged phenomenon, 
of which several were from Europe; and letters asking for 
further imformation poured into the ofiice for months. Even 
more horrifying was the alleged discovery of five skeletons 
found in a carriage in a lonely place on the wild prairie of 
Texas. This little story had the distinction of being illustra- 
ted in several weekly publications, and is most devoutly be- 
lieved by a great multitude which no man can number. 

When the readers meet with a circumstantial account of 
hidden rivers being found here or there, of vast bodies, of 
water deep under ground, the haunts of eyeless sharks and 
whales and other monsters who swim in its waters of untold 
depth, upon which icebergs float, he is exhorted to think of 
Mulhattan; and the ethnologist and geologist are warned 
against believing all they see in newspapers about newly 
discovered works by prehistoric man. 

How many persuasively written and circumstantial fabrics 
of lies Mr. Mulhattan has written probably only their author 
knows. E,ecent oft-repeated accounts of John Wilkes Booth 
having been seen in many places, which have caused great 
excitement, had their origin "on the road;" and that biggest 
of all " sells," his " great national joke," as Mulhattan calls 
it, was characterized with his usual felicity of expression. 
Everybody remembers it, and the time of its origin, 1876. 
A proposal was published all over the country to remove the 
bodies of Washington and Lincoln to the centennial exhibi- 
tion, and charge fifty cents a head to view them. 



336 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GEORGE A. JENKS. 

Born in 1836. 
George A. Jenks was born in the state of Pennsylvania. 
He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and has followed 
the practice of his profession. Mr. Jenks was elected as a 
representative from his district to congress, serving one term 
in that body. In 1885 he was appointed assistant secretary 

of the interior, the ardu- 
ous duties of which posi- 
tion he fulfilled with great 
executive ability and faith- 
fulness. 

In July, 1886, he was 
transferred from the posi' 
tion of assistant secretary 
of the interior to that of 
solicitor general, which of 
fice he still retains. 

It is the duty of the de 
partment presided over by 
the attorney - general to 
consider and report on the 
questions of law submitted 
by the president or the 
head of any executive de- 
partment, and also to conduct and argue the case of the gov- 
ernment in any suits at law in which the United States may 
be interested. Beyond this, the attorney-general has the su- 
pervision of the United States district attorneys and their 
assistants, and the superintendence of lawsuits in which tliese 
local officers are engaged. United States marshals and clerks 
of the federal cii-cuit courts are likewise under the authority 
of the department of justice. This office has also the editing 
and publication of legal opinions and court decisions. 




GEORGE A. JENKS. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



337 



CHARLES B. FARWELL. 

Born July 1, 1823. 

The successor of. the late Gen. John A. Logan to the Uni- 
ted States senate was Charles B. Farwell, a native of Painted 
Post, in the state of New York. His education was gained 
at the Elrnira academy in that state. When he was fifteen 
years of age, young Farwell's father removed to Illinois, 
settling upon a farm in the 
county of Ogle, where the 
subject of this sketch did 
the work that usually falls 
to the share of farmer's 
sons, but at the same time 
learning something about 
surveying. 

But Ogle county was 
not suited to his taste, and 
he went to Chicago when 
he was twenty-one years of 
age, the possessor of a 
good store of pluck, per- 
severance and energy. 

He was given a position 
in the county clerk's office, 
and it is related that, dur- 
the illness of his superior, 
he virtually ran the office for a period of four months. In 
addition to his duties in this office, he obtained employment 
in a dry goods house to work in the evenings. Saving money 
from his wages, in less than two years he began the purchase 
of real estate. 

During 1841-49 he was a clerk in a real estate office, and 
when he left that office he entered a private banking house, 
where he remained until the year 1853. In that year he was 




m^^ 



CHARLES B. FARWELL. 



338 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

elected county clerk of Cook county, holding that office until 
1861, giving entire satisfaction. 

The war gave him a chance to invest in commercial trans- 
actions the money he had accumulated, and he began to grow 
rich. In 1864 he bought an interest in the dry goods house 
of his brother, John Y, Farwell, and his tremendous energy 
assisted in building up for the firm an extensive business 
which it still retains. Financially, Mr. Farwell is a very 
wealthy man indeed, being rated a millionaire several times 
over. 

In 1870 he ran against John Wentworth for congress and 
defeated him in one of the most bitter campaigns ever ran 
in the state of Illinois. He was re-elected in 1872 and again' 
in 1874. Four years later he again came forward as a can 
didate for congress and was again elected. His service i i 
the lower house was creditable alike to him and to the dis- 
trict he represented. 

In 1885 he was a candidate for the nomination as senator 
against Logan. There was said to be a time when Farwe i 
and Logan were far from being friends politically, but it is 
understood that their differences were patched up long be- 
fore the death of Gen, Logan. 

On the death of Gen, Logan, Mr. Farwell succeeded him as 
senator from Illinois. His term of office expires in 1891. 



JUDGE THOMAS M. COOLEY. 

Born Jan. 6, 1S24. 

Mk. Cooley is a native of Attica, in tlie state of New 
York. Removing to Michigan in 1843, he studied law and 
was admitted to the bar at Adrian in 1846, where he settled 
permanently two years later. 

In 1857 he was appointed to compile the statutes of Mich- 
igan, which were published in two volumes. About this time 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



339 



he was also a reporter of the Michigan supreme court, ana 
published eight volumes of reports. 

In 1850 he became professor of law in the University of 
Michigan at Ann Arbor, and held the position for many years. 

In 1864 he was elected a justice of the Michigan supreme 
court, but was defeated for re-election in 1885. 

Mr. Cooley has published a "Digest of Michigan Reports" 
in 1866, and a "Treatise 
on Constitutional Limita- 
tions of the Legislative 
Power of the States " in 
1868, on which latter work 
largely rests his fame as a 
jurist. 

Several years ago he 
served with E. B. Wash- 
burne and Allen G. Thur- 
man as an advisory com- 
mission to settle trunk-line 
disputes, becoming sole ar- 
bitrator on the withdrawal 
of his fellow-commission- 
ers. In 1886 he was re- 
receiver of the Wabash. judge cooley. 

Of Judge Cooley it is related that in early life he was not 
thought to be much of a lawyer; and, indeed, he once aban- 
doned that profession for farming, and bought one hundred 
acres of land near Adrian, which for a long time claimed 
more of his attention than did his profession. 

Falling in love with a rosy young lass, the daughter of a 
farmer, his timid proposal to the old gentlemen was emphat- 
ically rejected, who darkly swore that no child of his should 
marry a man that could not earn his own living. The young 
lady consented to elope, however, and married "Tom" despite 
her father. He is now chairman of the inter-state commission. 




340 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

CAROL I, KING OF ROUMANIA. 

Bom in 1839. 
Carol I, king of Roumania, is tlie son of Prince Karl of 
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. He was elected prince bj the 
national assembly of Roumania in the year of 1866, and 
proclaimed king in 1881, succeeding Prince Alexander John 
I, who had been deposed by a revolution. In 1809 he was 

married to Princess Eliza- 
beth von Neuwied. 

Roumania is governed 
by a parliament of two 
houses, elected by the peo- 
ple. The executive power 
is vested in the king, with 
the limitation that all roy- 
al acts must be sanctioned 
by a responsible ministry, 
thus checking the power 
of the monarch. 

The population of Rou- 
mania is estimated at a lit- 
tle over five millions. This 
country maintains a stand- 
ing army of eighteen thou- 
sand soldiers, and could,in 
case of war, place one 

CAROL I, KING OF ROUMANIA. ■■ , , ^ ix&^ ..\ A 

' hundred and titty thousand 

soldiers in the field. The expenses of the government gen- 
ally exceed the revenue, and at the present time there is no 
surplus in the treasury. The indebtedness of the country 
is something over one hundred and fifty million dollars, the 
interest on which is a constant strain upon the taxpayers. 
The king is fifty years of age, a brave soldier, and well-be- 
loved by his subjects. 




THE BIOOEAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



341 



THOMAS E. BENEDICT. 

Born in 1839. 

The subject of this sketch, Thomas E. Benedict, is a native 
of New York. He is a printer and publisher by trade, and 
for some years ran a political paper in aid of the New York 
democrats. He was elected and served three years in the 
legislature of his native state. In 1886 he was appointed to 
the position of public prin- 
ter at the national capital. 

The government printing 
office is the largest print- 
ing and binding establish- 
ment in the world. It does 
all of this kind of work 
that is needed by the gov- 
ernment, except the fine 
work specially entrusted to 
the treasury bureau of en- 
graving and printing. 

The public printer is un- 
der heavy bonds to account 
for the money received by 
him, and on the strength 

of these bonds, money is —- - — — --. - 

advanced to him by the thomas e. benedict. 

secretary of the treasury to keep the office ' ' going" until the 
work is finished and charged to the proper appropriation. 

Congressmen and executive officers authorized to order 
printing at government expense, deal directly with the pub- 
lic printer, who is accountable chiefly to the congressional 
committees on printing. The average number of persons em- 
ployed in this department is fifteen hundred. They are well 
paid, but retain their places only by favor of the managers 
or of congressmen who claim the right of work for proteges. 




342 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



FREDERICK DOUGLASS. 

Born about 1S17. 

The colored people of America are now very thoroughly 
organized for the protection of their rights, and at their na- 
tional convention a few years ago at Louisville, Kentucky, 
Frederick Douglass, the famous colored orator and journal- 
ist, was elected permanent chairman. The colored men could 
not find among their num- 
ber a more able and trust- 
worthy leader, or a man of 
more influence in political 
councils. 

Mr.Donglass is not aware 
of the exact date of his 
birth, but thinks that it 
was in the year 1817. His 
father was a white man 
and his mother a negro 
slave; and his birthplace 
was Tucakahoe, on the 
eastern shore of the Mary- 
land, a place noted for the 
sterility of its soil and the 
wretchedness of its inhab- 
itants. 

He was reared as a ne- 
gro slave on the plantation of Col. Edward Lloyd, and at ten 
years of age was transferred to a relative of his owner, at 
Baltimore. Mr. Douglass endured great suffering as a slave, 
which was the more keenly felt on account of his extraordi- 
nary intelligence. 

The story is familiar how he ilrst learned to make the let- 
ters of the alphabet, by studying the carpenter's marks on 
the planks and timbers, in the ship-yard at Baltimore. He 




FKEUEKICK DOUGLASS. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 343 

used to listen to his mistress reading the bible, with a curi- 
ous interest, and he longed to learn the secret which enabled 
her to read and enjoy the holy book. One day he asked her 
if she would not teach him to read. The good lady consent- 
ed, and he proceeded with such aptitude and rapidity that 
his master, who did not believe "in teaching niggers to 
read," summarily put an end to the good work. 

In spite of every obstacle which was thrown in his way, 
he at length learned to read, and in company with another 
young man started a Sunday school. This excited the righte- 
ous indignation of the church people, and the Sunday school 
was rudely broken up at one of its sessions. 

The sensitive nature of our young hero began to chafe 
under the hardships to which he was subjected, and the ig- 
nominy which rested upon his race. His whole soul was in 
rebellion, and he resolved to break away from his bondage. 
For many years he kept secret the manner of his escape, but 
it was made known not long since. 

Procuring what was called sailor's protection papers from 
a friend who had been a seaman, and making himself up to 
answer the description in it as nearly as possible, he boarded 
the train at Washington and succeeded in reaching New 
York. Thence proceeding to New Bedford, Massachusetts, 
he married a colored woman and settled down. He worked 
here until 1841, when he attended an anti-slavery convention 
at Nantucket and spoke so eloquently that he was immedi- 
ately employed as a lecturer by the Massachusetts Anti-Sla- 
very society, and for four years he lectured with success. 

In 181:5 he published his autobiography, and made a lec- 
turing tour of Great Britain, where one hundred and fifty 
pounds was contributed for the purchase of his freeaom. In 
1847 he established a weekly abolition paper. He was a 
presidential elector for the state of New York in 1872. Mr. 
Hayes appointed him United States marshal for the District 
of Columbia. 



344 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



ADMIRAL LUCE. 

Born March 25, 1827. 
The noted naval officer, Admiral Stephen Bleecker Luce, 
is a native of Albany, in the state of New York. 

Entering the navy as midshipman in 1847, he was com- 
missioned lieutenant-commander in 1862, commander in 
1866, captain in 1872, commodore in 1881, and rear-admiral 

in 1885, filling these posi- 
tions with great skill. 

In 1862 he served on 
the frigate "Wabash," 
which was- at that time at- 
tached to the blockading 
squadron on the coast of 
South Carolina; and par- 
ticipated in the battles of 
Hatteras Inlet and Port 
Royal. The same year he 
commanded a howitzer 
launch during an engage- 
ment with the confeder- 
ates. 

Also in 1863 he com- 
manded the monitor "Kan- 
tucket," and later co m- 
manded the "Pontiac." 
During 1869-70 he was 
on the steam-sloop "Juniata." From 1881: to 1886 he was 
president of the United States naval college; and in the lat- 
ter year he was appointed commander of the North Atlantic 
Squadron. This great naval officer was a founder of the 
United States naval war college, and was also instrumental 
in the establishment of the naval training school; and has 
written a work on " Seamanship," and edited "Naval Songs.' 




ADMIRAL LUCE. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



345 



JAMES W. HYATT. 

Me. Hyatt is a native of Norwich, in the state of Con 
necticut, and still has his residence in that city. He has 
been distinguished as president or manager of various rail- 
road companies, in which positions he has always shown 
marked ability, both from a business and financial stand- 
point. Indeed, for ten 
years he was a bank com- 
missioner of the state of 
Connecticut. 

He has also served as a 
member of the state sen- 
ate. 

In January, 1887, he was 
appointed a national bank 
examiner for the states of 
Connecticut and Rhode Is- 
land, and toward the end 
of the same year he was 
made treasurer of the Uni- 
ted States. 

This office was establish- 
ed in 1789. The treasurer 
and assistant-treasurers (at 
the sub-treasuries throughout the union) receive all moneys 
paid to the United States government, l^ayments of money 
are made by the treasurer upon warrants issued by the sec- 
retary. The treasurer is also fiscal agent of the United States, 
in paying on demand the interest on the public debt, and re- 
deeming in coin such United States notes as maybe present- 
ed. He also pays the salaries and mileage fees, and so forth, 
of the house of representatives. The treasury also receives and 
disburses the funds of the postoffice department. 




JAMES W. HYATT. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



WILLIAM LEE TRENHOLM. 

Born in 1836. 
The subject of this sketch, William Lee Trenholm, was 
born in the state of South Carolina, and received a very fair 
education. 

When the war broke out he joined the confederate forces, 
and served gallantly through the war. 

In 1865 he resumed business in Charleston, continuing 

it for a number of years. 
In 1885 he was appointed 
one of the commissioners 
of the civil service of the 
United States. Previous 
to this he had held no pub- 
lic office, except that of 
city alderman for a term 
of two years. 

In 1886 he was transfer- 
red from his office of com- 
missioner to that of the 
comptroller of the curren- 
cy. 

Like his father, who was 
secretary of the treasury 
in the southern confeder- 
a c y , Mr. Trenholm has 
shown a taste for questions 
of finance, and was, previous to his appointment, well known 
to the American public through his numerous writings and 
public addresses. 

The office of the comptroller of the currency dates only 
from 1863, and is the outgrowth of the national banking 
system established during the war. This office has charge of 
the national bank note issue. 




WILLIAM LEE TRENHOLM. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



347 



LEOPOLD II, KING OF THE BELGIANS. 

Born in 1835. 

The king of the Belgians, Leopold II, lias been on the 
throne nearly a quarter of a century, and if he should reign 
till he reaches the age at which his father died, he will be 
king up to the year 1910. 

He is the son of Leopold I, the father being before his 
election to the throne of Belgium a prince of the house of 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Leo- 
pold II succeeded his fa- 
ther in 1865. 

The first part of his 
reign was uneventful, but 
in 1870, on the outbreak 
of the Franco-German war, 
the position of Belgium 
was naturally one of great 
anxiety; but a neutrality 
was maintained through 
the influence of the pow 
ers, and notably that of 
England. 

The king was married in 
1853 to Marie Henriette, 
daughter of Archduke Jos- 
eph of Austria. Three 
daughters have been born to them, but no sons; and as the 
royal succession is in the direct line of heirs male, the king's 
eldest brother Philippe, Count of Flanders, is heir apparent. 
Wage-workers in many parts of the state are infected with 
socialistic doctrines, and strikes and riots frequently occur. 

Among King Leopold's many philanthropic efforts is the 
International African Association for opening up the Congo 
to trade, of which he was the leading spirit, and Henry M. 
Stanley the executive. 




LEOPOLD II. 



348 



THE BIOORAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



GEORGE F. HOAR. 

Born Aug. 29, 1S26. 
A coKEESPONDENT speaks of Senator Hoar as a round-faced, 
fair-skinned man, with features like those of Horace Greeley; 
looks out through big spectacles at the gallery, and his hands 
nervously play with a bunch of keys as he does so. This 
gray-haired, cannon-ball-headed senator, who sits there and 
plays with these keys all daylong, is the senator from Mass- 
achusetts. When rising to 
speak he passes the bunch 
from one hand to the oth- 
er, and as he sits and thinks 
of his Massachusetts gene- 
alogy, and of the close line 
which divides the Massa- 
chusetts mugwump from a 
Massachusetts republican, 
his actions become nervous 
and a pronounced jingle of 
the keys may be heard in 
the press gallery. It ap- 
pears that without these 
keys he would indeed be 
lost. 

The correspondent fur- 
ther says that "the play- 
ing with them has become 
a part of himself, and I am told that he has a pocket for 
them in his night-shirt, away down at the side corresponding 
with the pocket of his pantaloons, and that he sometimes 
gets them out in. his dreams." 

George F. Hoar, of Worcester, Massachusetts, was born at 
Concord, of that state, and studied at Concord academy and 
Harvard, graduating from the latter in 1846. 




GEOEGE F. HOAE. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 349 

After studying law. he graduated from the Daur law school 
of Harvard, and settling in Worcester, was there admitted 
to the bar, 

Mr. Hoar was a member of the state house of representa- 
tives in 1853, and of the state senate in 1857. He was elect- 
ed, as a representative, to the forty-first, forty-second, forty- 
third, and forty-fourth congresses, and declined a re-nomina- 
tion for the forty-fifth session. 

From 1874 to 1880 he was an overseer, of Harvard col- 
lege. He presided over the Massachusetts republican con-' 
ventions of 1871, 1877, and 1882; was a delegate to the re- 
publican national conventions of 1876, 1880, and 1884; and 
presided over the convention of 1880. 

Mr. Hoar was one of the managers, on, the part of the 
house of representatives, of the Belknap impeachment trial 
in 1876; and was a member of the famous electoral com- 
mission during the same year. To the Smithsonian Institution 
he has been a regent, and also president of the American 
Antiquarian Society. 

In 1877 he was elected to the United States senate as a 
republican, was re-elected in 1883, which term.expires in the 
year 1889. 

Mr. Hoar is a gentleman whose culture represents his na- 
tive state, and he is numbered among its most earnest phil- 
anthropists. 



WILLIAM F. VILAS. 

Born in July, 1840. 

The steady and consistent democrat, William F. Yilas, is a 
native of Yermont, but at the age of eleven years removed 
to Wisconsin. After graduating from the Wisconsin state 
university, he studied law at Albany. 

During the civil war he served as an officer in a regiment 
from his adopted state. The attention of the general public 



350 THE BIOGRAPHICAL RE VIEW. 

was first attracted by him through a speech at a banquet of 
the army of the Tennessee in 1ST9. So eloquent was this ad- 
dress that it made him the cynosure of all eyes. 

Mr. Yilas is one of the -foremost lawyers of Wisconsin, 
practicing at Madison, where he is a popular citizen. He 
was commissioned to revise the statutes of his state; the 
state university made him a regent, and also a professor in 
its law school. In July, 
1884, he came into nation- 
' al prominence, having been 
chosen chairman of the 
democratic national con- 
vention at Chicago. He 
was also made chairman 
of the committee entrusted 
with the commission to 
formally announce to Mr. 
Cleveland his nomination 
to the presidency of the 
United States. 

As an orator he has 
gained a national reputa- 
tion for his eloquence. 

As a rising man of the 
bar, he is considered to william f. vilas. 

have great prospects of becoming a most eminent jurist. In 
the democratic party' he is also considered a leader, and one 
who is yet destined to play a most prominent part in the po- 
litical arena of the nation. 

In the Cleveland-Blaine campaign of ISS-i he was most 
active in the western states, and through his ability did much 
to effect the election of Cleveland. As a reward for his ser- 
vices he was appointed postmaster-general by the president 
in 1885; and in January, 1888, he was appointed secretary 
of the interior. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



351 



HAKRISON H. RIDDLEBEEGEE. 

Born Oct. 4, 1844. 
Me. RiDDLEBEEGEE was born in Virgin i a, received a com- 
mon school education, and had a home preceptor for two 
years. Serving three years in the confederate army, he held 
the rank of second and first lieutenant of infantry and cap- 
tain of cavalry. 

Mr. Riddleberger is a lawyer by profession, and served as 

attorney for the common- 
wealth for two years, also 
two terms in the house of 
delegates, and one term in 
the state senate. 

Since 1870 he has edited 
three newspapers, — "The 
Tenth Legion," "The She- 
nandoah Democrat, "'and 
the "Virginian." Until 
1875 he was a member of 
the state committee of the 
conservative party; in the 
year 1876 he was a presi- 
dential elector on the dem- 
ocratic ticket; and also an 
elector on the readjuster 

HAKEISON H. KIDDLEBEEGEK. ticket in 1880. 

By a combination of circumstances not unusual in politi- 
cal bodies, Kiddleberger, the only member of the upper house 
not elected as a representative of either of the great parties, 
holds what is practically the balance of power, — as the sen- 
ate contains thirty-eight republicans, thirty-seven democrats, 
and one independent, the latter being Senator Riddleberger, 
whose position is naturally an interesting one, and a source 
of anxiety to both sides of the house. 




352 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Mr. Riddleberger in the first part of his term general- 
ly co-operated with the republicans, but later on sliowed a 
tendency to assist the democratic side. He is swayed by his 
own personal feelings in regard to public matters, and no 
one can tell how he will vote on any given proposition upon 
which he has not previously declared himself. With no party 
ties to bind him to support caucus resolutions, his individual 
prejudices or fancies may swing him to one side or the other. 
This feature of uncertainty in his character is a constant 
source of apprehension to both sides when political questions 
are involved. 

Riddleberger is not popular with the grave and reverend 
senators. Defeated by them for the position of sergeant-at- 
arms, his late ally, Mahone, then in control of the politics of 
Virginia, made his erratic lieutenant his colleague in the 
senate, and constructively the equal of the senators who had 
refused liim the less exalted position of sergeant-at-arms. 
UiMer such conditions Riddleberger felt under no obligations 
to his fellow-senators. He has been a terror to them for his 
utter disregard of the ponderous dignity of the senate. The 
rules of the body confine him within no pent-up Utica, and 
regardless of points of order he says and does what he feels 
inclined to when upon the floor. For nothing does he show 
such manifest contempt as he does for the sacredness of the 
secrets of executive sessions, which he has time and again 
announced as a humbug. 

The readjuster senator's most recent exploits was in the 
tactics he used to defeat the ratification of the extradition 
treaty between this country and Great Britain. His opposi- 
tion to it was based upon the assumption that it would give 
Great Britain the opportunity to extradite Irish suspects who 
had taken refuge in this country. There is no more sincere 
friend in the Irish cause in public life than Riddleberger, 
and he was determined to prevent, by all means in his power, 
whether regular or irregular, the proposed treaty. Day 



THE BIOGRAPmCAL BE VIEW. 



353 



after day he moved to have it considered in open senate, a 
course which meant its certain defeat. Under the rules of the 
senate such a motion was out of order, but he defied the 
rules and insisted on a public discussion of the treaty. Final- 
ly he gave his fellow senators to understand that if the trea- 
ty was ratified in secret session he would make public the 
names of those who favored it. They took the hint, and the 
consideration of the treaty was postponed. It is a curious in- 
cident that one senator, without a party or without political 
following or allies, could thus defeat, single-handed, a great 
international measure. His term expires in 1889. 



OKYILLE H. PLATT. 

Born July 19,1827. 

Okvillb H. Platt is a native of Washington, Connecticut, 
and received the advan- 
tage of a thorough classical 
education. After the com- 
p 1 e t i o n of his college 
course, he took up the 
study of law at Litchfield, 
and in 1849 was admitted 
to the bar. 

He established a law of- 
fice in Meridian, which he 
has ever since maintained. 
In 1855 he was chosen 
clerk of the Connecticut 
state senate. In 1857 he 
was state secretary, and in 
1861-62 was state senator. 
During 1864-69 he was a 
state representative. orville h. platt. 

He was elected to the United States senate in 1879, and 
received the re-election in 1885, which term expires in 1891. 




854 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JOHN DILLON. 

^orn in 1851. 

John Dillon is the son of John Blake Dillon, an Irish 
rebel leader in IS^tS. Dillon the younger has no special 
gift of oratory, but he is a recognized leader of his party both 
in parliament and in appeals to the people. He is bitterly 
hostile to the Irish landlords and to English rule in Ireland^ 
and has often been arrested for inciting the people to violence. 

He was educated at the 
catholic university of Dub- 
lin. During 1879 he as- 
sisted Mr. Parnell and Mi- 
chael Davitt in founding 
the land league in America. 
Of his numerous speech- 
es, perhaps the most re- 
markable was that made at 
a land league meeting, in 
w h i c h he expressed his 
opinion that the ''cattle 
would not thrive" on the 
fields of the occupier of the 
land of an evicted tenant, 
and advised the men of the 
land league to enroll them- 
selves in order to resist the 
paying of rent. In 1886 
he took his seat once more 
in the house of commons. He defended boycotting and re- 
fused to denounce outrages as long as the government re- 
fused to denounce evictions. At another time he very 
much regretted that Ireland was unable to resist England 




JOHN DILLON. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



355 



HENRI BRISSON. 

Born in 1833. 

The French statesman, Henri Brisson, is the son of a law- 
yer of Bourges, and was called to the French bar in the year 
of 1859. 

In 1864, after an extended tour for his health, he returned 
to France, and distinguished himself, in the columns of the 
popular newspaper "Le 
Temps," as one of the 
leading political writers of 
France. And he also be- 
came known as a down- 
right opponent of the Sec- 
ond Empire. 

Upon the downfall of 
Bonapartism, M. Brisson 
became deputy mayor of 
Paris, but he soon resign- 
ed from that position be- 
cause of his inability to 
conscientiously deal with 
the communists as severely 
as his office required him 
to do. 

Elected in 1871 as a 
deputy to Paris, he became henri brisson. 

known as a politician of the highest order, and in 1879 
was chosen speaker, a position that he filled with very great 
credit. 

In 1885, on the downfall of Jules Ferry, Henri Brisson, 
sorely against his will, undertook the premiership of France. 
He resigned, however, in the following year, and was suc- 
ceeded by M. Freycinet, who in turn was succeeded by anoth- 
er premier, so hard is it to please the changeable populace. 




356 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



M. DE FilEYCINET. 

Born in 1828. 
This great French politician, Charles Louis de Saulces de 
Freycinet, was born at Dauphin e. At an early age he was 
apprenticed to an engineer, which trade he adopted as a pro- 
fession. 

In the year of 1870 he was chosen by M. Gambetta as 

chief of his military cab- 
inet. 

In 1876 this eminent 
statesman was elected sen- 
ator, A year later he be- 
came minister of public 
works, which position he 
again occupied in the year 
of 1882. 

On January 7, 1886, M. 
de Freycinet was made pre- 
mier of France; but on 
December 3 of the same 
year he resigned. 

Rene Goblet, the minis- 
?:'ter of public instruction in 
M. de Freycinet's cabinet, 
then formed a ministry, 
but continued in power 
less than six months. France is burdened with a large and 
increasing public debt, and economy seems impossible, since 
the army must be maintained, together with the other extrav- 
agances for which French voters clamor. This is principally 
the cause of the constant changes in the ministry, which is 
continually at odds with the chamber over money matters. 
M. Rouvior is now (1888) prime minister, who, in the past 
has shown great ability as a lawyer and as a financier. 




)E FREVOINET. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



357 



PERRY BELMONT. 

Born Dec. 28, 1851. 

The young: statesman. Perry Belmont, is the son of Au- 
gust Belmont, the banker-politician. He was born in the 
city of New York, graduated at Harvard in 1872, and at the 
Columbia law school four years later. 

After he was admitted to the bar, he practiced in the city 
of his birth until 1881, when he was elected to congress as 
a democrat, serving from 
1881 to 1887. 

During his first term in 
congress he was a member 
of the committee on for- 
eign affairs, and in that 
capacity came into notice 
by his cross-examination of 
James G. Blaine concern- 
his relations with a syndi- 
cate of American capital- 
ists interested in the devel- 
opment of certain guano 
deposits in Peru. It was 
sought to prove that Mr. 
Blaine's efforts, while sec- 
retary of state, to mediate 
the differences and restore 
peaceful relations between 
Chili and Peru, were actuated through motives of a pecuni- 
ary nature. 

Perry Belmont owes not a little of his prominence to his 
father's wealth and political influence, although he is a lawyer 
and politician of no mean ability. He still occupies a seat 
in the house of representatives at Washington, being a repre- 
sentative from the first district of New York. 




PEKEY BELMONT. 



358 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



MILTON J. DURHAM. 

Born iji 1824. 
Milton J. Durham was born in Mercer county, in tlie 
state of Kentucky, graduated at Asbury university in 1844, 
after which he studied law with Joshua Bell, and graduated 
at the Louisville law school in 1850. 

For several years he followed his profession with great 

success, and in 1861-62 
was a circuit judge in his 
section of the state. 

He then returned to his 
law practice at Danville, 
which he continued till the 
year 1873, when he was 
elected, as a. democrat, to 
congress, and continued a 
member of the house of 
representatives for six 
years. 

At the expiration of that 
time he again resumed the 
practice of the profession 
of law. 

In 1885 Mr. Durham 
was appointed first comp- 
troller of the treasury, an office which he has filled with ef- 
ficiency. 

The duty of the comptroller of the treasury is to examine 
and certify accounts. The office is as old as the treasury 
department, but the divisions in first and second comptroller- 
ship date only from 1817. The comptroller literally con- 
trols the disbursements of the departments under his super- 
vision, for his signature must always accompany that of the 
secretary of the treasury. 




MILTON J. DURHAM. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



359 



STEPHEN JOHNSON FIELD. 

Born in 1816. 

This great jurist, Stephen Johnson Field, was born in Had- 
dam, in the state of Connecticut. When but thirteen years of 
age he accompanied his sister, who had married a mission- 
ary, to Smyrna, for the purpose of acquiring a knowledge of 
oriental languages. 

On his return he entered Williams college, and graduated 
in 1837, standing first in 
his class. 

Having studied law, he 
began its practice as the 
partner of his brother, Da- 
vid D. Field of New York, 
and spent some time in 
European .travel. 

In 1 849 he emigrated to 
California, where he was 
shortly afterward elected 
to the state legislature. In 
1859 he became chief jus- 
tice of the state, and four 
years later was made a jus- 
tice of the federal supreme 

iS. J. Jt<lil/ljJJ. 

court. 

In 1880 Mr. Field's name was placed in nomination for the 
presidency of the United States at the Cincinnati convention, 
and he received sixty-five votes on the first ballot, a fact that 
at least proves the popularity of this eminent scholar and 
jurist. 

He received the degree of LL.D. from Williams college, 
and later was appointed professor of law. He was appointed 
subsequently to the high place of honor of associate justice 
of the supreme oourt. 




THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



ELLEN TERRY. 

Born about 1849. 
The famous English actress, Ellen Terry, accompanied, 
as leading lady, Henry Irving on his recent professional tour 
through this country. The greater part of the life of this 
lady, who is one of the most successful of English speaking 
actresses, has been spent behind the footlights. Her pro- 
fessional life began when 
she, was a child, at the 
Princess theatre, London, 
where she assayed with 
striking success the role of 
Mamilius in the "Winter's 
Tale," Mr. Kean was then 
manager of that theatre, 
and is said to have been 
greatly impressed with her 
precocity. 

With equal success she 
played the part of Arthur 
in the revival of "King 
John " at that theatre soon 
afterward. 

Miss Terry made her 
professional debut as Ger- 
trude in "The Little Trea- 
sure," with Mr. Sothern in 
the principal role. In all her early attempts she displayed 
great vivacity and a careful fidelity to real life. At the new 
Queen's theatre in 1867 she made her next notable appear- 
ance, when she played Rose de Beaurepaire in Charles 
Reade's "Double Marriage." 

After an interval of seven years she reappeared in the 
"Wandering Heir," by Charles Reade. She received a most 




ELLEN TEKRY. 



THE BIOGEAPHICAL REVIEW. 361 

hearty welcome on this return to the boards, and the evi- 
dence of improved methods and matured power in her act- 
ing was greeted with well-deserved applause. 

Shortly after her appearance in 1874, she won her first tri- 
umph as Portia in "The Merchant of Yenice." She made 
an equally decided hit as Pauline in "The Lady of Lyons." 
These two master strokes following each other in quick suc- 
cession, produced quite a sensation in London. The .theatre 
was crowded nightly, and the press of the city proclaimed 
the rising of a new genius. The seal was set upon her grow- 
ing reputation, and since then she has been one of the most 
prominent figures on the British stage. 

Up to 1878 she appeared regularly in the Prince of Wales 
theatre; but shortly after that date she began an engagement 
at the Lyceum theatre, and since then her professional life 
has been confined to that place of amusement, where she has 
won enviable distinction as the coadjutor of Henry Irving. 

In her recent tour of this country with the Lyceum com- 
pany, she was accorded applause from press and public, 
which her excellence as an artist entitled her to. 

Ellen Terry has an original and most intelligent concep- 
tion of the part she plays, and all her efforts show evidence 
of careful study. Her features are not particularly hand- 
some, but they are very expressive. She has been twice 
married; her present husband is Mr. Charles Kelly, an Eng- 
lish actor. 



GENERAL LEWIS WALLACE. 

Born April 10, 1827. 

Lawyek, legislator, politician, soldier, and diplomat, the 
author of " Ben Hur" adds to these distinctions that of hav- 
ing written the most successful and most popular book of the 
century, with possibly two exceptions, " Uncle Tom's Cabin " 



362 THE BIOGBAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

and Macaulay's history. But as these have been before the 
public for forty years and "Ben Plur " only since 1880, 
it is not at all unlikely that the latter, the sales of which 
have already reached a quarter of a million copies, will at 
least equal if not in time surpass them. It has been repub- 
lished in Canada, England, and on the continent of Europe, 
and has been translated into German, French, Italian, Swed- 
i s h , Bohemian, Spanish, 
and other languages. Al- 
though founded upon the 
times of Christ, with a 
thread of religious feeling 
running through its warp 
and woof, it has had the 
good fortune to find favor 
with all sorts of readers, 
catholic, protestant, and 
Jew. 

Lewis, or "Lew," as he 
prefers to write himself,! 
was born at Brookville, in* 
the state of Indiana. Hi; 
father, David Wallace, was| 
one of the most distinguish-^ 
ed citizens of Indiana; in- 
deed, he was governor of 
that state, a congressional ''^^' ^^''' Wallace. 

member, a judge of the common pleas, and a lawyer, states- 
man and soldier. 

Young Lewis lost his mother when he was but ten years 
of age, and so far as schooling was concerned he grew up 
a rather unmanageable boy. His father was wont to say that 
he had "paid tuition for him for fourteen years and he had 
never gone to school one." He was not a wild and dissolute 
youth, but he loved solitude and nothing for companionship. 




TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 363 

lived entirely in a world of his imagination, and was an om- 
niverous reader of romance and poetry. From his mother he 
inherited a love of art, and he early exhibited a taste for 
drawing and painting which if duly cultivated might have 
made him a great artist; and such was his ambition. But art 
in the West at that time was considered of small account. 

He was reading law when the Mexican war broke out. If 
from his mother he inherited a love of poetry and art, from 
his father he inherited decided military tastes, for though 
but nineteen years of age at the outbreak of that war, he en- 
listed in the Indiana first regiment and was soon promoted 
to the rank of first lieutenant. The chief result of this mil- 
itary experience was the conception of his first novel, "The 
Fair God." While in Mexico he saw about him the evidences 
of a strange civilization, long passed away, which kindled his 
imagination and made him ambitious to make it live again 
in the pages of romance. And he resolved that when he 
returned to his home he would write that romance. It was 
also while in Mexico that he first heard of the young lady 
wdio afterward became his wife. Miss Susan Elston of Craw- 
fordsville. 

After the close of the Mexican war he began the practice 
of the law at Covington, Indiana, whence he removed to 
Crawfordsville- Between then and the beginning of the 
civil war he served one term in the senate of Indiana. 

When the war of the rebellion commenced, Capt. Wallace 
immediately tendered his services to Gov. Morton, who ap- 
pointed him adjutant-general of the state After a short 
period of service in this position he was appointed colonel of 
the eleventh Indiana regiment. Just previous to the battle 
at Fort Donelson he was made brigadier-general, and had 
command of a division. And he was the first federal gen- 
eral to enter the rebel lines. 

His gallant services at Donelson won him a major-gener- 
alship, and he commanded a division in the army of the 



S64 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Tennessee on its march up the river to Pittsburg hmding. 
Gen. Wallace fought at Shiloh, saved Cincinnati from cap- 
ture, and prevented Early's capture of Washington, by fight- 
ing the battle of Monocacy, Maryland, July 9, 1864, which 
resulted in Ids defeat, but gave Gen. Grant time to reinforce 
the capital from City Point. Gen. Hallack having deprived 
him of his command after this action. Gen. Grant re-instated 
him, and acknowledged in liandsome terms the obligation 
which the country owed him in the saving of its capital city 
from capture. 

Gen. Wallace was a member of the court which tried the 
persons alleged to have been in complicity with Wilkes Booth, 
in the murder of President Lincoln; and he presided at the 
trial of Captain Wirth at Andersonville. 

After these exciting events he resumed the practice of law 
at Crawfordsville, and continued his literary work. He had 
commenced his romance, "The Fair God," shortly after his 
return from Mexico; he now took it up, publishing it in 1874, 
when it created a great sensation. 

In 1876, after the disputed Hayes and Tilden vote in the 
South, Gen. Wallace was one of the visiting statesmen to 
Florida to look after the count there. When Mr. Hayes was 
inaugurated he appointed him governor of Mexico. During 
1880-84 he was United States minister to Turkey, and there 
gained the high regard and admiration of the Sultan. 

"Ben Hur" was published by Harper Brothers in 1880. 
Gen. Wallace made a tour of the Holy Land, and visited those 
scenes described in his great work, which he had as yet only 
seen in imagination. During this Journey he was entertain- 
ed as the guest of the Sultan; palaces were placed at his 
disposal; a retinue of servants and a detachment of soldiers 
accompanied him; and he was met at the gates of Jerusalem 
by an official deputation. This noted man resides in Craw- 
fordsville with his wife and son. This lady is herself a wri- 
ter of considerable note, and a woman of rare mind. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



365 



HON. ZEBULON B. YANCE. 

Bo7-n in 1S30. 

Senator Yanoe laughs like a boy, and his rollicking ha! 
ha! can be heard a block away on a cold day. He likes to 
laugh and he is a good story-teller, and is one of the sena- 
tors who has a story ready for every occasion. 

Senator Yance has so long been before the public in im- 
portant political capacities, that it is almost superfluous to 
speak of his ability and 
popularity. As a speaker 
he is perhaps the best re- 
presentative of the South, 
being witty, brilliant and 
eloquent; his appearance 
on the platform is always- 
hailed with applause. 

Zebulon B. Yance was 
born in Buncombe county. 
North Carolina. His colle- 
giate education was obtain- 
ed at Washington college, 
Tennessee, and at the uni- 
versity of North Carolina. 
Studying law, he was ad- 
mitted to full practice in hon. zebulon b. vance. 
1852, and was the same year made county solicitor. His po 
litical career began in 1856, when he was chosen a member 
of what was then called the house of commons of North 
Cai^olina. Two years later he was elected to congress and serv- 
ed until the outbreak of the war. 

Like several of the best men of his state, Mr. Yance was 
oilginally opposed to secession, but when the step was taken, 
threw his fortunes in with those of his state. As colonel of 
th-^ twenty-sixtli North Carolina regiment he was present at 




366 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

the battle of Newbern, the seven days before Richmond, and 
Malvern Hill. 

In 1862 Col. "Vance was elected governor of North Caro- 
lina, and in 1864 re-elected. After the "reconstruction" 
of the state, Gov. Yance was chosen to represent North 
Carolina in the senate, but not admitted, and in 1872 handed 
in his resignation. He ran again for the position in 1872, 
but was defeated by a coalition of bolting democrats. 

In 1876 Mr. Vance was elected governor of the state, 
after an exciting canvass, by a very handsome majority. 
Three years later he again met his old antagonist. Col. Mer- 
rimon, and defeated him before the legislature as candidate 
for United States senator. He received the re-election to the 
senate in 1885, and his term expires in 1891. 



"DON" CAMERON. 

Born in 1833. 

James Donald Cameron or "Don" Cameron as he is 
familiarly called, has acquired a national reputation as a 
republican "boss." Other bosses have risen up in large 
numbers and soon suffered a decadence of their power, but 
" Don" still retains his political prestige and is likely to for 
some years to come. 

He is the son of the Hon. Simon Cameron, the famous 
political veteran, who resigned the senatorial chair which 
the "Don" now occupies. 

Mr. Cameron was born in Middletown, in the state of 
Pennsylvania. He graduated at Princeton college, and be- 
gan life as a clerk in the Middletown bank, where he rose to 
the position of cashier. He learned railroading by engaging 
in the transportation of troops and supplies, and in 1866 be- 
came president of the Northern Central railroad, now a part 
of the Pennsylvania Central. His first appearance in politics 



TEE BIOORAPEICAL BE VIEW. 367 

was in the cabinet. President Grant made him secretary of 
war in 1S76, and he served the remainder of Grant's term 
till 1877. 

When he left the office of secretary, his father, the 
Hon. Simon Cameron, who was growing old, resigned his 
seat in the United States senate, and instructed the legisla- 
ture of Pennsylvania to elect "Don." It did so. The young 
" boss" was re-elected in 1878, and on the death of Zach 
Chandler in 1879 he succeeded him as chairman of the national 
republican committee. It 
is now a matter of history 
that if the other third term- 
ers of that committee had 
sustained his position at 
the Chicago convention, 
when he claimed that by 
precedent he had the right 
of naming the temporary 
chairman, Grant would 
have been nominated in- 
stead of Garfield. 

"Don" cannot make a 
speech. As a "boss" this 
is fortunate, as speeches 
have been known to rise 
up and ruin him that ut- 
tered them. He is a man „ 

.^11 P . 1 i. " DON ' CAMERON. 

With keen foresight, un- 
flinching determination and of great executive ability. He 
concedes when concession will win; he defies where defiance 
is victory. 

Mr. Cameron has been married twice. By his first wife 
he has a daughter older then his second help-mate. 

"Don" Cameron was re-elected to the senate in 1885,. 
and his term expires in 1891. 




THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



DON GUZMAN BLANCO. 

The president of Yenezuela, Guzman Blanco, was elected 
in March, 1886, This remarkable man has since 1876 so far 
controlled political affairs in his country that the government 
has been practically administered by him. 

The government of Venezuela is a federation of states, 
united by their own choice, and reserving to themselves most 

of the attributes of sover- 
eignty. As in our own 
country, under the articles 
of confederation, the laws 
passed by the federal con- 
gress are administered by 
state officers. 

The congress consists of 
a senate representing the 
states, and a house repre- 
senting the people. The 
president of Venezuela is 
chosen by a federal council 
of sixteen, which is in its 
turn selected by the con- 
gress. 

The population of Ven- 
ezuela is estimated at over 
two millions. The national 
expenditure is about ten 
million dollars por a:v.nnn, the rever.ucs generally yielding 
that amount. The indebtedness of the country is something 
over fifty millions, 

Don Guzman Blanco is a well-educated man, an expert 
enced statesman and wise ruler, and very popular with the 
people of his country. 




DON GUZMAN BLANCO. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 369- 

JOHN D. C. ATKINS. 

Bor7i in 1825. 

John D. C. Atkins is a native of the state of Tennessee. 
He studied law early in life, and practiced his profession in 
his native state. He was elected as a representative to the 
state legislature, and was subsequently elected to the senate. 
In 1857 Mt. Atkins was elected as a representative in con- 
gress at Washington. This 
position he tilled with 
great credit. 

When the war broke out 
he served in the confeder- 
ate army, and was elected 
to the congress of the con- 
federacy in 1861 ; receiving 
the election again in 1863, 
he again took his seat. 

In 1874 he was elected 
to the federal congress as 
a representative from Ten 
nessee, which position he 
held til) 1885, when he 
was appointed commission- 
er of Indian affairs. 

The office of Indian af- 
fairs was established in 1832, and transferred to the interior 
department in 1849. The head of the office — the commis- 
sioner of Indian affairs — has charge of all matters arising 
out of treaty relations with the various Indian tribes. The ful- 
fillment of all agreements with these tribes, the care of the 
Indian wards of the government, and the discharge of duties 
arising out of treaty stipulations on the one hand, and out 
of congressional legislation on the other — these are assigned 
to the office of Indian affairs. 




JOHN D C ATKINS 



370 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



COKNELIUS VANDERBILT. 

Born about 1845. 

There seems to have never been any doubt that the bulk of 
the vast fortune left by the richest man in the world would be 
inherited by his eldest son, Cornelius Yanderbilt, who, like 
his grandfather, the Commodoro, and his father, had evi- 
denced that he knows not only how to take care of the money 
but to make it increase and multiply. The past of Cornelius 
Vanderbilt's life presents 
what amounts to demon 
stration that the Yander 
bilts' distinction as finan. 
cial magnates of unequal- 
ed majesty, will be main- 
tained for at least as long 
as Cornelius Yanderbilt 
shall be the head of the 
family. 

This man, upon whose 
broad shoulders unequaled 
financial responsibilities 
to be placed, was born at 
New Dorp, Staten Island, 
New York, forty years ago. 
William H. Yanderbilt, his 
father, was at that time 
cultivating a seventy-acre 
farm. Cornelius yanderbilt. 

He gained the rudiments of education at his mother's 
knee. When old enough he was placed at an academy in 
the city of New York, where he worked with exemplary 
diligence and thoroughness. He left school a well educated, if 
not a liberally educated, young gentleman. 

He was eighteen years old when he found employment at 




TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 871 

a bank on Wall street. His business ability gratified the 
pride of his grandfather, after whom he had been named, 
and before long he was made assistant treasurer in the ofiice 
of the Harlem Kailroad, then virtually owned by the first of 
the Yanderbilts. During the year he spent in this office Mr. 
Yanderbilt became thoroughly aquainted with comprehensive 
details of railroad management, and acquired the superior 
executive. ability which impresses men who deal with him, • 

The Commodore died in the beginning of 1877, leaving a 
trifle of five millions dollars as a bequest to his promising 
grandson and namesake. Mr. Yanderbilt is said to have 
trebled this amount in the few years which have elapsed 
since he became possessed of it. 

Among the changes brought about by the death of the first 
Cornelius Yanderbilt, was the installment of his grandson 
as first vice-president of the New Central. He held this po- 
sition till 1883, when his father retired from the presidency 
of the road. Cornelius then became chairman of the board 
of directors. At that time he had been made a director in 
the Canada Southern, St. Paul and Omaha and Nickel-Plate 
railways,- and in the Union Trust Company of New York. 
Of late the condition of his health has forbidden his attentions 
to new undertakings, however tempting to a man of his 
capacity and ambition. 

Cornelius Yanderbilt has been married about sixteen years. 
His wife is the daughter of a lawyer of eminence, practising 
in Cincinnati. The couple have five children; of whom the 
two eldest boys are preparing for college. Their home is a 
centre of elegant hospitality. It is one of the finest in 
New York. 

In public spirit and usefulness Mr. Yanderbilt is one of 
the leading men of the Empire city. His name is conspic- 
uous among those who support the varied institutions and 
charities of the protestant episcopal church, and other phil- 
anthropic activities. 



372 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



HENKY IRVING. 

Born Feb. 6, 1838. 

Henry Irving arrived at New York in 1887 and made a 
professional tour in this country. His genius as an actor, 
his irreproachable character and social standing, have elevat- 
ed the histrionic art and helped to bring about a recognition 
of its essential dignity. 

Henry Irving was born at Keinton, near Gladstonbury, 
Somersetshire, England, 
his full name being John 
Henry Brodrib Irving. 
He was educated at a 
private academy in Lon- 
don, with the view of his 
engaging in commercial 
pursuits. In pursuance of 
this intention, upon his re- 
moval from school he was 
placed in the office of an 
East India merchant; but 
liis bias towards the stage 
was so strong within him 
that while still young he 
broke away from business 
and committed himself to 
the vicissitudes of the act- 
or's career. His first ap- 
pearance before the public 
was in 1856 at Sunderland, in the North of England, where 
he essayed the part of Orleans in ''Richelieu.''' The next 
year he became very popular in the theatre Royal, Edinburgii, 
where he did responsible business. Two years and a half 
with a company including such performers as Miss Cushman, 
Miss Helen Faucit, Messrs. Vandenhotf, Robson, Charles 




HENRY IRVING. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 373 

Mathews the younger, Benjamin Webster and Wright, prov- 
ed invaluable to the young aspirant, who, in 1859, appeared 
in the Princess theatre, London. His brief engagement 
there was succeeded by his appearance in Manchester, where 
he played Hamlet, By 1866 he had earned a high position 
in his profession, and had made his appearance on the board 
of the St. James' theatre, London, in various important parts. 
In 1868 and 1869 he acted in the Queen's and Drury Lane 
theatres in the same metropolis, with still increasing reputa- 
tion. Engagements at the Vaudeville and Lyceum theatres 
followed. In the last-named house his personation of Mathias 
'in ''The Bells" gave him a reputation equal to the greatest 
ever earned on the stage, and his place in the forefront of 
contemporary actors has been maintained ever since. This 
was in Isovember, 1871, a date memorable in the annals of 
triumphant acting. His undertaking was to depict, in the 
language of the London "Times," " the concluding hours of 
life passed in a constant effort to preserve a cheerful exterior 
with a conscience tortured till it had become a monomania." 
A subsequent notable success was his part of Charles I in 
Mr. W. J. Wills' "^Charles the First," which was performed 
on consecutive nights for more than half a year. Mr, Irving's 
Richelieu, Macbeth, Philip in Tennyson's "Queen Mary," 
Bichard III, his assumption of the two parts of Lesurques 
and Dubosc in Mr. Charles Reade's "Lyon's Mail," and his 
Louis the Eleventh are known, by name at least, to all read- 
ers of the newspapers. Hamlet especially commanded great 
attention from scholarly critics, and Mr. Irving's personation 
of this difficult character was given probably greater at- 
tention than any other in his wide range of parts, during his 
visit to America. Since 1878 he has been manager of the 
Lyceum theatre, London, which is described as a perfect 
temple of the drama. 

It may be gathered from considerable reading on the sub- 
ject that Henry Irving is a hard student with the means of 



374 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

assisting his natural extraordinary histrionic perception with 
tlie observations of scholarly and gifted people. He is a 
sympathetic man, and possessed of an astonishing celerity 
of thought and changeful emotion. He makes a skilful use 
of his hands in reading his lines, and their shapely beauty is 
said to assist the illusion wrought by his sympathetic and in- 
tense elocution. 

Lastly, Mr. Irving is always original; in all his parts he 
is true to his own intelligent perception of the manner in which 
they should be played. He does not lean his back against 
tradition, content with the ideas of other men. He goes to 
the book of Shakespeare and not to the business of a scene as 
others have played it. 

The prominent actor is a tall slim man, somewhat nervous 
in his movements. His appearance indicates the great actor. 
You feel it in talking with him; but there is a cordiality and 
well-bred dignity in his manner that puts you at ease in his 
company. Here is a man who is •' every inch a king," but 
he don't seem to be conscious of the fact himself, and 
from the moment of shaking hands you feel quite at home 
with him. He is rather slow and deliberate in his speech, 
now sitting carelessl}' in his chair, now standing in a grace- 
ful pose, and now striding the room and stamping his foot 
impetuously at times by way of empliasis. What an ex- 
pressive countenance he has ! It is not handsome, but its 
features are strongly marked and capable of picturing every 
emotion of his heart. His long nervous frame is like a deli- 
cately-stringed instrument, which his artistic spirit plays 
upon with masterly skill. 

No living actor has a more correct understanding of the 
principles of art, and his success marks an epoch in the his- 
tory of the British stage. 

Mr. Irving thinks that the Shakespearean drama is rapidly 
growing in popular favor; certainly in his own country, and 
apparently in others. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 375 

GEN. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON. 

Bor7i in 1807. 
The soldier and statesman, Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, is a na- 
tive of the state of Virginia. In 1829 he graduated at the 
United States military academy, in the same class with Kob- 
ert E. Lee. Mr. Johnston at once entered into active military 
life, and served with distinction through many battles, nota- 
bly those of the Indian 
Florida and the Mexican 
wars. 

In 1861 he resigned from 
the military service of the 
United States, and entered 
the confederate service, in 
which he became one of 
its most noted generals. 

In 1865 Gen. Johnston 
was ordered by Gen. Lee, 
commander-in-chief of all 
the armies of the confed- 
erate states, to assume 
command of the army of 
the Tennessee, and all of 
the troops in S^ith Caro- gen. jos. e. johnston. 

lina, Georgia, and Florida, "to concentrate all the available 
forces to drive back Sherman." 

Gen. Johnston was wounded in the Florida Indian war, 
in the Mexican war, and in the civil war, — ten times in all. 

After the war he was president of numerous business en- 
terprises, and in 1877 was sent to congress. He is now 
(1888) commissioner of railroads of the United States, being 
appointed by President Cleveland in 1885. 

Gen. Johnston has published a narrative of the late war, 
which attracted considerable attention. 




376 THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 

ALFRED P. EDGERTON. 

Born in 1813. 

A VARIED career has been that of Mr. Edgerton, who in 
his lime has been an editor, merchant, and politician. He is 
a native of the state of New York. Removing to north- 
western Ohio, he was elected to congress as a representative 
from his district; and so popular had he become that he re- 
ceived the re-election, thus 
being a member of that 
body for two terms 

Mr. Edgerton s u b s e - 
quently removed to the 
state of Indiana, where he 
now resides. 

He is a prominent dem- 
ocrat, and has taken an 
active part in the manage- 
ment of the democratic 
party. 

The educational move- 

^ ments in his adopted state 

- have also claimed a fair 

■ share of his attention, and 

in which he is ever .ready 

to take a prominent part. 

In 1885 he was appoint- 

ALFREU p. EDGERTON. ^ . .^ ai <• • -i 

ed to the office of civil ser- 
vice commissioner, in which position he has distinguished 
himself as a man of great ability and broad principles. 

The idea that the one hundred thousand or more officers 
of the government civil service belong to the party in power 
is acknowledged as a bad one, and the civil service commis- 
sion was established to draft rules for the administration of 
the civil service on the basis of merit and competition. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



377 



SAMUEL SULLIVAN COX. 

Born Sept. 30,1824. 
Mk. Cox is a native of Ohio. His father Ezekiel Taylor 
Cox was by trade a printer, but served in the Ohio senate 
during 1832-33. Mr. Cox received his education at the Ohio, 
university at Athens, and Brown university in Khode Island, 
graduating with honor from the latter institution in 1846. 
He shortly afterward be- 
gan the study of law in 
the office of Yachel Worth- 
ington, in Cincinnati, and 
he made the Queen city 
his home until 1850, when 
he went abroad on an ex- 
tended European tour. 

On his return he pub- 
lished "The Buckeye 
Abroad," a well written 
and popular work, descrip- 
tive of his travels. In 1853, 
Mr. Cox became proprie- 
tor and editor of the "Ohio 
Statesman," a Columbu^ 
paper, at which place he 
took up his abode. 

While editor of this paper he received the sobriquet of 
"Sunset" Cox, having obtained the appellation from a de- 
scription of a beautiful sunset witnessed by him and pub- 
lished in his paper. 

In 1855 he was offered the secretaryship of the legation 
to England, but he declined the honor; he, however, the 
same year, accepted the secretaryship of the legation to Peru, 
but resigned on account of ill-health. 

He was elected representative from the Columbus district 




SAMTJEL S. cox. 



378 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

in the thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth, thirty-seventh, and tliirty- 
eighth congresses, serving on various committees, and as 
one of the regents of the Smithsonian Institute. He did all 
in his power to avert secession and civil strife, but the war 
having begun he heartily supported all constitutional meas- 
ures for bringing it to a speedy termination. 

In the thirty-eighth congress (1863) he was the unsuccess- 
ful nominee of his party for speaker against Mr. Colfax. 

In March, 1865, Mr. Cox removed to New York, and the 
same year published his "Eight Years in Congress." Short- 
ly after this he made a visit to the shores and islands of the 
Mediterranean. As the result of his trip he gave to the pub- 
lic a volume entitled ''A Search for "Winter Sunbeams," 
published in London and New York. It is a work commend- 
able on account of its elaborate and'philosophical style. 

Mr. Cox has met with great success as an author and as a 
lecturer on literary themes: his mos't popular lectui-es being 
"Spain " and "Poetry of Mechanism." 

In 1868 Mr. Cox was elected a representative from the 
sixth district of New York to the forty-first congress,and was 
re-elected over Horace Greeley in 1870. His principal ef- 
forts being made in connection with the tariff, he has been 
constant in protesting against the doctrine of "protection," 
presenting his views with elaborate statistics. He was re- 
elected to the forty-t^ird congress, and to every congi'ess 
until he was appointed United States minister to Turkey, 
from which he soon resigned. 

He is again a congressional member from New York. He 
has occupied a seat in the house for a longer period than 
any of its present members. While he does not pretend to 
great activity in originating measures, he pledges himself to 
understand every bill that comes to a vote in the house. 

Of the members of congress, certainly, none on the dem- 
ocratic side "hold the house" better than Mr. Cox. He is 
a ready, graceful, self-possessed and vigorous debater. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 379 

SIR WIILLIAM VERNON HARCOURT. 

Born in 1827. 

Second to Gladstone, Sir William Yernor Harcourt, Q.C., 
M.P. ,is undoubtedly the foremost leader and spokesman 
of his party in the house of commons. Yet his succession 
to the chieftainship in the event of Gladstone's retirement is 
by no means certain, 

Harcourt was born in 1827, was educated at Trinity col- 
lege, Cambridge, England, 
and in 1851 took a distin- 
guished degree. He is a 
lawyer by profession; en- 
tered parliament in 1868 as 
member for the city of 
Oxford. In 1880 he be- 
came home secretary. In 
the liberal cabinet of 1886 
he held the office of chan- 
cellor of the exchequer. 

He has exhibited remark- 
able power as a debater 
both in the house and on 
the stump. His attacks on 
the ministry have been al- 
most cruel in their effec- 
tiveness. Some, indeed, . siR w. v. hakcouet. 
say that his attacks ruined Mr. Goschen as a politician. This 
service, rendered in the darkest days of the liberal party, 
has, of course, helped to wipe out the memory of the vacilla- 
tion which Sir William undoubtedly displayed in his earlier 
days. In 1874 it seemed very doubtful, after Gladstone's 
defeat, whether he would stand by him any longer or not. 
Reflection probably brought wisdom, and he has, since the 
Irish question came up, come to the discussion of it with the 
greatest experience. 




380 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



DORMAN B. EATON. 

Born Jan. 27. 1823. 
DoRMAN B. Eaton, LL.D.,was born in Hardwick, Cale- 
donia county, in the state of Vermont. He graduated from 
the University of Yermont in 1818, and at Harvard school 
two years later, where he took the first prize for a legal essay. 

The same year he was ad- 
mitted to the New York 
bar, and became interested 
in politics. 

Mr. Eaton traveled in 
Europe in 1866 and in 
1870-73, giving particular 
attention to the status and 
probable development of 
the civil service in various 
countries. 

After his return, Presi- 
dent Grant appointed him 
a member of the civil ser- 
vice commission, of which 
he held the chairmanship. 
He again visited Europe 
in 1885; and in 1887 Pres- 
ident Hayes requested him 
to secure material in Eng- 
land for a historical report 
upon the British civil service. And when the civil service 
commission was re-established, he was appointed by Presi- 
dent Arthur as commissioner, a position which he also held 
under President Cleveland, resigning therefrom in 1886. 

Mr. Eaton has written several works on civil service re- 
form, law, and other subjects. 




DORMAN li. EATON. 



THE BIOGEAPHIGAL REVIEW. 



381 



DON M. DICKINSON. 

The present postmaster-general, Don M. Dickinson, was 
appointed to that position by President Cleveland in Janu- 
ary, 1888. 

Previous to this, he was known as a prominent lawyer of 
Detroit, Michigan, who had shown some skill in political 
management, and of course 
received tlie appointment 
as a reward for his services 
to the party. 

Occupied in the practice 
of law, however, he had 
never sought office for 
himself, but had, it is said, 
secured the election or ap- 
pointment of innumerable 
friends and political allies. 

The duties of the office 
of postmaster - general — 
under the immediate direc- 
tion of the chief clerk of 
the department — relate to 
miscellaneous correspond- don m. Dickinson. 

ence, to the appointment of department employes, to re- 
cording and promulgating general orders, to the supervision 
of advertising, and such work as comes into the province of 
this department. The postoffice department was established 
temporarily by act of congress in 1879, and permanently by 
an act five years later. The head is the postmaster-general, 
who is subject to the wishes of the president, in whose cabinet 
he is a member. There are three assistant postmaster-generals, 
the supervision of the different branches of the postoffice 
work being divided according to traditioniil custom. 




382 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

According to the estimates in senator CockrelPs report, 
there are more than fifty thousand postofRces in the United 
States. The postoffice department comes closer to the peo- 
ple than any other department at Washington, and it is one 
of the biggest machines in Uncle Sam's workshop. There are 
every year about fifty thousand million letters posted in the 
world, and of these America post more than any other nation. 
England post every year about seven hundred million letters, 
and America two thousand five hundred million letters, or 
four letters to every man, woman and child in the country. 
The Japanese are great writers, and they mail nearly every 
year one hundred million letters, and the Japanese postoffice 
is an offshoot of the American. 

Japan got its postoffice through a man named Bryan, who 
was a clerk in the postoffice department at Washington, but 
who woke one morning to find himself out of a position. He 
decided to go to Japan and to inaugurate the American 
postal service there. He went, and though the foreign ele- 
ment of the country was against him, he succeeded in getting 
the Japanese government to make the trial. Mr. Bryan im- 
ported the best of machinery. He established postoffices 
over the' country, and his work was a success from the start. 
He made a nice thing out of it too, and he is now back at 
Washington worth a fortune. The nest egg of this he got in 
Japan, but the bulk of it he made in speculation since here- 
turned from there. He is now making about one hundred 
thousand dollars a year, is mixed up with many of the new 
inventions of the country, and everything he touches seems 
to prosper. 

The postoffice department at Washington regulates, of 
course, the mails of the United States. It is a big white mar- 
ble building which seems to be turned wrong side first, and 
which looks more like a prison than a workshop. Guards 
stand at its doors, and you have to go through telegraph of- 
fices in going into it. The city postoffice of Washington is en- 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 383 

tirely separated from it, and the postal arrangements of the 
capital are connected with it no more than are those of Cleve- 
land and New York. 

The city postoffice of Washington has as big a business as 
many cities three, four and five times its size. It ranks third 
among the cities of the United States in postal business, and 
about seventy thousand letters pass through it every day. 
The president gets an average of nearly fifty thousand a day, 
and by this is meant the president and his chief clerks, the 
cabinet ministers. Seventy per cent of the letters received 
there are on government business, and Washington sends out 
more letters than she receives. 

The capital fills a mail car or so every day, and then they 
cart the letters and documents away from the halls of con- 
gress by the wagon load. On some days there are two thou 
sands sacks sent away, and the speeches on the tariflP which 
are sent out during the session fill thousands of sacks. 

Congressmen as a rule receives thirty or forty letters a day, 
and the mail of some of them runs into the hundreds. 

The dead letters that go to Washington also make up a 
big part of the mail, and there are five million pieces of 
dead letter matter received every year. Sixteen thousand 
letters and packages come into this dead letter office every 
day and it takes one hundred and four clerks to handle them. 
It takes eleven clerks to open the letters, and they have no 
right to read the letters they open. They merely cut open 
the envelope and lay the letters on a pile for others to read. 
There is lots of money in these letters, and last year over 
thirty thonsand dollars was found in them. Of this six thou- 
sand dollars could not be restored to the owners, for want of 
directions, and Uncle Sam gets five or six thousand dollars in 
this way every year. 

The packages which are not claimed or which cannot be 
sent back are catalogued and sold, and about two million 
letters and packages are sold every year for waste paper. 



384 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



IGNATIUS DONNELLY. 

Born Nov. .3, is:n. 

The native place of Mr. Donnelly is the city of Philadel- 
phia, where he was educated, studied law, was admitted to 
the bar, and practiced his profession. 

In 1857 he went to Minnesota; was elected lieutenant- 
governor in 1859, and again in 1861; he was then elected to 
congress as a republican, 
serving from 1863 to 1869. 

Besides doing a large 
amount of journalist work 
he has written an '* Essay 
on the Sonnets of Shake- 
speare;'' "Atlantis, the An- 
tediluvian World,'' appear- 
ed in 1882. In this work 
he attempts to demonstrate 
that there once existed in 
the Atlantic ocean, oppo- 
site the straits of Gibral- 
tar, a large island, known 
to the ancients as "Atlan- 
tis." 

Then in 1883 appeared 
"Ragnarok," in which he 
tries to prove that clay, gravel, and decomposed rocks, char- 
acteristic of the drift age, were the result of contact between 
the earth and a comet. 

Mr. Donnelly's sister, Eleanor Cecilia, has attained great 
celebrity as a poet, and is seven years younger than her 
brother. 

But the great stir that this author and statesman has made 
is the publication of his new book, in which he claims that 
Bacon wrote the plays attributed to Shakespeare. 




IGNATIUS DONNELLY. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 385 

The list of venerable fictions long accepted as facts, buf 
of late exploded, promises to receive a most startling addition. 
Hon. Ignatius Donnelly, of Minnesota, announces that he has 
discovered in the Shakespeare plays a curiously interwoven 
cipher narrative which proves beyond the shadow of a doubt 
that there was never a man as we all imagine William Shake- 
speare to have been; that the plays which all the world unites 
in placing at the head of the world's literature were written 
by Francis Bacon, England's great jurist and philosopher; 
that they were produced by Bacon in order to " keep the wolf 
from the door," and at the same time to inculcate doctrines 
which his political aspirations and his regard for his own 
personal safety prevented him from proclaiming publicly over 
his own name, and that they were sold to, and published 
under the name of a comparatively ignorant play-acter and 
theatre manager. The cipher narrative, which Donnelly 
unravels out of the first complete edition of the plays, print- 
ed in 1623, also discloses other startling facts, and is in fact 
a secret of that eventful period which is known as the Eliza- 
bethan era. 

The book in which Mr. Donnelly makes public his dis- 
covery, was issued in 1888, and its title is "The Great 
Cryptogram: Francis Bacon's Cipher in Shakespeare's Plays." 
It is a large octavo volume of one thousand pages, and is 
divided into three parts. 

In part I, Mr. Donnelly gives his reasons for believing that 
William Shakspere could not possibly have written the plays, 
and that Lord Bacon is the real author. Fart II tells just 
how he was led to think that there must be a concealed cipher 
in the first edition of the immortal writings, and shows in 
details the successive steps in his progress towards a solution 
of the problem. It also gives the story as unraveled and the 
mathematical calculation for each word obtained. This 
portion of the volume also contains fac similes from the orig- 
inal folio so marked and numbered that Mr. Donnelly's work 



386 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

may be traced and verified by the reader. Part III gives 
a compact history of the Bacon-Shakespeare controversy and 
short biographies of eminent Baconians; and one chapter is 
devoted to Francis Bacon himself, wherein Mr. Donnelly 
proves the fallacy of the popular opinion concerning Bacon's 
character. Thoughoiit Mr. Donnelly writes in an easy, en- 
tertaining style, such as will hold the attention of the reader, 
and the chapter on the meaning and purposes of the immort- 
al plays in question will, aside from the cipher discovery, 
make the author a favorite for all time. 

The first part of Mr. Donnelly's book covers every part of 
the Bacon-Shakespeare controversy, and is a model argument. 
It is safe to say that no question was ever more thoroughly 
handled or more convincingly presented. 

Prof. -Colbort says: "I am compelled to endorse the 
claim made by Donnelly that he has found a cipher in some 
of the plays. It can' be intelligently traced by explanations 
given by him. I do not say, nor does he claim, that he has 
discovered the complete cipher; and I think it very likely 
that some of the readings he gives will bear modification in 
the light of subsequent knowledge. But the cipher is cer- 
tainly there." 

Bidder has investigated the cipher for the ' ' Nineteenth 
Century Review," a leading magazine in England, and in his 
report he says he has made an exhaustive study of the case, 
verifying the countings, etc., of the cipher story, and that in 
his opinion the wonderful coincidences shown by Mr. Don. 
nelly couid not possible be due to chance; that he believed 
Mr. Donnelly to be right, and that there is a cipher in the 
plays, possibly several; and that they were probably inter- 
woven into the text by Bacon. Although Mr. Bidder thinks 
that more time and labor will be required to bring the cipher 
to rnathematical exactness, he expresses his confidence that 
Mr . Donnelly will be quite able in the end to perfect the 
rule. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 387 

To convey an idea of the nature of the cipher, we need 
in this place only use a familiar form. Suppose that in some 
current writing we find that the tenth word is "our," the 
twentieth '-father," the thirtieth " who," the fortieth "art," 
and thus on through the Lord's prayer — we are compelled 
to conclude that it is the result of design. 

Mr. Donnelly's cipher, however, proceeds on a far more 
intricate plan. It is as if one should take the fifth word, 
the tenth, the fiftieth, the hundredth, the hundred and fiftieth, 
and thus on to fifteen hundred; then return through a totally 
different series of figures, arrived at by dividing, to the place 
of beginning, and then proceed on a new series of which 
the separate increments were obtained by a fixed system of 
division between the previously obtained increments. 

Of course this is not Mr, Donnelly's system, but it gives 
some idea of it; and those who maintain that it is the true 
solution, admit that many days' labor, of tedious hunting, 
are necessary to evolve even one paragraph of the concealed 
story. But when evolved, they insist that it gives the inside 
history of Queen Elizabeth's reign, and why the authorship 
of the plays had to be concealed. 

Mr. Donnelly's extraordinary book has been the subject 
of so much discussion, both in Europe and America, that 
the notices of it in magazines, reviews and newspapers would 
fill many volumes. In fact, nothing in the line of literature 
has so appealed to the curiosity of the world, and its sale 
will probably be phenomenal, despite the bitter attacks made 
upon its author before his theory was fully presented to the 
world. Prior to the publication of this work the feeling 
against Mr. Donnelly and his book manifested itself in almost 
every form of opposition imaginable, from the flippant 
charge of hallucination and crankiness to the sober imputa- 
tion of wilful and deliberate fraud. 

Mr. Donnelly is now (1888) in England, where he has al- 
ready delivered several lectures on his Baconian theory. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JOHN L. SULLIYAN. 

Men may admire the manly art of self-defense as a means 
for protection against insolence or injury, but when two men 
meet, with smiles and hand-shaking, and then proceed to 
pummel each other's features beyond recognition, the sci- 
ence of pugilism becomes interesting only to those whose 
lower natures are strongly 
predominant. 

John L. Sullivan has a 
magnificent physique. He 
is as lithe and graceful as 
a tiger, and as merciless in 
his punishments. 

Boston claims the honor 
of Mr. Sullivan's citizen- 
ship, and Boston liberally 
swelled his banking ac- 
count by patronizing liber 
ally the elegant saloon of 
which he is the presiding 
genius. 

In 1888 he was present- 
ed to the Prince of Wales 
and other royal personages 
who had expressed a desire 
to meet this great pugilist. 
The prince took away the frigid air of newness from the ac- 
quaintance by saying .that he felt as if he had known Sulli- 
van for years; and John L. reciprocated by remarking that, 
next to Jem Smith [the English champion pugilist] Albert 
Edward waa the man he had most wanted to see on coming 
to England. Then the prince looked Sullivan over carefully. 
Sullivan did ditto, and they again shook a shake of mutual 
satisfaction. 




JOHN L. SULLIVAN. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



A. J. WARNER 

Born Jan. 13, 1834. 

The author of what is known as the Warner compromise 
measure, is A. J. Warner, a native of the state of New York. 
He received his education at Beloit, Wisconsin, and in the 
New York Central College. After graduating, he made his 
way to Pennsylvania, where he was a principal of the Lew- 
istown academy, and su- 
perintendent of the public 
schools of Mifflin county, 
in the same state. 

From 1856 to 1861 he 
was principal of the Mer- 
cer union school. 

In 1861 he entered the 
army as captain in a Penn 
sylvanian regiment, and he 
was successively advanced 
to the rank of lieutenant 
colonel, colonel, and brev 
et brigadier-general.. He 
served through the wai, 
participated in a number of 
engagements, was wounded 
at Antietam, and was hon- 
orably discharged. 

After the close of the war he took up the study of law, 
a,nd was admitted to the bar in 1865. Mr. Warner was sent 
to the forty-sixth and forty-eighth congresses. He is now a 
resident of Marietta, in the state of Ohio. 

The measure that brought his name into such prominence 
sought to restrict the coinage of silver, and to issue therefor 
silver certificates, for which bullion purchased by the govern- 
ment and deposited in the treasury vaults is collateral. 




A. J. WARNEE. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



ISAAC H. MAYNAKD. 

Born in 1838. 
The subject of this sketch, Isaac H. Maynard, is a native 
of the state of New York. He has had considerable expe- 
rience in politics, and has attained some prominence as a 
democrat; in fact, in 1883 he was the democratic candidate 
for secretary of state in New York, and although defeated, 

he polled a very large 
vote. 

Mr. Isaac H. Maynard 
was appointed to the posi- 
tion of second comptroller 
of the treasury in June, 
18'85; and in 1887 was 
made first assistant secre- 
tary of the treasury. 

The treasury department 
has existed since 1789, 
when it was established to 
take the place of a similar 
office that had, in one form 
or another, existed since 
1776. At first it was but 
a very small office, but it 
has greatl}' increased in 
size and importance, especially so since the commencement 
of the civil war. There are now employed by the depart- 
ment at Washington, something over three thousand persons, 
and its transactions aff"ect business interests in all parts of 
the union. The department embraces far more than the col- 
lection, safe-keeping and disbursement of public moneys. 
It is the duty of the assistant secretaries to supervise the 
work of the various bureaus. Mr. Maynard, as first assist- 
ant secretary, holds a position requiring great ability. 




ISAAC H. MAYNARD. 



I HE BIOOEAPHIGAL REVIEW. 



CHARLES LYMAN. 

The civil service commissioner, Charles Lyman, is by birth 
a New Englander. During the war he served in the army, 
and as early as 1864 became a clerk in the treasury depart- 
ment. Mr. Lyman continued in this branch of the civil ser- 
vice till his appointment, by President Arthur, to the post of 
chief examiner of the ser- 
vice under the Pendleton 
bill. 

In 1886 he was appoint- 
ed civil service commis- 
sioner by President Cleve- 
land, which position he 
still retains. 

The latest revision of 
the civil service commis- 
sion was approved by the 
president on February 3, 
1888, and promulgated by 
his order. These rules give 
particular directions con- 
cerning the competitive 
and non-competitive exam- 
inations that must precede 




CHAKLES LYMAN. 



appointments in these branches of the government service. 
In the progress of civil service reform, permanence of tenure 
seems to have declined in favor. There was at first an at- 
tempt made to give the officeholder a sort of vested interest 
in his position, so that he could not be deprived of it except 
for manifest cause. This may come in time, but so far the 
responsible managers of the service refuse to account for the 
dismissal of employes, and the new rules oifer no protection 
against arbitrary discharge from the public service. 



392 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GEN. NICHOLAS KAULBARS. 

Born 171 1845. 
The noted Russian general, Nicholas Kaulbars, has seen 
much active service for one, comparatively speaking, of his 
years. During the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78 he served 
gallantly in the Russian army, winning distinction as a 
brave and intrepid soldier. Since the close of that war he has 

resided in the Danube 
states as a trusted agent of 
the Russian government. 

In 1887 Gen. Kaulbars 
was sent by the czar to 
Bulgaria, as his special 
envoy, in which mission 
he showed great diploma- 
tic skill, despite the fact 
of the failure of his mis- 
sion. 

Gen. Kaulbars is a man 
of literary tastes, and has 
^ gained quite a reputation 
as an author. 

The population of Rus- 
sia, including Siberia, is 
over one hundred millions. 
With such a population 
she can place in the field 
an enormous army; and she will undoubtedly play a promi- 
nent part in the world's history if a general war breaks out 
in Europe. The great struggle for supremacy will indeed 
be terrible, for the improvements in weapons of w^arfare have 
been so great; and when that dark and ominous war-cloud 
that assuredly hangs over Europe bursts, that beautiful con- 
tinent will be deluged with human blood 




GEN. KAULBARS. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



393 



MAGGIE MITCHELL. 

Born in 1832. 

The full name of this famous American actress is Mar- 
garet Julia Mitchell, but she is known in the amusement 
world simply as Maggie Mitchell. 

She is a native of the city of New York, where she also 
first appeared before the footlights. About as soon as she 
could toddle, she was made 
acquainted with the stage, 
and took child's parts at 
the Old Bowery theatre 
when Mr. Hamblin was 
manager of that time-hon- 
ored edifice. 

At the age of nineteen 
she appeared as Julia in 
"The Soldier's Daughter," 
which was presented in a 
New York theatre. 

In her subsequent starring 
tour she played in "Kitty 
O'Shiel," "Satan in Paris," 
"The Young Prince," the 
"French Spy," "Mignon" 
and other dramas. 

In the summer of 1862 she leased Laura Keene's theatre, 
in her native city, where she produced "Eanchon," then 
new to the metropolis. 

This noted actress was married to Mr. Paddock, M.D., 
of Cleveland, in 1868, after the man of her choice had court- 
ed her with praiseworthy perseverance for a period of four- 
teen years. 

This lady is a great favorite with the public, and is well 
known throughout the United States. 




MAGGIE MITCHELL. 



394 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW, 



DR. WILLIAM JUNKER. 

Born in 1840. 

The eminent Russian explorer, Dr. Junker, began his 
African travels about 1876, exploring portions of Tunis and 
Upper Egypt. In 1880 he went into the heart of Africa, at 
his own expense, to complete the exploration of the country 
lying in the basins of the Bahrel Ghazal and Welle Makwa 
rivers. From the depths of that mysterious region he has 
but recently emerged; and 
his account of the results 
of his geographical, botan 
ical and ethnological 
studies in that new field 
will, when published, be 
one of the most interesting 
contributions of late yeais 
to our knowledge of the 
Dark Continent. 

He is a short man, now 
inclined to embonpoint, 
though he has not yet re 
gained his full measure ot 
strength. He wears a 
full beard, and the general 
cast of his face is strongly 
marked. He has a plenti- 
ful crop of haiv, worn thick 
and long, and brushed 
backward. He is amiable, 




DK. WILLIAM JUNKER. 



frank, modest. Henry M. Stanley writes of him: "To every 
question he answered without reserve. He is so free, in fact, 
that without my asking, he is about presenting me with a 
map of his travels — seven feet long! I can see that he has a 
method of his own, which, added to his peculiar patience, 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 395 

love of exactitude, has enabled him to present in a sensible 
shape the topography of the country. 

"It is a remarkable survey by compass — every tiny hill and 
every tiny stream is down, and under all I see the sturdy 
form of the patient, honest man doing his best with all the 
faculties nature gave him and education ripened for him. 
Looking up from his wonderful map and seeing him before 
me, I recognized that Russia had also given us a true and 
loyal-hearted African explorer. 

" He promised to tell the Royal and Scottish geographical 
societies some day what he can, and though his English is 
not of the best, and his appearance unimposing, I venture to 
say that when English geographers see his map they will 
forget his bad English and all else, and only see honest 
Junker trudging patiently with his tiny caravan, making 
music with his accordion to the wondering tribe of the Welle- 
Makwa Valley, and collating valuable facts for civilized 
mankind. They must admire the man's modesty. Russia 
will be justified in making much of this quaint hero, and in- 
deed any country might well be. Take my word you will 
like him." 

, William Junker comes of Russo-German parentage, and 
was born in Moscow. He was educated at St. Petersburg and 
Gottingen, and studied medicine in the latter place, as well 
as at Berlin and Prague. 

At a meeting of the Royal Geographical society in London 
in 1887, the paper of the evening was read by the celebrated 
African explorer Dr. Junker, the subject being "Explorations 
in Central Africa." He said that he been engaged in explor- 
ations in Central Africa during the past seven years, and, al- 
though he had encountered many and serious difficulties, he 
had been enabled to explore the country beyond the river 
Welle. While he was in Africa great changes had taken 
place in the country around Emin Pasha, who had so 
strengthened his position at onetime as to be enabled to send 



896 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

out troops to reduce disorderly tribes to order. Speaking of 
the habits of these people, Dr. Junkersaid: ''Immorality on 
the part of native women was often punished by death; and 
if the female who lapsed from virtue happened to be married, 
both she and her companion in guilt were punished by the 
deprivation of their lives. Their clothing consisted of a 
piece of bark, which, upon sitting down, they pulled over 
their knees. The consorts of the leading chiefs were not 
content wath the simple adornment, and had very ingen- 
iously learned to paint their bodies with various geometrical 
figures, lines, squares, and circles. This practice had been 
carried to so much perfection that he could only compare the 
appearance of the body of a woman of fashion with a va- 
riegated inlaid floor." 

Dr. Junker lias been the main cause of the Stanley relief 
expedition to Africa, which was to institute a thorough search 
for Emin Bey, who led a part of 'the Khedive's troops in the 
war with El Mahdi. Emin Bey was accompanied by two 
explorers, an Italian by the name of Casati and a Russian 
named Junker. The latter saw an opportunity to steal through 
the environment, and after many months of hard traveling 
through the jungles, reached the Zanzibar coast. He at 
once delivered letters which he had brought from Emin Bey, 
-end this was the first intimation the civilized world received 
that Emin Bey was still alive. Immediately a call went out 
to relieve him. and the man who expressed a willingness to 
undertake an expedition for that purpose was Henry M. 
Stanley, who, reports say, intended to secure the aid of Tippoo 
Tib, an Arab and slave-dealer in Central Africa. Dr. Junker 
has given much valuable imformation which will aid the 
search. 

Much has been written of the "Dark Continent "" since 
the great Livingston began to explore the Kile, yet the in- 
terest manifested by explorers still seems to be as ardent as 
ever it was. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 397 

CHAKLES COURTNEY. 

The noted oarsman, Charles Courtney, is a native of Union 
Springs, state of New York, At and early age he evinced 
a fondness for equatic sports which gave promise of a brilli- 
ant career as a '' knight of the spruce." 

Until a few years ago these promises of former years were 
rapidly being fulfilled, and he was the victor in many im- 
portant sculling contests. 
The enviable reputation 
which he held as a scien- 
tific and able sculler has 
been rapidly waning since 
the appearance of Mr. 
Edward Hanlan as a rival 
for public favor. 

The disfavor into which 
he has fallen has been 
caused by the many dis- 
appointments to which the 
:: public has been subjected, 
and which have been at- 
tributed to him, either on 
account of his laziness or 
fear of defeat. Poisoned 
tea, sawed boats, sand bags 
and midnight assailants 

CHARLES COURTNEY. j^^^^ ^^^^^^ 1^^.^^^^ -^ ^llC 

excuses he»has given to his backers for his inability to justi- 
fy their hopes. His career, as a favorite, is certainly at an 
end. In the recent race at Watkins, in New York state, 
there was much excitement in the anticipation that Hanlan 
and Courtney would meet, and a howl of disappointment 
went up from ten thousand throats when Courtney was de- 
barred from rowing through some alleged foul. 




THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW, 



WILLIAM M. SPRINGER. 

Born in 1S3G. 
The subject of this sketch, William M. Springer, is a na- 
tive of , the state of Indiana, but when he was only twelve 
years of age his parents removed to Jacksonville, Illinois. 
Mr. Springer is a lawyer by profession, but has been a mem- 
ber of congress since the year 1877. He is now the chair- 
man of the house commit- 
tee on territories. 

To say that Mr. Spring- 
er is a popular representa- 
tive and an able statesman 
is borne out by the fact of 
his being returned so many 
times as a representative 
to congress by his constit- 
uents, and by his selection 
by his fellow members to 
serve on many of the most 
important committees. At 
all times he has acquitted 
; himself in a most credit- 
able manner. 
■■■>>0r^^i>:^^ As chairman of the house 

WILLIAM M. SPRINGER. committee on territories, 

Mr. Springer holds a position requiring great ability and 
good judgment. 

Because congress has the power to govern th& territories 
despotically, it does not follow that this power is habitually 
exercised. The general form of the government established 
is liberal and suited to the desires of the inhabitants. The 
territories may send delegates to join in the debates of -the 
national house of representatives on territorial questions, but 
no vote is allowed them in that body. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



AKTHUR P. GORMAN. 

Born March 11, 1839. 
One of the most prominent men in the great presidential 
contest of 1884, was Arthur P. Gorman, of Maryland. This 
statesman was born in Howard county, in the state of Mary- 
land, where he was educated at the public schools. 

When he was but fourteen years of age he was appointed 
as a page in the United 
States senate, and there at- 
tracted the attention of 
Stephen A. Douglas, whom 
he accompanied during the 
campaign against Mr. Lin- 
coln. 

He was continued in ser- 
vice in the senate until the 
year 1866, when he was 
made postm^aster. He next 
was appointed collector of 
internal revenue for the 
fifth district of Maryland, 
which he held until 1869. 

In 1870 he was chosen to 
the Maryland legislature, 
and received the re-elec- 
tion, when he was chosen 
speaker. In 1872 he was made president of the Chesapeake 
and Ohio Canal Company. 

Mr. Gorman was made state senator in 1875, and received 
the re-election in 1879. In 1881 he became a senator of the 
United States, and received the re-election in 1887, which 
term expires in 1893. 

The face of Mr. Gorman betokens its celtic origin, and in 
repose is as expressionless as it is possible to conceive. He 
is one of the leading democrats of the country. 




ARTHUR p. GORMAN. 



400 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JAMES L. PUGH. 

Born Dec. 12, 1820. 

The subject of this sketch, James L. Pugh, of Eufaula, 
Alabama, is a native of Georgia, being born in Burke coun- 
ty of that state. He was but four years of age when his 
parents removed to Alabama, and lie has resided there ever 
since. He received a collegiate education, and was licensed 
to practice law in 1841, 
being so employed when 
elected to the senate. 

His first political posi- 
tion was as a presidential 
elector in 1848 and 1856; 
and he served in the same 
capacity when Alabama 
declared her preference for 
Tilden in 18T6. 

Mr. Pugh was elected to 
the thirty - sixth congress 
when Alabama seceded 
from the Union. 

Joining the Eufaula ri- 
fles in the Alabama first 
regiment, as a private, he 
was elected to the confed- 
erate congress in 1861, and 

re-elected in 1863. After the war he resumed the practice 
of law, and in 1874 he was made president of the state con- 
vention of the democratic party. 

In the year 1875 he was a member of the convention that 
framed the state constitution of Alabama. Mr. Pugh was 
elected to the senate as a democrat, to fill the balance of the 
term of the late George S. Houston, taking his seat in 1880; 
he was re-elected in 1884, which term expires in 1891. 




JAMES L. PUGH. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW 



4or 



LILLIE DEVEREUX BLAKE. 

Born in 1835. 

The noted social reformer, Lillie Devereux Blake, is con- 
sidered a beautiful woman. She has well-formed features, 
large gray eyes, a good figure, and is always dressed in exqui- 
site taste. Her public as well as private discourse is season- 
ed with ready wit, and no lady lecturer in the land is more 
admired than this great so- 
cial reformer. 

She is a native of Ra- 
leigh, North Carolina; her 
father, George Devereux, 
was a wealthy Southern 
gentleman of Irish de- 
scent. Her mother's maid- 
en name was Sarah Eliza- 
beth Johnso^n, of Stratford, 
Connecticut, a descendant 
of William Samuel John- 
son, who was one of the 
first two senators from 
that state. 

Her father died in 1837, 
and her mother subsequent- 
ly removed to New Haven, 
Connecticut, where she was 
well known for her large lillie devereux blake. 

and generous hospitality. The daughter Lillie, the future 
favorite writer and lecturer, was a much admired belle; and 
in 1855 was married to Frank Umsted, a lawyer of PhiLa- 
delphia, with whom she lived two years in St. Louis, in the 
state of Missouri. Mr. Umsted died in 1859; and his widow, 
who had written sketches for "Harpers Magazine," and 
published a novel called "Southwold," from that date con- 




402 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

tributed largely to leading newspapers and magazines. She 
was the Washington correspondent of the " Evening Post'' 
in the winter of 1861, published " Kockford " in 1862, and 
wrote many stories for "Frank Leslie's Weekly/' the Phila- 
delphia "Press," and other publications. 

In 1866 Lillie, the widow, was married to Grenfill Blake, 
of the city of New York. In 1872 Mrs. Blake published 
"Fettered for Life," a novel designed to show the legal dis- 
advantages of women. 

Mrs. Lillie Devereux Blake since 1870 has been known as 
one of the leading advocates of the enfranchisement of her 
sex, and has written much on the subject in the newspapers 
since that date. 

Her energetic advocacy has, moreover, taken the form of 
eloquent public speech in lectures and addresses almost in- 
numerable. In appearances before committees of congress, 
state legislatures and other bodies having the subject of the 
enfranchisement of women under consideration, Mrs. Blake 
has manifested a thorough acquaintance with this great sub- 
ject in all its phases. 

It was owing mainly to her efforts that the bill was passed 
in New York state giving women the right of school suft'rage. 
She was the person who began the movement to open the 
advantages of Columbia college to the enjoyment of women, 
which was a great gain to the cause of social reform. 

As a public speaker, the subject of this sketch has taken 
a prominent part in various political campaigns in New York 
and other states, the rights of women being the leading sub- 
ject of her addresses. 

She was a prominent figure at the fortieth anniversary of 
the women's rights convention, which was held in Washing- 
ton, commencing on March 25, 1888, and lasting several 
weeks. There were present at this convention Elizabeth Cady 
Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Frances E. Willard, Mrs. Frank 
Leslie, Belva Lockwood, and many others. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



SYLYESTER PENNOYER. 

Born in 1831. 

Sylvester Pennoyer is a native of the state of New York, 
"being born at Groton, Tompkins county. His early years 
were spent upon liis father's farm; but desiring to pursue a 
professional career, he entered the law school of Harvard 
University, graduating therefrom in 1854. Armed with his 
law diploma, he set off for 
the territory of Oregon, 
which at that time was 
considered very remote. 

The young pioneer was 
admitted to practice in the 
inferior and superior coui'ts 
of the territory, but seeing 
a better opportunity of 
making n\oney than by the 
pursuit of his profession, 
he relinquished it and be 
gan business in the lumber 
trade. In this he persisted 
successfully, and is now 
connected with one of the 
largest mills in the state. 
Mr. Pennoyer is a man of 
culture, and wields a ready 
pen, as demonstrated in his 
•editing of the O r e g o n 
"Herald" for a short time 
Tvealthy pioneer settler they now place at their head as gov- 
ernor, to which position Mr. Pennoyer was inaugurated Jan- 
uary 12, 1887, and the term expires in 1891. His sympa- 
thies are with the people, and he is strongly opposed to mo- 
nopoly in any form. 




SYLVESTER PENNOYER. 



Oregonians are proud of the 



404 TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

JULES GREYY. 

Born Aug. 15,1813. 
When, in 1830, Charles X, king of France, abdicated the 
throne, Francois Paul Jules Grevy, then a student at Paris, 
was one of those who had taken part in the proceedings 
which had led to the revolution. After receiving a classical 
education he studied law in Paris, and became a prominent 

. lawyer of that city. On 
the breaking out of the 
revolution of 1848, he was 
appointed by the provis- 
ional government a com- 
missioner for the Jura, and 
was subsequently returned 
by that department to the 
constituent assembly, of 
which he was elected vice- 
president. 

In 1869 he was elected 
^to fill a casual vacancy in 
^the Jura, receiving the re- 
-election in the following 
jyear. In 1871 he was 
I elected president of the 
^ assembly, which position 
JULES GREW. he resigned in 1873; and 

two years later he declined a nomination for life senator. 
In 1876 he was re-elected by the Jura, and again appointed 
president of the chamber. When, in January, 1879, Mar- 
shal MacMahon rosigned the presidency of the republic, 
Grevy was elected for seven years. 

M. Grevy enjoys the confidence and respect of all parties 
for his administrative ability, his high culture and the purity 
and disnitv of his character. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



405 



JAMES GORDON BENNETT. 

Born May 10, 1841. 

The oniy son of the founder of the New York "Herald," 
James Gordon Bennett, became the proprietor of that news- 
paper upon the death of his father. 

This son is named James Gordon after his father, and was 
born in the city of New York. He of course received a 
thorough academic educa- 
tion, and no stone was 
left unturned in the prop- 
er selection of teachers to 
train the young man in 
his studies. 

Residing for the most 
part in Paris, he gives his 
attention chiefly to super- 
intending the collection of 
foreign news. 

Mr. Bennett has added 
to the fame of his paper 
by publishing in England 
storm - warnings transmit- 
ted from the United States; 
by fitting out tHe"Jean- 
nette " polar expedition ; 
by sending Henry M. Stanley in search of Livingstone; and 
by other similar enterprises. 

In 1883 he associated himself with John W. Mackay in 
forming the commercial cable company and laying a new 
cable between America and Europe, to compete with the 
combined English and French lines. 

By these and numerous other enterprises he has impressed 
the public as being a man of liberal character and large 
scope of mind. And as all of these enterprises have been 




■^^m 



JAMES GORDON BENNETT. 



406 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

heralded through the columns of the Kew York "Herald," 
that publication is now considered the most enterprising 
newspaper in America. 

JVlr. Bennett has at all times taken great interest in the 
world of sports, especially in yachting; and in 1866 he took 
part in a memorable race from Sandy Hook to the Needles, 
Isle of Wight, Great Britain. This race was won by his 
schooner '' Henrietta," which made the voyage in thirteen 
days, twenty-one hours and lifty-five minutes, running against 
two competing yachts. In 1870 he sailed another race 
across the Atlantic ocean from Queenstown to New York in 
his yacht "Dauntless," but this time he was beaten by the 
English "Cambria," which, however, arrived only two hours 
in advance. 

The New York "Herald" has been a great success from 
a financial point of view. Even as early as the year 1841 
the yearly income of the paper was at least one hundred 
thousand dollars. In 1846 a long speech by Clay was tele- 
graphed to the "Herald," which was considered a great feat 
in those days. 

During the civil war this enterprising sheet more than 
doubled its circulation, with such energy did the elder Ben- 
nett apply himself to the management of his paper. It ac- 
tually employed sixty-three war correspondents, who were 
ever on the alert for news to telegraph to the "Herald."' 

As a collector of news the elder Bennett was unexcelled. 
He would read exchanges constantly, noting down an idea 
here and making a clipping there, that he was a veritable 
scrap-book of every-day events. Add to this the faculty 
which he possessed of knowing just what matter would en- 
gross the interest of the public. And daily he would sug- 
gest to his editorial staff themes upon which to write that 
would add to the value of the paper. In 1855 "The Me- 
moirs of James Gordon Bennett and His Times " was pub- 
lished, which contains much intercstins; matter. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 407 

PROF. JOHN TYNDALL. 

Born in 1820, 
, As AN exponent of scientific discoveries, Prof. Tjndall 
occupies the foremost place among his contemporaries, his 
only rival being his friend, Professor Huxley. It would al- 
most be impossible to over-estimate the value of the labors 
of these two great scientists, or their importance in the 
modification of the thought 
of the present generation. 
The great scientist, John 
Tyndall,F.E.S.,D.C.L., 
LL.D., was born in the 
village of Leighlin Bridge, 
Carlow, Ireland, and was 
a son of a member of the 
Irish constabulary. 

He received a common 
school education; and his 
father taught him occasion- 
ally, constantly exercising 
his mind in theology. 

In 1839 he joined the 
Irish ordnance survey; and 
in 18-i4, his wishes to come 
to America being thwarted 
by his friends, he became 
a railway engineer. This 
position he exchanged in ^^o^' -^^^^ tyndall. 

1847 for that of master at Queen wood college, where he de- 
voted himself to chemical research. 

In 1848 he became known to the scientific world as the 
author of a luminous treatise on "Crystals," and in liSSl 
repaired to the laboratory of Prof. Magnus of Berlin. In 
1853 he was given the degree of F. R. S., and appointed to 




408 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

the chair of natural philosophy in the royal institution of 
Great Britain, conjoined with the post of superintendent, an 
office in which he succeeded Faraday. 

Professor Tyndall visited the Alps for purposes of recrea- 
tion in 1849, and began to go there yearly for the purpose 
of studying the glacier formation. 

In 1856 he made a memorable expedition to Switzerland, 
in company with Professor Huxley, which resulted in a joint 
treatise '*0n the Structure and Motion of Glaciers." 

The adventures and discoveries of this notable scientist 
are recorded in the following works published by liira: 
"The Glaciers of the Alps," published in 1860; "Moun- 
taineering," in 1861; "A Vacation Tour," in 1863; "Hours 
of Exercise in the Alps," in 1871; and "The Forms of Wa- 
ter in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Glaciers," in 1872. These 
works attracted the attention of the whole scientific world, 
and the popularity of this great author and scientist was 
remarkable. 

In the meantime he had also published "Heat as a Mode 
of Motion," which appeared in 1863; "On Radiation" two 
years later; then followed a work on "Sound," and in 1870 
appeared "Light." 

In 1872 Professor Tyndall made a lecturing tour through 
the United States, which resulted in adding still more to his 
fame as a man of great learning. 

Among the other more notable and later works of this em- 
inent man the following attracted considerable attention: 
"Faraday as a Discoverer," "Natural Philosophy in Easy 
Lessons," "On the Scientific Use of the Imagination," and 
"Fragments of Science," all of which appeared in rapid 
succession. 

In a life of the duration of nearly three score years and 
ten, this able man has wielded his pen in the cause of science 
with a steadiness of purpose and a persistency of will that 
is worthy of praise and emulation. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



409 



JOSEPH E. BROWN. 

Bom April 15. 1821. 

The subject of this sketch is a lawyer, a wealthy man of 
businesr,, and an experienced statesman, and his biography 
presents many features of interest to the American public 
generally. 

This gentleman who has played many parts on the stage of 
life, lives in sumptuous 
style in the city of At- 
lanta. 

His present term, to the 
otHce of which he was re- 
elected almost unanimous- 
ly, expires in the year of 
1891. 

Indeed, so popular is 
Senator, Brown, that there 
were but two opposing 
votes in the legislature of 
Georgia against his election 
as United States senator 
from that body. 

Senator Brown is a man 
of great learning, which 
with his broad and liberal 
views has made him a pow- 
er and authority on public joseph e. brown. 
questions of the day. 

Senator Brown has grown steadily into favor as his ster- 
ling qualities became apparent to his colleagues and the 
people of his state. His long career in the United States 
senate, too, has won for him fresh laurels; and the people of 
the North, as well as the South, recognize in him an able and 
eminent man. 




410 THE BIOOBAPHICAL HE VIEW. 

Mr. Brown was born in Pickens District, South Carolina, 
but became a resident of the state of Georgia when a boy, 
his father removing thither. After leaving Calhoun academy. 
South Carolina, he tauglit school in Canton, Georgia, and 
spent his abundant leisure in the pursuit of that jealous 
mistress, the law. 

He was admitted to the bar in August, 1845, but before 
beginning practice he attended Yale college law school, 
where he graduated. Thus equipped, in 1846 he opened an 
office and began the practice of the law, choosing the state 
of Georgia as his residence. Three years after he was elected 
to the state senate. He was a Pierce elector in 1852. In 
1855 he was elected judge of the superior courts of the Blue 
Ridge circuit; and in 1857 and again in 1859, governor of 
the state. He was a democrat in politics, and in 1860 be- 
came a secessionist. As such he continued in the governor- 
ship after the war had begun. 

His energetic administration as a war governor led to his 
re-election in 1861, and again in 1863. He was opposed to 
the policy of Jefferson Davis as expressed in the conscript 
act, but threw no obstacles in the way of its being carried out 
in the state government which he administered. At the close 
of the war he was among the southern leaders who advocat- 
ed acquiescence in the reconstruction measures prescribed 
by the federal congress. 

When the democratic party opposed these measures he 
voted for General Grant in the ensuing presidential election. 
In 1868 he was nominated for United States senator, and was 
defeated, the first and only time in his life in which he has 
been an unsuccessful candidate. Governor Bullock made 
him chief justice of the supreme court of Georgia, which he 
held for two years. He then ■ became president of the 
Western Atlantic railroad company. 

He filled the term out of a resigned member of the sen- 
ate, to which position he was elected again in 1885. 



THE BIOQEAPHIGAL REVIEW. 41 J 

WILLIAM F. CODY. 

[BUFFALO BILL.] 
Born in 1841. 

Who has not heard of the famous scout and buffalo hun- 
ter, yclept "Buffalo Bill?" In 1871 he was a scout of the 
Western plains, being at that time about thirty years of age, 
and had never been east of the Mississippi river. He was a 
poor man, who seemed to have found his place in the world 
as a hunter, a "crack shot," and a desirable escort for par- 
ties who would see life on the border of civilization, or 
rather beyond it. 

Gen. Sheridan in those days had no lack of applications 
from foreign tourists for some one, the proper person, to 
conduct them safely through a Buffalo hunt and a camping 
out among the redskins. Happy were they if Buffalo Bill 
assumed the responsibility; and perhaps nothing surprised 
them more in their strange experience than to find so true a 
gentleman, a man so honest, trusty and high 'minded, where 
the opposite had hardly been out of the order of things. 
Brave, ready, keen, the perfect confidence he inspired and 
never betrayed was not less than the admiration he was sure 
to excite — that personal fascination which made the corres- 
pondents of the London press write of the man as "sitting 
his prancing white horse like a centaur," possessing " the 
courtly manner of a grandee of old Castile," and as "fulfill- 
ing every requirement for a hero of romance." The fact 
that he is a genuine gentleman by nature, and was such when 
he supported his little family at Fort McPherson by his mea- 
ger earnings, and was a good husband and father when the 
contrary would hardly have been uncensured, largely explain- 
ed his wonderful success. 

Professor Henry A.Ward, of Rochester, New York, the fa- 
mous natural scientist, had as much to do with the develop- 
ment of that success as anyone. Perhaps he gave the im- 



412 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



pulse to the evolution. It was in January of 1872 that a 
grand buffalo hunt was arranged for the Duke Alexis, Pro- 
fessor Ward was honored by an invitation, which he received 
S(; lato that he did not reach the hunting grounds until the 
hunt V7as over. Not a bad thing for hira, however, for he 
found horses and hunters in plenty for the scientific ends he 
had in view; and then he met Buffalo Bill for the first time, 
and the rifle of the expert hunter was at once engaged for 

an expedition in the inter- 
ests of that scientist's nat- 
ural science establishment. 
Professor Ward's esti- 
mate of William F. Cody 
has known no decrease 
from that time to this. It 
is the old story of enthu- 
siastic admiration for this 
great scout. Cody told 
him of his invitation to 
visit New York by the 
Union club and the Je- 
romes, and his reluctance 
to accept. Ward urged 
him to go — insisted upon 
it; Cody should go east in 
his company, which chang- 
ed the view of the journey. Cody decided, finally, to go, but 
Ward must wait until Mrs. Cody could make a suit of cloth- 
ing for the traveler. 

Mrs. Cody did her best and as speedily as possible, and, 
so arrayed, the hunter turned his face eastward, little think- 
ing that h-e would no more return as a scout of the plains. 
He was surprised at the attentions he received on his journey 
and in New York. Everybody, of course, plied him with 
questions about Indians and buffaloes, and so forth; and so 




BUFFALO BILL. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 415 

pleasingly did he respond that Professor Ward suggested 
that he should go before the public in ]SIew York, not with a 
formal lecture, but to explain and illustrate life on the plains. 
The character of the man was seen in his declining to do such 
a thing, for the reason that he found it would be questionable 
for him to improve the hospitality tendered him for his own 
pecuniary profit. 

He was the guest of Professor Ward on his return from 
the east, and while at that gentleman's house Ned Buntline 
came along with his play of "Western Life," and he urged 
Cody to take part in it with Texas Jack. That was the be- 
ginning of his life as an actor. He brought his family at 
once to Rochester, and soon after bought a home for them 
there. The death of his little boy, Kit Carson, was less noted 
by the community generally than it would be to-day, for then 
the subject of this sketch passed through the streets like a 
stranger, unless discovered and heralded by the small boy. 
Evefi now that he is famed, and one of the most successful 
men of the time, a great majority of the people of Rochester 
are surprised to learn that his name maybe found in the di- 
rectories of 1872 and 1873, if not later ^"William F. Cody, 
actor." 

He carried with him, when he went to England on the visit 
which was concluded in 1888, successfully several large 
stuffed buffaloes, which were prepared at Ward's natural sci- 
ence establishment. Possibly it would add something to the 
buffaloes in the collections of many foreign as well as home 
museums if it were known that they were brought down by 
the rifle of this famous buffalo hunter. 

There is but one opinion concerning the man by those who 
know him best. The flower of England's chivalry do well to 
admire him; he is chivalry itself; genuine, loyal. His suc- 
cess in London was the evolution of his success on the plains. 
There was nothing phenomenal about it. He has earned it 
by good, hard, honest work — when work gave him scanty 



414 THE BIOOBAPHICAL REVIEW. 

comforts and few, if any luxuries. When he arrived in Lon- 
don with his Wild West show he must have had some two 
hundred influential friends there, Englishmen of wealth and 
position many of them, who remembered their faithful guide 
and hunter on the plains. They believed in him, and so could 
believe in his show; and they were enthusiastic in giving it 
what we call " a good send off." It was hard for the Eng- 
lish public to believe that it was a private enterprise and not 
a national undertaking. The success of this venture was be- 
yond Mr. Cody's most sanguine expectations, and the money 
realized therefrom was a neat fortune, and which will be used 
judiciously. 

From London Cody intended going around the world with 
his show, and Jerusalem was on the list of cities where In- 
dians, buck-jumpers and cowboys were to give performances, 
showing how the pony express carried the news of Abraham 
Lincoln's election, and how the Deadwood coach was often 
surrounded by redskins, and what the massacre of frontier 
settlers was like. 

In 1871 Mr. Cody's wife was bravely doing her best 
in Rochester to save and make thrifty expenditure of his 
earnings. She remains on his ranch in Nebraska most of the 
time, looking after his business there. He does not find the 
reward of his labor in the shouts that greet his every entrance 
into the ring, nor does he wear his heart upon his sleeve, 
great as it is. 

This Col. Cody, known to fame as "Buffalo Bill," is well 
up in biblical knowledge. To Mrs. Jester, his sister, of 
Leavenworth, Kansas, he telegraphed as follows, on his re- 
cent arrival in the city of New York: "Read second epistle 
of St. John, twelfth verse. Your brother." Turning to the 
verse indicated, Mrs. Jester read the following words: "Hav- 
ing many things to write unto you, I would not write with 
paper and ink; but I trust to come unto you and speak face 
to face, that our joy may be full." 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, 



415 



GEORGE G. VEST. 

When President Cleveland took up his official duties at 
the white house he invited into his cabinet some of the most 
conspicuous and ablest of the democratic leaders in the 
United States senate. Their places were filled by new men 
who, under the traditions of the senate, were not expected to 

participate in public afi'airs 
to any great extent until 
the probationary period of 
two years had elapsed. 

The organization of a 
cabinet out of the best tal- 
ent in the senate left the 
democratic side of the body 
at a great disadvantage for 
the time being. 

Garland and Bayard 
were both powerful debat- 
ers, foremost in the politi- 
cal discussions of the sen- 
ate, and stood at the head 
of their party in this re- 
spect as far as personal 
leadership is recognized in 
the chamber. Their retire- 
ment brought to the front 
Senator Vest, a man of many marked peculiarities. He 
is a rapid and vigorous talker, seemingly never at a loss for 
a word, and while never ornate or flowery in his remarks, he 
observes a nicety of expression and a discrimination in the 
use of effective words that is the great feature of his address- 
es. The only drawback to his manner of speech is a certain 
nervousness of manner indicated by the frequent jerking of 
his head when excited, which is further accentuated by the 




GEORGE G. VEST. 



416 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

high key which his voice is pitched. During the present and 
the past congress he has been the chief champion of his par- 
ty in the senate, and has never shirked a contest with his 
long-headed and quick-witted opponents on the other side. 
With a naturally aggressive disposition, he enjoys the heat 
of debate, but never needlessly prolongs one after all hands 
have had a chance to announce their sentiments and con- 
victions. 

The Missouri senator is a typical western politician. He 
serves his constituents not only in the way of throwing light 
upon economical questions, but helps the^n to get any offices 
that may be lying around loose. If the roster of govern- 
ment officials were analyzed, it would doubtless show that 
Missouri was by no means in the rear in the distribution of 
these favors. 

Consequently the senator is not a civil service reformer, 
and he does not hestitate to admit that he is not. He has a 
powerful influence in his own state, but he does not assume 
the attitude of a political boss. His reputation as a lawyer 
is an exceedingly high one. 

Senator Vest has had a varied legislative career. He was 
a member of the Missouri house of representatives as far 
back as 1860-61. Subsequently he was elected to the lower 
house of the confederate congress, where he served one term. 
At its expiration he was elected to the confederate senate, in 
which he served until the confederate states resumed their 
allegiance. Four years afterward he was elected to the 
United States senate, succeeding James Shields, who had been 
elected to till the vacancy caused by the death of Lewis Y. 
Bogy. His presc::t term expires in March, 1891. 

One of Senator Vest's most recent brilliant efforts was the 
presentation of the claim of St. Louis for the national demo- 
cratic convention of 1888. His address was in his happiest 
vein, and went a great ways toward swinging the tide toward 
St. Louis, as the sequel showed. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 417 

EARL SPENCER. • 

Born in 1835. 

This royal politician has held numerous political positions 
during his eventful career. A few of the more important 
ones will be mentioned. 

In 1868 he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, and 
retained that appointment until the fall of the ministry in 
1873. During the Disraeli 
administration, Lord Spen- 
cer took considerable part 
in the debates on foreign 
and Irish questions; and 
in 1880, on the return of 
Mr. Gladstone to office, he 
became lord president of 
the council. 

In/1882 Lord Spencer 
was again appointed lordj. 
-lieutenant of Ireland, and| 
arrived in Dublin on thejj' 
day of the murder of Lord? 
Frederick Cavendish andj 
Mr. Burke. This sad aff\iir| 
is spoken of as the Phoenix 
park murder. 

Lord Spencer at once 

applied himself to the re- 

^^ p:arl spencer. 

storation of law and order 

throughout the country, and despite the attacks of the Irish 
members, Lord Spencer stood manfully to his post until the 
fall of the ministry in 1885, when he resigned. In 1886 he 
once more accepted office, becoming again lord president of 
the council. This great English liberal is an ardent sports- 
man and a crack shot. 




418 THE BIOGRAPHICAL RE VIE W^ 

PRINCE OSCAR OF SWEDEN. 

Born Oct. 15, 1859. 
Amid the rumors of war reaching us from Europe comes 
a sweet and romantic love story. Prince Oscar of Sweden, 
in becoming the husband of his atiianced, virtually for- 
feits his right to the throne and his privileges as a member of 
the royal family. His title of royal highness and duke of 
Gotland he also lays down, with the allowance voted him 

by the diet, or parliament, 
of his country. He 
also resigns his palace at 
Stockholm. In short, he 
will be virtually unprinced, 
but the barren title of 
Prince Bernadotte he will 
be permitted to use. 

The object of the devo- 
tion manifested in these 
astonishing sacrifices was a 
Miss Munck, a Swedish 
beauty of little or no for- 

^ ,<;^^^^a ^K i|Wffl^ g iTOr^^^^ ^""^^ daughter of an officer 

in the army. She 'was a 
maid-of-honor to Prince 
Oscar's elder brother's wife ' 
when she contracted an en- 
gagement of marriage with 
PRINCE OSCAR OF SWEDEN. a young oflScer. The match 
was broken off", and the young lady retired from court for 
a time. Upon her return she met Prince Oscar, who had 
recently come back from a tw^o years' trip in the royal Swed- 
ish frigate "• Vanadis." 

The attentions of the royal sailor to Miss Munck were 
marked, and she retired from court the second time, declin- 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 419 

ing to receive his addresses, as her marriage to him would 
involve the loss of his rojal dignities and more substantial 
advantages. She then took charge of a ward in a charity 
hospital of the Swedish capital, where, after great persever- 
ance in his search for her, he found her. When his suit was 
rewarded with the knowledge that she loved him. Miss 
JVLunck persisted in her intention not to marry. Prince Oscar 
then sought the offices of his royal mother in promoting the 
success of his passion, and won her consent to the union. 

His father sanctioned his addresses only after a long delay,- 
being naturally reluctant, as a king and a man of the world, 
to yield to his son's wish to become merely a private citizen. 
In time, however, his sanction was obtained. 

The Prince is the son of Oscar II, reigning king of Swed- 
en and Norway, and Queen Sophia, daughter of the late 
Duke Wilhelm of Nassau. He is commander in the Swedish 
navy, and won his rank in the usual course of service and 
promotion. His marriage will not interfere with the prose- 
cution of his naval duties. 

In person Oscar is a man of exceptionally noble size and 
proportions. He stands six feet six inches in height. His 
hair and beard are blonde. The lovers make a handsome 
pair, and their appearance respectively of manly nobility and 
feminine grace and loveliness is proper to the subjects of a 
delightful romance. 

The first representative of the royal line to which Oscar 
belongs was Carl XIV, his great-grandfather, who was orig- 
inally a private soldier in the Freneh army. His name then 
was Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte. He was born at Pau, 
in the south of France. From private soldier he became one 
of Napoleon Bonaparte's marshals, but being offended with 
the great emperor he left the army in disgust. In ISIO he 
was elected crown prince and heir to the throne of Sweden, 
on condition of his becoming a protestant. Eight years after- 
ward he ascended the throne of Sweden and Norway. 



420 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

CLARA MORRIS. 

Born in 1850. 
Clara Morris was born in Cleveland, in the state of Ohio^ 
Her parents were exceedingly poor, and she possessed only 
the most meagre educational opportunities. When fifteen 
she entered upon her stage career as a ballet girl at John 
EUsler's Academy of Music, and by the time she was nine- 
teen had risen to the highest position in the theatre. 

Her next engagement, 
made in 1869, was at 
Wood's theatre, Cincin- 
nati, where she remained 
one year as leading lady, 
during which her populari- 
ty largely increased. She 
afterward went to New 
York in the hope of secur- 
ing an engagement in that 
city. Her services were 
declined by Mr. Harris 
Palmer, who was at the 
time making money by the 
•Black Crook," but Mr. 
^ugustin Daly engaged 
clarI morris. lier to appear at the Fifth 

Avenue theatre, in obscure parts. Her faith in her ability 
did not waver notwithstanding the inauspicious beginning of 
her New York career; and when in the early part of the 
season of 1870-71, Miss Fanny Morant fell ill, she was pro- 
moted from a comparatively poor place in the cast of " Man 
and Wife " to personate Aiine Sylvester. This was an op- 
portunity by which she took the best means to profit. Having 
thoroughly studied her part and conscious of her power, she 
played it with a success which led to her engagement for 




THE BIOOBAPHICAL REVIEW. 421 

three years, and to an extraordinary popularity. Two years 
of the three had been filled when she and Mr. Daly parted 
as a result of a disagreement. Mr. M. A. Palmer, of the 
Union Square Company, New York, secured lier services at 
once, with results which were most satisfactory to all 
concerned. 

Her remarkable ability as an emotional actress was never 
more conspicuously seen than in " The "Wicked World," 
which Mr. Palmer brought out in November, 1873. After 
completing her engagement at tlie Union Square theatre. 
Miss Morris appeared as a star in many cities of the Union. 
Her ability has ever since commanded a high degree of pop- 
ularity, mixed with sympathy evoked by the precarious 
condition of her health from time to time, which has serious- 
ly interfered with her work. She is the wife of Mr. F. C, 
Harriott, a New York merchant. 

The peculiarities of her acting are everywhere known. 
Her most severe detractors cannot deny her possession of a 
most remarkable ability to simulate the expression of a pow- 
erful emotion. Though they deny that she is thoroughly skil- 
ed in the detail of her art, they cannot withold from her the 
appreciation due to such an intensity of feeling in her inter- 
pretation of emotional parts as powerfully affects her audi- 
ences and secures a crowded attendance wherever she 
appears. 

In the West especially, Clara Morris is a favorite, and her 
appearance never fails to be greeted with the greatest ap- 
plause. The character of Anne Sylvester in ' ' Man and Wife, " 
in which she made such a success, was undoubtedly the step- 
ping stone to popular favor, as demonstated by subsequent 
events. 

Mrs, J. Brown Potter made her debut in London in 1SS7 
in this same character of Anne Sylvester; and though the 
critics were rather severe, she yet bids fair to rise in popular 
favor by the selection of this same character. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



ROBERT COLLYER. 

Born Dec. 8, 1823. 
The ringing of the anvil, the glow of the forge, the wheez- 
ing of the bellows, and the scattering of sparks under the 
sturdy strokes of the hammer, were the accompaniments to 
the early ministerial training of the eminent Robert CoUyer. 
Like Elihu Burritt and Lyman Beecher, he kept his book ev- 
er before him, in his case 
on a little shelf, the leaves 
held open with a bit of 
iron. 

Thus he would catch a 
sentence now and then, 
and ponder over it as he 
turned the heated irons on 
his anvil. His mind and 
body progressed together 
through combined mental 
and physical development. 
As an author, this elo- 
quent minister has gained 
quite a reputation. He 
has written several works 
that have had a large sale. 
In 1866 appeared ''Nature 
and Life; two years later 
"A Man in Earnest: Life 
of A. H- Conant," and in 1871 "The Life That Now Is." 
Then in 1877 appeared " The Simple Truth: A Home Book;" 
and in 1886 "A History of the Town and Parish of Ilkley," 
written in collaboration with Horsefall Turner. Also in the 
same year appeared "Lectures to Young Men, with Asides 
to Young Women," a new edition of which is now (1888) 
having a large sale. 




ROBERT COLLYER. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 423 

Robert Collyer was born at Keighley, in Yorkshire, Eng- 
land. He received but four years of schooling, and at the 
age of eight or nine went to work in a linen factory, where 
he remained six years. Mr. Collyer was then apprenticed to 
a blacksmith, his father's trade being the same, and for 
twelve years remained at the Ilkley forge. To the duties of 
these twelve years he owes, no doubt, the robust frame and 
sound lungs which are so rare in the clerical profession. 

In 1847 he was converted to methodism, and on Sundays, 
at the neighboring chapels, gained his first experience as a 
preacher, and laid the foundation of his work as a min- 
ister. 

. In 1850 he decided to emigrate to America, and while at 
Shoemakertown, Pennsylvania, obtained a license as a preach- 
er, working at his trade through the week. Later he became 
acquainted with Dr. Furness, who invited him to preach in 
his pulpit. He did so, thus incurring the charge of heresy, 
and losing his right to a license from the conference. This 
occurred in January, 1859, and in February of the same year 
he was invited to the pulpit of the Second Unitarian Society 
of Chicago, newly organized, with a membership of only for- 
ty, but which rapidly became one of the most flourishing 
churches in the northwest. After twenty years of work with 
this society, and with much hesitation, he accepted the call 
of the church of the Messiah, in the city of New York. The 
Chicago church sent to Ilkley and purchased the old anvil in 
CoUyer's smithy, and it is cherished by it as a memorial of 
the hnmble beginning of Mr. Collyer's life. 

The luxuriant growth of hair, streaked with white, which 
covers his large head, and the general cast of his features, 
reminds one forcibly of Beecher. He resembles him also in 
straightforward originality and force of will. In his essays 
and discourses he uses words of Anglo-Saxon origin almost 
entirely, which gives a singular charm and strength to his 
style. 



424 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



THOMAS STEVENS. 



Born about 1858. 
the bicyclist who 



Thomas Stevens, the bicyclist who left San Francisco, 
California, April 18, 1884, on a bicycle tour around the 
world, arrived at San Francisco early in January, 1887, from 
Japan. With the exception of some rough treatment in 
China, and a little trouble elsewhere, he had retained only 
pleasant memories of his journey. In trying to reach India 
he was twice turned back 
on his journey, once by 
Russians in Central Asia 
and again by the Afghans 
on the frontier. He was 
thus forced to take a more 
roundabout way. The re- 
port concerning his rough 
treatment by peasants in 
China were fully corrobo- 
rated by Stevens, and he 
added that he was very 
glad to escape with his life. 
To use his own description 
he says: " I arrived at Can- 
ton October 11, 1886, by 
steamer from Calcutta, and 

proceeded up the Ki Kiang river through the province of 
QuangTung. At first the crowds that followed me did not 
make any attempt at molestation, simply pressing around me 
curiously. 

"At Ta Ho, however, two soldiers were provided as an es- 
cort, and traveled with me to Kingan Foo. Here the mob 
commenced jostling me, then took to throwing pebbles, and 
finally bricks. I was knocked down, and my large pith 
helmet alone saved my life. Soldiers warned the crowds 




THOMAS STEVENS. 



THE BIOOEAPHICAL REVIEW. 425 

that I was armed, but they wrenched the bicycle from me 
and would have demolished it had not the soldiers interfered. 
The mob howled and clamored for me like a lynching party, 
and had I not been provided with a viceregal-passport I 
would never have escaped the clutches of the heathens. 'At 
midnight I v/as packed in a palanquin and carried down to 
a sampan, surrounded by native soldiers, who treated me 
much as if I were a murderer, whom they were unwillingly 
obliged to guard. The mob must have numbered upward of 
two thousand, and the air was full of stones, my body being 
bruised all over. At Kui Kiang I was placed on board a 
steamer plying on the Yangtse to Shanghai, and then once 
again I breathed freely." 

Mr. Stevens' experience has led him to form some very 
decided opinions up)on Chinese characteristics. While journ- 
eying in some parts there were nothing but narrow footpaths, 
which began and ended in the most unexpected places, so that 
sometimes he did not make over a mile an hour; and alarge 
part of the time he was obliged to dismount and walk, owing 
to obstructions. 

Finally, at one time he gave up trying to ride and hired a 
boat, in which he traveled for eight days, resorting at the 
completion of that time to his wheel again. In Japan he 
received the very best of treatment, and his journey through 
that country was much enjoyed. Mr. Stevens is a slight 
young man of medium height, and has spent all of his former 
life west of the Mississippi as a ranchman. He was a re- 
sident of Kansas, and is yet a young man, being but thirty 
years of age. 

The use of bicycles is constantly on the increase, and in 
our large cities it is no uncommon sight to witness a dozen 
young men on their bicycles dashing along the streets, boule- 
vards and parks. And it is not only a pleasure to them but 
is also a healthful form of exercise that is highly recommen- 
ded bv all. 



426 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



PROF. R. A. PROCTOR. 

Born March 23, 1837. 

As AN astronomer and mathematician, Prof. R. A. Proctor 
stands in the front rank of scientists; and to the most assid- 
uous and untiring industry he adds a brilliancy of imagina- 
tion, lucidity of style, and a charming regularity of purpose 
that give him a distinct and honorable place among the se- 
lect and industrious few 
who have widened the 
boundaries of exact knowl- 
edge, and devoted great 
intellectual power to the 
elucidation of some of the 
grandest themes in the ar- 
cana of the sciences. 

In 1863 this eminent 
man, Professor Richard 
Anthony Proctor, was un- 
known, but now his name 
is as familiar as household 
words in England, and in 
this country even, who has! 
not heard of him 'i 

He has attained in the! 
past quarter of a century 
a prominent position both 
as an investigator of celes- 
tial phenomena and as an 
eloquent and instructive writer upon the most modern phases 
of the science of astronomy. 

Born at Chelsea, England, Richard was educated in his 
boyhood chiefly at home, because of his delicate health. Be- 
ing a diligent reader, his tastes inclined to history, literature, 
and theologv, more than to mathematics or the sciences. 




PROF. R. A. PROCTOR. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 427 

He showed a great liking for the construction of maps, and 
still regards charting not only as a valuable aid in scien- 
tific investigation, but also as a very important instructive 
exercise. 

At the age of twelve he began to read Euclid at school, 
and at once took to geometrical study. But the death of his 
father occurring a year later, he was taken from school, and 
became a ward in chancery. The property of his father be- 
ing mortgaged, it was several years before the estate was 
settled, caused by the long and tedious delays of the English 
court of chancery, an institution, by the way, which received 
a merciless scourging in a work of Charles Dickens, because 
of its unnecessary and vexatious delays. 

In consequence of this delay in the settlement of his fa- 
ther's estate, his mother's means soon became exhausted, and 
young Richard had to seek employment, which he obtained 
in 1854. This position was a clerkship in a bank, which also 
aided him in getting the means of going to the university, as 
he was designed for a clergyman of the English established 
church. 

In 1860 he was graduated bachelor of arts;' and before 
the year was out he had become a benedict, being at that 
time twenty-three years of age. 

Mr. Proctor's first literary effort was a nine-page article in 
" Cornhill Magazine " for December, 1863, on the subject of 
"Double Stars." Then shortly afterward appeared his first 
book, "Saturn and Its System," a work chiefly remarkable 
for its fullness. In 1866 "The Handbook of the Stars " 
was ready for the press. Then followed in quick succession 
several works on astronomy that attracted the attention of the 
scientific world. 

Having lost his money through the failure of a banking 
institution on the memorable Black Friday of 1866, he was 
compelled to write for a living to support himself and grow- 
ing family. 



428 .THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

With this end in view he went to London to sell his scien- 
tific treatises; but for three years he sought the aid of pub- 
lisiiers in vain. He was not, however, the first author, whose 
writings afterward brought fame and profit, who came through 
the same experiences. All the world knows how Shelley, to 
the last day of his life, had to pay for the publication of his 
own poems; and how Thackeray hawked around the manu- 
script of his " Vanity Fair." 

But Proctor was not the man to allow himself to be utter- 
ly disheartened. He persisted in writing, and if he could not 
get a publisher to issue his works, he was successful in se- 
curing the publication of a series of essays or scientific pa- 
pers by the leading popular magazines, for which he receiv- 
ed a pecuniary compensation. Meanwhile his reputation as 
a rising scientist was steadily on the increase in philosophic 
circles. 

In 1868 Mr. Proctor commenced writing popular science 
essays for the London "Daily News," and continued to do 
so for many years. In 1870 appeared "Other Worlds Than 
Ours," which had, indeed, a prompt and most remarkable 
success. 

It is a deplorable fact that had not Professor Proctor been 
compelled to write for his daily bread, he would have devot- 
ed more of his time to original research. But as stern ne- 
cessity was ever urging him to fresh endeavors, volume after 
volume was given to the world in quick succession, in order 
to meet the expenses of the maintenance of his family. He 
had, altogether, nine children, of whom three sons and two 
daughters are still living. 

It is but just to say that Professor Proctor has been sin- 
gularly fortunate in enunciating theories which have been 
subsec[uently confirmed, and in some cases demonstrated by 
new observations. And of late years he has devoted more 
time in original research and observations, which make his 
popular writings of still greater value. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



42» 



RICHAED J. OGLESBY. 

Born July 25, 1824. 

RiCHAED J. Oglesby — " Uncle Dick," as he is invariably 
called by the press — has served with much ability in every 
position which he has occupied. Indeed, he has been prom- 
inently identified with the successful measures adopted for the 
welfare of the people of the state of Illinois, who have for 
three terms chosen him as governor. 

He settled in Illinois in 
the year 1836, his birth- 
place being in Oldham 
county, Kentucky. He re- 
ceived a common school 
education only, after which 
he worked for two years at 
the carpentering trade. He 
then studied law, and con- 
tinued its study until he 
was admitted to the bar in 
1845. Mr. Oglesby serv- 
ed one year in the Mexican 
war, and worked for two 
years in the mines of Cali- 
fornia. He was elected to 
the state senate in 1860, 
but resigned this honorary 
position to enter the volunteer service in 1861. At the com- 
mencement of the Rebellion he was made Colonel, after • 
wards appointed Brigadier-general, and two years later re- 
ceived the title of Major-general. He resigned in 1864, and 
was elected governor of Illinois, receiving the re-election in 
1872, and again in 1884. He was chosen United States 
senator for the term ending 1879. 




KICHARD J. OGLESBY. 



430 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

Mrs. Oglesby, the mistress of the executive mansion of Il- 
linois and the leading lady of the state, is the eldest daughter 
of John G. Gillett, a prominent and well-known citizen of 
Elkhart, Illinois, and possesses many of the marked charac- 
teristics of her father. 

The first husband of this lady lived but a few years. Her 
son by that marriage, Mr. James H. Keyes, is now (1888) 
about twenty-one years of age, a graduate of Harvard at the 
last commencement of that institution. 

In social life Mrs. Oglesby is a very popular lady. In her 
own house she entertains with grace and ease; and it is said 
that, even as the governor's wife, she makes a point of re- 
turning all calls in person. 

During the winter of 1887-88 she was not especially active 
in society on account of the death in October, 1887, of her 
grandmother, Mrs. Avia Parke, to whom Mrs. Oglesby was 
most affectionately attached. 

She is a great favorite among the children, and delights 
so much to entertain them. Christmas-eve of 1887 a party 
was given at the executive mansion at Springfield for the 
three little Oglesby children — Felicity, Dick, and John — 
and about one hundred little folks were present. In the 
midst of these children Mrs. Oglesby seemed just to be in 
her element. 

In person Mrs. Oglesby is tall and graceful, and of easy, 
elegant manners; and she fills the position of the governor's 
wife to the delight and pleasure of her friends, and to the 
universal honor and credit of that station. Indeed, there is 
a general opinion among her friends that she would grace 
the White House admirably. 

Be that as it may, time works great changes in the destin- 
ies of persons, and when the path to fame is once found 
out, it cannot be foretold whence it will lead them. And 
Mr. Oglesby has surely found that path, and is following a 
straightforward course. Whither will it lead ? 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 431 

GEN. J. C. S. BLACKBURN. 

Born ill 1838. 

Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn is a man of marked in- 
dividuality, and has long been a conspicuous figure in Ameri- 
can politics. Born in Woodford county, Kentucky, near 
Versailles, his early education was acquired at Sayer's in- 
stitute, Frankfort, and at Centre college, Danville. When 
twenty years old he was admitted to the bar, having read law 
for two years with George 
E. Kincaid, Esquire, of 
Lexington. He began 
practice in Chicago; but 
in I860- he returned, and, 
like hundreds of other spir- 
ited young southern law- 
yers, left a rapidly growing 
practice at the outbreak of 
war to take his place in 
the confederate ranks as a 
private cavalry soldier. 

His introduction to pol- 
itical life had taken place 
the previous year, 1860, 
when he served as assist ,. 
ant elector on the Breck- u 
enridge presidential tick- 
et, and stumped the state 
with much of the ardent 

spirit so characteristic of him in after life. Gen. Blackburn 
served his state to the end of the war, acting as aide-de-camp 
to Gen. William Preston, and taking part in many of the most 
important battles. His reputation as a soldier was that of 
a dashing and intrepid fighter. At Chicamauga his bravery 
excited the wildest enthusiasm of the men he commanded. 




GEN. J. C. S. BLACKBURN. 



4C2 THE DIOGEAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Eeturning to civil life in 1S65, he fortnree years practiced 
his profession in Arkansas, coming back in 1868 to his 
native county, and there engaging again in farming and le- 
gal practice. Gen. Blackburn was twice elected to the state 
legislature, in 1871 and 1873. In 187-1 he was chosen as 
Mr. Beck's successor in congress, and was four times re- 
elected. 

His course as a congressman has been honorable and 
marked by the strictest integrity. As a speaker he is fiery 
and an adept in the use of impassioned invective. Gen. 
Blackburn is a strong but not a bigoted party man, and his 
services have been as valuable to the democrats in the caucus 
as in the halls of congress. His popularity in his district is 
attested by the fact that his majorities have often been dou- 
ble the entire vote of his opponent. 

In committee-work Mr. Blackburn has been especially 
eificient; and one of his most notable speeches was made in 
presenting his report from the committee on expenditures in 
the war department in regard to the Belknap frauds. A per- 
sonal controversy some two years ago with Gen, Burnside 
attracted some attention, and rumors as to the possibility of 
a duel were freely circulated. In the matter of the contested 
election of 1876, Congressman Blackburn was an earnest and 
eloquent opponent of the plan of the electoral commission. 
Since that time he has been most prominent as a bitter foe 
of oflBcial corruption of every kind and from whatever source. 

In personal appearance Gen. Blackburn is a typical Ken- 
tuckian, tall, sinewy, and muscular with a fine head, square 
forehead, and eyes that are by turns humorous and stern. A 
heavy dark mustache shades a finely cut mouth. 

The long experience of this democratic senator in every 
department of public life, his acknowledged skill and capa- 
city as a legislator and orator, and his undoubted integrity in 
political as well as in personal life make him a fit occupant 
of the seat once held by Henry Clay. 



TEE BWQRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



433 



DOM PEDRO 11. 

Born in 1825. 

The total abolition of slavery in the empire of Brazil by 
an act of parliament took place in 1888. 

The passage of this law was anticipated for a long time. 
For years past tlie emperor Dom Pedro has set his mind on 
eflFecting the abolition of slavery in the empire. As far 
back as 1871 a law was passed for the gradual emancipation 

of the vast slave popula- 
tion, but it was badly ad- 
ministered, and in many 
places not enforced at all. 
A more stringent law was 
passed in 1885, where- 
by all persons born in sla- 
very should be free at the 
age of twenty-one, and all 
slaves over sixty should be 
entitled to liberty. To 
facilitate the operation of 
this law a deduction of six 
per cent for each year was 
made in the value of each 
slave, and a tax of five per 
cent on all imports and'in- 
ternal, taxes was imposed 
for the government eman- 
cipation fund. Voluntary 
societies of buying up 
slaves sprang up in almost every city, and one province freed 
all its slaves by paying the masters the government valuation.. 
Still the emperor was not satisfied with the slowness of this 
progress, and, through his influence, a bill for the immediate 
emancipation of the slaves was introduced into parliament 




DOM PEDEO. 



434 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

at each session. On leaving Rio for his European tour in 
1887, he passed the hehn of affairs to his daughter Isabella, 
the princess regent, with the injunction that she would leave 
no means unexercised to bring about the passage of the 
emancipation bill. The bill was presented, and the minis- 
try, refusing to pass it, resigned. A new ministry was form- 
ed, and the bill was passed by, both houses. 

By the recent emancipation law nearly one million and a 
half slaves were freed from servitude. Outside of the planta- 
tions, slavery in Brazil was not an abused institution, the 
slaves in private houses being almost invariably regarded and 
treated as members of the family. 

In recognition of this enlightened measure, removing 
the last stain of slavery from the new world. Pope Leo XIII 
has sent the golden rose to the princess regent of Brazil. 

Dom Pedro II is the son of the first Brazilian emperor, 
and grandson of King John of Portugal. He succeeded to 
the throne on the abdication of his father in 1831, and was 
crowned ten years later. In 1843 Dom Pedro was married 
to a daughter of the king of Sicily. 

Brazil is at all times peacefully inclined. In the first place 
the emperor, Dom Pedro, is a comparatively old man, over 
three score years of age, in feeble health, which he tried to 
amend by a European tour. 

After him the crown will go to his daughter, the Princess 
Isabel, and then to his grandson. The royal family would 
oppose a war unless absolutely necessary for self-defence, 
and this in Brazil means much. Then, Brazil, though a 
country with a vast territory and a great future, is yet un- 
developed and maintains but a small army, some fourteen 
thousand men. She is very largely in debt, and her finan- 
.cial resources are somewhat limited. The population of 
Brazil is a little over ten millions. The public revenue about 
sixty-five million dollars, and the expenditure generally ex- 
ceeds that figure. 



THE B 10 GRA PHICAL RE VIE W. 



435 



VIOLET CAMERON. 

Born about ISoo. 

The actress. Yiolet Cameron, originally was known by the 
imaristocratic and homely name of Thompson, having been 
brought up by Lydia Thompson, the celebrated actress, and 
Alexander Henderson, the fascinating Lydia's husband. 

Yiolet has a square cliin, with a resolute mouth, steel-gray 
eyes, and hair ao extreme 
ly blonde that it might pa'^^ 
for gray. Her ligure ]•> 
somewhat exuberant. 

Her marriage with Mr. 
de Besande was a smoolh 
and happy one until the 
Earl of Lonsdale became 
acquainted with the pair. 
The nobleman made pres- 
ents to the wife, and final- 
ly, bought an interest in 
the business of the com- 
pany of which the actresb 
and her husband wei-e 
members. Trouble between 
the men followed in con- 
sequence of their financial 
transactions, and probably 
the jealousy of de Besande. molet cameron. 

Lord Lonsdale was fined for an assault on the husband; and 
later Yiolet Cameron filed a petition in the English divorce 
court for a judicial separation. 

Consequently her arrival in this country on a professional 
tour was heralded by these occurrences of a few months pre- 
vious. She was accompanied by the nobleman, who washer 
business manao;er while in this country. 




436 



THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 



EDWARD SYLVESTER MORSE. 

Born June 18, 18.3S. 

The great American naturalist and scientist, Prof. E. S. 
Morse, Ph.D., is a native of Portland, Maine. After receiv- 
ing an education at an academy at Bethel, in his native state, 
he became a draughtsman in the Portland locomotive works, 
meanwhile devoting his leisure to studies in natural history. 

The work ot Mr. Morse 
having attracted the atten- 
tion of Louis Agassiz, the 
eminent naturalist, he was 
invited by that notable 
scientist to study at the 
Lawrence scientific school 
of Harvard, where he was 
assistant until 1862. 

Brachiopods became the 
subject of his investiga- 
tions; they had been re-, 
garded as moUusks, but 
after careful research Mr. 
Morse announced that they 
were to be classed among 
the worms. This work at- 
tracted special, attention 
abroad from famous natu- 
ralists, notably Charles 
Darwin, who manifested great interest in this discovery of 
the young American scientist. 

In 18G6 Prof. Morse settled in Salem, and was associated 
in establishing the "American Naturalist," becoming one of 
its editors; and in founding the Peabody academy of science, 
of which he was made a curator. 

His biological investigations continued until 1871 in Sa- 




I 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 437 

lem, during which time he published more than twenty me- 
moirs. In 1871 he was called to the chair of comparative 
anatomy and zoology, in Bowdoin, where he remained for 
three years. 

In 1877 he visited Japan in search of new material on the 
subject of brachiopods, and accepted from the Japanese gov- 
ernment the professorship of zoology in the imperial univer- 
sity of Tokio. Keturning to the United States in 1880, he 
continued his researches there. 

Prof. Morse has lectured extensively throughout the Uni- 
ted States on scientitie-^subjects, and has delivered special 
courses in Boston, Baltimore^ and Salem. He has invented 
an apparatus for utilrzing the sun's rays in heating and ven- 
tilating apartments; a device for introducing fresh air into a 
heated room; and a pamphlet jacket. 

In 1885 Prof. Morse was elected president of the Ameri- 
can association for the advancement of sciences, from which 
he retired in 1887. The scientific papers of this noted man 
already number over fifty, besides numerous less technical 
articles written for popular journals. He is the author of 
"First Book in -Zoology," published in 1875, a favorite text- 
book, which has been translated into German and Japanese; 
also "Japanese Homes and Their Surroundings" in 1885. 
The illustrations in both of these works were made by him- 
self; and he possesses the rare accomplishment of drawing 
equally well with either hand. 

Professor E. S. Morse has a fine collection of Japanese 
pottery, said to be the best in the world, not even excepting 
any in Japan;, this collection is valued at one hundred thou- 
sand dollars, and can be seen at his residence in Boston. It 
is said to be a marvel of complete and systematic classifica- 
tion, covering the ground historically from the earliest pre- 
historic pottery down to the work of living men, by pro- 
vinces, by makers, by forms, and by types of work. This 
magnificent collection is now ofiered for sale. 



438 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



HON. WILLIAM WALTER PHELPS. 

Born about 1S54. 

For some years the face of William Walter Fhelps has 
been gradually becoming more and more familiar to the 
readers of the illustrated weekly press. In no way has he 
made so much noise in the world as by his bangs which the 
caricaturists have made their own. The gradual growth of 
a public man into the favor of the caricaturists and his con- 
sequent presentation to the 
great reading public is one 
of the most interesting 
things in pictorial journ- 
alism. 

There is no more inter- 
esting figure in the house 
of congress than the mil- 
1 i o n a i r e representative 
from New Jersey, William 
Walter Phelps, who, like 
many other men of wealth, 
finds in the discussion of 
public questions a diver- 
sion more agreeable than 
is furnished by their pri- 
vate affairs. Phelps, who 
inherited wealth, has in 
his time been lawyer, 
railway promoter, diplo- 
mat, politician and congressman. He likes a stirring occu- 
pation such as the game of politics aftbrds, and he once re- 
fused a judgeship tendered by Governor Fenton, of New 
Jersey, because he did not want to confine his sphere to the 
business of untangling legal intricacies. In 1881 he was 
appointed minister to Austria and accepted. 




^^^^^■■mm 



HON. WILLIAM WALTER PHELPS. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 439 

Like all public men, Phelps is better known by certain pe- 
culiarities than anything else. The wits and paragraphers 
have had so much to say about his "bangs" that they have 
become as famous as Ben Butler's drooping eyelid, Luke- 
Poland's silver-buttoned coat, or Tom Ochiltree's cross-eyes. 
This mild affectation, together with a certain softness in 
speech, invariably impresses a stranger with the idea that 
Phelps is "putting it on." The idea is an incorrect one. 
Phelps combs his hair over his forehead to conceal the scan- 
tiness of his locks, though this device does not serve to hide 
the enlarging bald spot on the crown of his head. What is 
regarded as affectation in his speech is really natural, and 
his addresses are polished, shrewd and sound. He can see 
as far into a mill-stone as anybody, and he enjoys the live- 
ly skirmishes which congresional discussions afford. When 
"Jim " Belford, who gloried in the title, "red-headed rooster 
of the Rockies," was representing Colorado in congress, he 
had a pick at Phelps and made the famous declaration that 
"no man who banged his hair could run the republican par- 
ty." However, Belford is now in obscurity while Phelps is 
in the president-making business. 

Phelps dislikes the routine work of politics, and has a man 
employed by the year to keep him posted on all political 
changes. He uses this man's information as a sort of anim- 
ated reference book, and does not bother his own memory 
for anything of this nature. In the political manoeuvering 
on the floor of the house, Phelps' attitude is significant, owing 
to the fact that he is regarded as the close personal friend 
of James G. Blaine. Phelps is supposed to look after Blaine's 
interests in the house, while Hiscock does the same in the 
senate. It is not a violent presumption to assume that Mr. 
Phelps would receive distinguished honors should Mr. Blaine 
have the opportunity to confer them. 

Phelps makes his home in Englewood, New Jersey, and 
his wealth is reported as fabulous. 



440 



TEE BIOQBAPHICAL REVIEW, 



CHARLES DICKENS. 

Born Jan. 6", 1831. 
■ The son and namesake of the immortal novelist, Charles 
Dickens, was educated at Eton and Leipzic, after which he 
passed live years in Baring Brothers' banking firm. 

Tn 1860 he went to India, China, and Japan; then, after 
another spell at business, he finally took to literature in 1868, 
joining his father as sub-editor and becoming his partner the 
following year. 

When his father died, in 
1870, he left him his share 
in " All tue Year Round," 
which Mr. Dickens has 
carried on ever since. In 
1881 he revived Household 
Words as a penny magazin e. 
He has done a great deal 
of work on papers and mag- 
azines, and has published 
"The Life of Charles Ma- 
thews," the dictionaries of 
London and the Thames, 
besides issuing in 1887 an 
annotated jubilee edition 
of " Pickwick." 

In 1861 he married a 
daughter of his father's old printer and publisher, Mr. Evans, 
by whom he had several children, among whom Miss Mary 
Dickens has made a name for herself as an actress. 

Of late Mr. Dickens has taken to publ c reading through 
the British provinces with great success. Like most mem- 
bers of his family he is a clever amateur actor, and the read- 
ing of selections from his father's popular works t'-Q rendered 
with skill and pathos. 




CHARI FS DICKENS 



THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 441 

Mr. Charles Dickens, Junior, visited the United States in 
1887, and delivered a series of " Readings from Dickens by 
his son, Charles Dickens." He is a gifted reader — a clever 
comedian also, as was his father — but it was Dickens the eld- 
er who called forth the laughter and applause that accompa- 
nied the readings. And it was evidently to the readings more 
than to the reading that Mr. Dickens trusted for effect. 

''The very name of Mr. Dickens is enough to awaken our 
warm interest," said Major Kirkland, in introducing Mr.. 
Dickens to the audience. "I have the honor to introduce, 
the son of the man who made that name beloved by us." 

Mr. Dickens arose and bowed. There were only the two 
gentlemen on the platform. "I shall read selections from 
' David Copperfield,' " said Mr. Dickens, "embraced in five 
chapters, prepared by my father for his own public reading." 
Then he immediately began at the description of the Peg- 
goty house. 

Mr. Dickens started out in an easy mono-tone. The reading 
seemed commonplace at first, and one's first thought was that 
the familiar lines were having an inadequate interpretation. 
The scene was that where Steerforth — handsome, nonchalant, 
secretly excited — was introduced by David to Mr. Peggoty, 
little Emily, and the rest. But after a few moments the audi- 
ence and Mr. Dickens seemed to like each other better, and 
at the close of the first chapter, where David left Steerforth 
lying asleep, everybody was satisfied that Mr. Dickens was 
a felicitous and discriminating reader. His interpretation 
of Steerforth's character grew on one wonderfully. 

On first becoming acquainted with Mr. Pickwick one see& 
only a fat, blundering, good-natured old gentleman, with a 
knack of making himself ridiculous; by-and-by, when one 
knows the old gentleman intimately, he is found to be one of 
the warmest hearted and most delightfully lovable old fellows 
in the world. In like manner Mr. Dickens' interpretation of 
Steerforth grew on one. At first one saw only the aflected, 



442 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

blase college youth; but presently the subtle lovableness in 
him appears tiirough his mask of vicious moods, and the 
listener catches that half-llippant, half-passionate charm which 
made him so magnetic — the charm which made good people 
love him despite his wickedness. 

Mr. Dickens does not rely for effect on the customary meth- 
ods of the professional elocutionist. He does not try. to 
give a characteristic voice or tone to each of the various 
characters, and yet he is a better reader of dialogue than of 
simple description. He discriminates between the characters, 
partly by a slight change of tone, but chiefly by a change of 
mood and by facial expression. 

Mr. Dickens' reading of the last two chapters was all that 
could be desired. It was an artistic and a literary treat. 
It was a mixture of tears and laughter, but the pathos was 
obtrusive and the laughter subdued. Not that Mr. Dickens 
is the sort of reader who brings tears to the eyes. One never 
forgets the reader in the character; he is Mr. Dickens always 
and not Mr. Peggoty. But his simple, unpretention is most im- 
pressive — more impressive, indeed, to many than would be 
the faltering voice and choked throat and other theatrical 
tricks that are the stock-in-trade of the average professional 
reader. But it is as a reader of humorous dialogue that he is 
conspicuously successful. All his gestures are graceful, easy, 
and unobtrusive, and his facial play is sometimes exquisite, 
using but little stage business. 

' Of all my books I like this the best," said Dickens of 
"David Copperfield." "It will be easily believed that I am 
a fond parent to every child of my fancy, and that no one 
can ever love that family as dearly as I love them. But like 
many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favorite 
child. And his name is David Copperfield." 

And that Dickens the younger loves the characters his 
father created and loved is evident in his every tone and ges- 
ture. But who doesn't love them? 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



443 



DAYID TURPIE. 

Born July S, 1829. 

The long senatorial contest of 1886 in Indiana, which re- 
sulted in the triumph of the democratic members of the legis- 
lature, brings into prominence a man of marked personal pe- 
culiarities and attainments. In the membership of Judge 
David Turpie, the United States possesses an accession of 
learning and debating power which cannot but have a mark- 
ed effect on its proceed- 
ings. 

David Turpie was born 
in Hamilton county, Ohio, 
in which Cincinnati is 
situated. He graduated at 
Kenyon college, the same 
state, in 1848; was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1849 and 
began practice in Logans- 
port, Indiana. In 1852 he 
was a member of th-e house 
of representatives. He w as 
appointed a common pleas -^^ 
judge in 1854, and a judge 
of the circuit court in 1856, 
both of which positions he 
resigned. 

In 1858 he was again a 
member of the state house 
of representatives. When Jesse D. Bright was expelled 
from the senate in 1862, under .charges of disloyalty, Judge 
Turpie was elected as a democrat for the unexpired part o^' 
Senator Bright's term, serving from January 22, to March 3, 
1863. 

During the last few years he hi.s done little either in pol- 




DAVID TURPIE. 



444 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

itics or business, being well-to-do and fond of spending his 
time in good company in the hotels of Indianapolis and 
elsewhere. 

In person he stands about five feet eight inches m height, 
and weighs one hundred and sixty-five pounds. He wears 
an iron gray beard on the lower part of his face. His com- 
plexion is described by a man who knows him well, as of 
mingled blue and red. 

David Turpie is a good lawyer and an eloquent speaker, 
excelling as a maker of phrases which "bite worse than old 
cheese." Making his capability the more striking, the judge 
is nervous in manner, said to be an effect of excessive 
smoking. 

In the literature the senator is entitled, to a renown he has 
not yet received. He is conversant with Shakespeare and 
all the standard poets, and commands the ability to quote 
extensively from them; and is said to be equally at home 
with Homer and other classical authors, and to be so learned 
in the bible as to excite the envy of the clergy. 

In 1885 he lost his wife, a lady of superior beauty and 
cultivation. He has one child, a daughter, the light and or- 
nament of his household. 

The senatorial term of David Turpie expires in the year of 
1893. So far he has distinguished himself in many ways, 
and will certainly become still more conspicuous as a states- 
man and jurist. 

Senator Turpie has now (1888) been before the public for 
over forty years, during which time he has ever led an active 
and useful life, winning the high regard of not only his con- 
stituents but also of his political opponents. 

Since the death of his wife, he consoles himself somewhat 
in literary pursuits, especially in the perusal of standard 
poetical works, of which he is exceedingly fond. And to his 
daughter, Judge Turpie is a very indulgent, kind and loving 
parent as ever child could wish. 



I 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



445 



CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 

Born in 1837. 
Chafncey Mitchell Depew is better known to the public 
as a pre-eminently social man and as an orator than the labo- 
rious railroad president, who disposes of as much business 
every day as would break down the constitution of many men 
to undertake. He is also a great philanthropist, and is per- 
sonally a very popular 
man. 

Mr. Depew was born at 
Peekskill, in the state of 
New York. His ancestors 
for more than two hundred 
years were farmers on the 
family acres at Peekskill 
— a rugged, hardworking 
folk, brought up on simple 
fare without dissipation, 
luxury, or doctors. The 
earlier of them were 
French Huguenots. Blend- 
ed with blood of that qual- 
ity, he claims descent from 
the brother of a signer of 
the declaration of inde- 
pendence. 

CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. He was graduated in the 

year 1856 with high honors, leaving college in the stirring 
period that developed the birth of the republican party. In 
1858 he was admitted to the bar and elected a delegate to 
the republican state convention. Two years later he took the 
stump for Lincoln and won his first laurels as an orator. In 
1861 he went to the New York assembly, and was re-elected 
the followino; vear. 




446 THE BIOOBAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Mr. Depew was next nominated for secretary of state, and 
was elected by a majority of thirty thousand votes. The re- 
nomination was offered and declined, and tlien President 
Johnson commissioned him collector of the port of New 
York, but afterward tore up the parchment in consequence of 
a quarrel with Senator Edmund D. Morgan of New York. 
In the same administration Mr. Seward offered Mr. Depew 
the post of minister to Japan; after considering the appoint- 
ment for four weeks, Mr. Depew decided to decline it. 

In 1872, when the Greeley ticket was in the field, Mr. De- 
pew was nominated for lieutenant-governor of his state, but, 
with the rest of the ticket, was defeated. 

In 1877 he was made regent- of the State university. He 
was a candidate for the United States senate in 1881. After 
a contest of eighty-two days, in which he received fully three- 
fourths of the republican votes, he withdrew his candidature. 
His connection with the Vanderbilt railway system dates 
back to 1866, when he was made attorney for the Harlem 
road. 

In 1875 he was made counsel for the New York Central 
railroad, and in 1883 was elevated to the vice-presidency, 
and shortly afterward became president of the road. 

In personal appearance, Mr. Depew is nearly six feet in 
height. He has a large head, high forehead, bright gray 
eyes, and sandy hair and side whiskers. His frame is com- 
pact and erect, and he moves with rapidity. His voice has a 
distinct, pleasant and fascinating tone, and he is gifted with 
remarkable conversational powers. 

Mr. Depew was married in 1871 to a lady who is as much 
his help-meet now as when he was not a millionaire. He 
lives stylishly, but he eats and drinks with scrupulous regard 
to the preservation of his health. Some years ago he gave 
up smoking cigars, as he considered it lessened his nervous 
force. This popular man is a churchman and very liberal in 
his charities; and was also a presidential favorite in 1888. 



THE BIOORAPHTCAL REVIEW, 



447 



EUSSELL A. ALGER. 

Born Feb. 27, 1836. 
EussELL A. Alger, of Detroit, Michigan, was one of the 
favorites, at the national republican convention of 1888, for 
the candidature for the presidency of the United States re- 
ceiving a good round vote on every ballot; the delegates 
from Michigan being steadfast in their loyalty to the ex gov- 
ernor, who is very popular 
in his state. 

This man of business 
and statesman was born in 
Lafayette township, Medi- 
na county, Ohio. Both of 
his parents died when -he 
was only eleven years of 
age, leaving him to pro- 
vide for himself and also 
a younger sister and broth- 
er. He managed to sup- 
port the obligations thus 
thrust upon him by an un- 
toward fortune. 

When the war of the 
union began he was a resi- 
dent of Michigan, and was 
able to leave his affairs in 
good shape and fight for 
the federal cause. Mr. Alger enlisted in the second Michi- 
gan cavalry, in obedience to the first call addressed to the 
patriotism of his state. 

Afterward he was mustered into the service of the United 
States as captain of company C. He proved to be a brilli- 
ant officer of cavalry, was present in some of the most ob- 
stinately contested fights of the war, and was twice wounded. 




KUSSELL A. ALGER. 



448 THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Durmg the winter of 1863-64 he was on private service 
under orders from President Lincoln, and visited nearly all 
the union armies in the field at the time. The career of Mr. 
Alger as soldier and general evidences his great ability and 
courage. 

In the year of 1865 General Alger began his successful 
career at Detroit as a dealer in pine timber and pine lands. 
He is now the president of one of the wealthiest corporations 
engaged in the operations indicated; and outside of this he 
has large business interests in railroads, banking and in car- 
building. 

General Alger has been identified with the republican 
party from its beginning, and has ever been acknowledged 
as one of its most prominent adherents in the state of 
Michigan. 

The popularity of Mr. Alger resulted in his election to the 
governorship of Michigan, which position he filled during 
the years of 1886 and 1887. As governor he administered 
his executive power with great wisdom and calm judgment, 
winning the esteem of the people generally, irrespective of 
party lines. Being a man of rare business ability, he was 
eminently fitted for that position, which requires sound judg- 
ment and a steadfastness of policy to properly adminster the 
affairs of the state. 

In nominating General Alger at the convention of 1888, 
Robert B. Fraser, of Detroit, said: "-Gen. Alger will supply 
to you strength fromuU quarters of the union. The rich men 
will trust him, for he is a man of business, and his honor 
among them has been unquestioned. If you think he is not 
a friend of tlie poor man come with rac to the city of Detroit 
where he lives, enter with me into the poor man's home — 
aye, into the very abode of misery- — and mention the name 
of our favorite, and you will find that next to their God 
among the poor the name of Gen. Eussell A. Alger is held 
sacred." 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 449 

BENJAMIN T. BIGGS. 

Born Oct. 1, 1821. 

Benjamin T. Biggs is a native of Summit Bridge, in the 
state of Delaware. He was born on a farm, and his early 
years were spent in the open air and sunshine of the fields. 
After supplementing his elementary studies with two years 
at Pennington seminary, 
New Jersey, Mr. Biggs 
taught school for a short 
time. 

He then entered Wes- 
leyan university. Middle- 
town, in the state of Con- 
necticut, as a student, but 
he could not stay for grad- 
uation on account of bad 
health. 

Mr. Biggs was twenty- 
six years of age when he 
made up his mind to culti- 
vate his constitution on a 
farm, and let ambition go. ! 
Six years afterward, how- 
ever, his name appears as 
that of a member of the 
state constitutional con- benjamin t. biggs. 

vention. Later on he began the successful enterprise in the 
development of local railways. 

Mr. Biggs was defeated as a candidate for the house of 
representatives in Washington in 1860, but was elected to the 
forty-first and forty-second congresses as a democrat. 

Mr. Biggs was elected governor of Delaware for the term 
that commenced in January, 1887, vv^hich expires in 1891. 
The salary is two thousand dollars a year. 




450 



THE BIOGEAPHICAL BE VIEW, 



EMILY FAITHFULL. 

The great work which Emily Faithful! has given herself 
to do is " to seek remunerative employment for women/' 
She has devoted her whole time to this task, since when a 
young woman weary of the gaieties of London, she began 
life in earnest. Her fatlier was a clergyman of the church 

of England. The daughter 
Emily w a s presented at 
court, and spent some time 
in the pursuit of fashion- 
able pleasure. 

She soon grew tired of 
this and began a life of 
useful activity in the be- 
half of her sex, which she 
still maintains. 

As a printer and pub- 
lisher she employs only 
women. Her "Victoria 
Magazine," in which she 
advocated her peculiar 
views, was discontinued af- 
ter a respectable career. 

As a lecturer she is very 
successful. Her leading 
subjects at the present time 
are "Modern Extravagance: Its Causes and Cure," and the 
"Changed Position of Woman in the Nineteenth Century." 
In personal appearance Miss Faithfull is pleasing. She lec- 
tured in the United States in 1872-73, and made hosts of 
friends. She again made a lecturing tour through this coun- 
try a few years ago. Her observations as to the con- 
dition of women in the United States are favorable to our 
national self-esteem. 




EMILY FAITHFULL. 



THE BIOORAPHIGAL REVIEW. 



451 



EPHRAIM K. WILSON. 

Born Dec. 22. 1821. 
This statesman, Ephraim K. Wilson, was born at Snow 
Hill, where he now resides. His father was a gentleman of 
more than local distinction, and was a member of the house 
of representatives in the twentieth and twenty-first congresses. 
Senator Wilson's preparatory education was gained at Union 



academy, whence he was en- 



academy and Washington 
tered a student of Jefter- 
son college, Pennsylvania. 
He was graduated at this 
seat of learning in August, 
1841. Returning to Snow 
Hill he studied law and was 
admitted to the bar. Dur- 
ing the twenty years be- 
tween 1848 and 1868 he 
built up a large practice 
and achieved superior pro- 
fessional reputation. 

His public services be- 
gan in the year 1847, when 
he was elected to the legis- 
lature of Maryland. In 
1852 he was a presidential 
elector on the Pierce and 
King ticket. He was elect- 
ed a member of the house 
of representatives at Wash- 
ington in the year 1872, and served as such from December 
1, 1873, to March 3, 1875. At the time of his election to 
the United States senate he was serving as circuit judge. 

Senator Wilson is distinguished for his legal learning and 
generous culture. 




EPHRAIM K. WILSON. 



452 TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW^ 

CHAKLES W. ELIOT. 

Born March 20, 1834. 

The president of Harvard college, Charles William Eliot, 
LL.D., is a native of the city of Boston, in the state of Mass- 
achusetts. His father was a former treasurer of Harvard. 
Young Eliot graduated from the Boston Latin school in the 
year 1849, and from the college four years later. 

Prof. Charles W. Eliot 
was inaugurated president 
of Harvard college on May 
19, 1869, and was the 
youngest to sit in Parson 
Turell's legacy, with but 
one exception — that of 
President Locke. 

Before his election he 
had been tutor and assist- 
ant professor in the col- 
lege, and also taught in the 
institute of technology in 
Boston. He was also pro- 
fessor of mathematics and 
chemistry for a number 
of years, both at Harvard 
and in a Boston college. charles w. eliot. 

Probably the event in his pre-presidential life upon which 
the under-graduates look with most enthusiasm is the fact 
that he once sat (while a tutor) in a university boat. Be that 
as it may. President Eliot has been at all times popular with 
the whole college. 

In 1866 "Manual of Inorganic Chemistry" appeared, 
which was the joint work of Charles W. Eliot and F. H. Stor- 
er. Since that time Prof. Eliot has contributed largely to 
various scientific journals. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



455 



In 



MARY MILLER, 
the case of Mary Miller, the comparatively liberal in- 



crease of occupations in which women can take part is strik- 
ingly illustrated. Only a few years ago, to suggest that a 
woman command a steamer would have been considered ab- 
surd, but Mrs. Miller has received a government license au- 
thorized her to such com- 
mand, and she has used it 
in an unquestionably satis- 
factory way. This is, in- 
deed, an age of progress. 
Mrs. Mary Miller is the 
wife of an old Kentucky 
steamboat man, who had 
the good sense to marry a 
wife much younger than 
himself. 

When he went a-voyag- 
ing amid the shifting bars 
and the caving banks and 
^fsnags of western rivers, 
''■^'she went with him, and ac- 
quired a practical knowl- 
^^edge of navigation. Her 
husband in time made 
money, and built a steam- 
boat of his own. 
In the fall of 1882 he sailed his craft to New Orleans, 
and entered the Ouachita river trade. He prospered in his 
ventures, but aged so rapidly that he was unable to command 
his steamer. Then his wife secured a captain's license, hav- 
ing proved herself worthy of it by passing the necessary ex- 
amination. "Captain" Miller, the reader will agree, is the 
comeliest among commanders of steamers. 




MAEY MILLER. 



454 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



HENKY WATTERSON. 

Born Feb. 16, 1840. 

The great journalist and editor of the Louisville "Courier- 
Journal," Henry Watterson, was a prominent figure at the 
national democratic convention held in St. Louis in 1888, and 
was a member on the committee on resolutions. 

Henry is a native of Washington, where he was educated 
by private tutors because 
his eyesight was some- 
what defective. 

Being very fond of lit- 
erature, he decided to en- 
ter into the profession of 
journalism. He at once 
obtained employment on- 
the " Washington States," 
a democratic paper. He 
next became editor of the 
' 'Democratic Review ;" and 
in 1861 he became editor 
of the Nashville "Repub- 
lican Banner." 

He entered the confed- 
erate service at the begin- 
ning of the civil war, and 
edited the "Chattanooga Rebel," The war being ended, Mr. 
Watterson returned to Nashville and revived the "Banner." 
Removing to Louisville, this young journalist bought an in- 
terest in the "Journal" of that city. In conjunction with 
Mr. Haldeman, who controlled the "Courier," the "Demo- 
crat " was purchased in 1868; these three papers were merged 
into the "Courier-Journal," of which the subject of this sketch 
became editor. He was a member of the forty-fourth con- 
gress as a democrat. 




HLM.l ANAlltKSON. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 455 

SIR LYON PLAYFAIR. 

Born in 1S19. 

The eminent scientist, the Right Hon. Sir Lyon Playfair, 
K. C. B., LL.D., F. R. S.,is the son of Dr. George Playfair^ 
who was an inspector-general of hospitals in Bengal. Sir 
Lyon received a classical education, and also a thorough 
study in the science of chemistry, under the direction of 
practical chemists. 

Mr. Playfair has been 
professor of chemistry in 
the Manchester royal '•in 
stitute, and the Edinburgli 
university, and also chem 
ist to the museum of prac 
tical geology. 

He has served in num 
erous important commis 
sions, as that of the civil 
service commission of the 
year 1874, of which ho 
was president. Other po 
sitionsof public trust ha\t 
been held by this noted 
man. His political careoi 
commenced in 1868. In 
1885 he received the elec- 
tion from Leeds. sik lyon playfair. 

Sir Lyon Playfair has distinguished himself by speeches 
on university education and sanitary questions. In 1873 he 
became postmaster-general, and chairman of ways and means 
and deputy speaker from 1880 to 1883, when he was knight- 
ed. In 1885 he was president of the British association. 
This distinguished man has published numerous addresses on 
educational and scientific subjects. 




4S6 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GEN. BEAUREGARD. 

Born May 28, 1818. 
The distinguished soldier, Pierre Gustave Toutant Beau- 
regard, was born near the city of New Orleans, in the state 
of Louisiana. 

He graduated at the military academy at West Point in 
the yetir of 1838, when he was but twenty years of age, be- 
ing second in the class. 
He was assigned first to 
the artillery and then to 
the engineers; and in the 
years 1838-39 was assist- 
ant in the construction of 
Fort Adams, Newport. 

During 1840-45 he was 
on engineering duty. At 
the beginning of the war 
with Mexico, he was en- 
gaged in the construction 
of defences at Tampico; 
at the siege operations of 
Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, 
Contreras, Chap ultepec, 
and City of Mexico, where 
he was twice wounded. 
Shortly after this he was brevetted major, and attained 
the full rank of captain of engineers, and was a lieutenant 
for fourteen years. 

On January 23, 1861, he was detailed as superintendent of 
the military academy at West Point, but held the position 
only a few days, resigning his commission on February 20 of 
the same year. This ends Beauregard's record as a military 
officer of the United States. 

He at once offered his services to the Southern confeder- 




GEN. BEAUREGARD. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 457 

acy, then organizing to resist the authority of the federal 
government, and lie was placed in charge of the defences of 
South Carolina. 

On the morning of April 12,1861, Beauregard opened fire 
soon after daylight; and from that time till the close of the 
war he took an active and prominent part in the southern 
cause. 

This great warrior was practically in command at the bat- 
tle of Bull Kun of July 21, though superseded at the last 
moment by Gen. Jos. E. Johnston; and here again he was 
victorious some time afterward. 

In the spring of 1862 he was ordered to Tennessee, where 
he succeeded Gen. Johnston; that officer having been killed 
at the battle of Shiloh, Beauregard took command and near- 
ly succeeded in routing the northern army. 

In 1864 Gen. Beauregard, re-inforced by Lee, defeated 
Butler at Drury's Bluff, and held Petersburgh against the 
federal advance. In the same year he was appointed com- 
mander of the military division of the west, and sent to 
Georgia to resist the march of the federal army under Gen. 
Sherman. 

After the war Gen. Beauregard became president of the 
New Orleans, Jackson, and Mississippi railroad; also he was 
made adjutant general of the state. And he subsequently be- 
came manager of the Louisiana state lottery, an institution 
that is known throughout the continent of America, although 
its business is of a questionable nature, and letters for it are 
not forwarded by the postofiice department, which is sustained 
in its action by a recent decision of the supreme court of the 
United States. 

Gen. Beauregard is the author of "Principles and Maxims 
of the Art of War," which was published in 1863; and in 
the following year appeared the " Keport of the Defences of 
Charleston." In these works the General shows himself to 
be also possessed of much literary ability. 



458 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JOHN W. DAVIS. 

Born about 1825. 

The governor of Rhode Island, John W. Davis, is a native 
of Rehoboth, in the state of Massachusetts, in which state he 
was educated. 

For many years Governor Davis has been a prominent 
business man in Providence, in the state of Rliode Island. 
He has never held any 
political office until within 
the past few years. 

In 1885 and 1886 he 
was a member of the sen- 
ate of Rhode Island, but 
resigned soon after his 
second election in order 
to accept a federal appoint- 
ment. 

Governor Davis is in 
politics a democrat; yethe'^ 
succeeded a republican in 
the governorship of his 
state, receiving a majority 
of over one thousand 
votes. This fact alone is 
evidence enough of the 
great popularity of Mr. 

Davis. JOHN W. DAVIS. 

Mr. Davis has gained the reputation of being a man of 
strict business integrity, and a man not easily swayed by 
popular excitement from the path of duty. And that busi- 
ness ability, which he possesses, is a greater recommendation 
and requisite to the position of any executive office than is 
any other qualification — exccDting, of course, that of hon- 
esty and sobriety. 




TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



RUFUS BLODGETT. 

Born Nov. 9, 1834. 

RuFUS Blodgett was bora at Dorchester, New Hampshire, 
where he learned the machinist's trade. About 1866 he re- 
moved to New Jersey, where he found employment in the 
service of the New Jersey Southern railroad company, of 
which he subsequently became superintendent. He then be- 
came superintendent of the 
New York and Long 
Branch railroad. 

While living at Man- 
chester, Ocean county, New 
Jersey, he was three times 
elected to the state assem- 
bly, of which he was an 
active and useful member 
in the sessions of 1878, 
1879 and 1880. He was 
defeated as a candidate for 
the state senate in the last- 
named of these years. 

In the presidential cam-^ 
paign of 1884, Mr. Blod- 
gett was chairman of the': 
democratic state commit- 
tee. In 1886 he was a 
candidate for the demo- 
cratic nomination for gov- 
ernor, but was defeated. In 1887 he became a United States 
senator from New Jersey, wliicli term expires in 1893. 

Mr. Blodgett is a democrat of the to-the-victor-belongs-the 
spoils variety, and is said to be proud of it. He resides at 
Long Branch, in the enjoyment of much social comfort, with 
his wife and son. 




KUFUS BLODGETT. 



460 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



JULES YERKE. 

Borti Feb. 8, 1828. 
The best known works of Jules Yerne are unique in the 
combination of scientific information with incidents, many 
of them of an astounding cliaracter, constituting a well con- 
structed story. The deft and original quality in Yerne's 

works has given them an 
amazing popularity. 

With the solitary excep- 
tion of Yictor Hugo, the 
most popular of recent 
Erench writers is Yerne. 
who was born at Nantes, 
France. He read law, but 
the literary propensity in 
his nature dominated, and 
while yet a very young 
nnm he was addicted to 
the composition of plays 
and operatic pieces. His 
lirst romance, "Five 
Weeks in a Balloon," -was 
])nblished when he was 
thirty-five years of age, and 
was received with favor. 
JULES VERNE. Amoug liis numerous pro- 

ductions are "Around the World in Eighty Days," "The 
Mysterious Island," "Michael Strogoff," and "Twenty Thou- 
sand Leagues Under the Seas;" and he has also produced an 
illustrated geography of France. The first of these has been 
successfully dramatized, and many people have enjoyed 
seeing the effective display of stage effects incidental to its 
production. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 461 

A correspondent writes that he had been running over the 
leaves of a diary in which Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, 
lovers of art in every form, had kept their thoughts .and im- 
pressions, when his eyes had fallen upon an entry made July 
16, 1856. 

"After reading Poe, the revelation of something that cri- 
tics do not appear to have found. Poe, a new literature, the 
literature of the twentieth century, the miraculous scientific; 
imagination by dint of analysis; the making of fabulous tales 
by A. and B. ; a literature at once monomaniac and scientific. 
Zadig, a judge; Cyrano de Bergerac, a pupil of Arago. And 
things taking a better part than beings; and love, lessened 
in Balzac's work by money — love yielding its place to other 
wells of interest; the novel of the future to tell the story of 
things that are in the brains rather than in the heart and 
humanity." 

And he wondered what Jules Yerne, whose first novel ap- 
peared in 1862, would think of that, and he went to Amiens. 
The residence of Jules Verne is a large, handsome mansion, 
surrounded by well-kept grounds, in the Avenue Charles du 
Bois, an avenue that commences at the Boulevard du Mali, 
which was an exterior rampart of the old town, and has be- 
come the dividing line between old and new Amiens, even 
as Canal street — that is not no wider than the Boulevard du 
Mail — in New Orleans is the dividing line between the 
New Orleans of the colonist, Mr. Cable's New Orleans, and 
the New Orleans of to-day. 

Jules Yerne, who is a Parisian to his fingers'-ends, lives at 
Amiens because his wife's relatives are Amiens people. It 
was his custom to go to Paris once a month for a day or two 
until the year 1886, when he was wounded by a pistol-shot 
in the left leg. He limps, cannot bend his leg, and is de- 
prived of other exercise than driving. The nephew, his 
brother's son, who fired the shot, was his favorite. No 
reason could be found for his insanity. 



462 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Jules Verne never -commenced a story without knowing 
how it was going to end. He writes the plot, then studies 
the details. The results of his studies are in notes of one 
word in columns, on sheets of paper, letter size. These 
words refer to books in his library or to other notes of ideas 
or facts. When he has become familiar with his notes he 
writes the story. His manuscript is remarkably neat, on the 
left of a letter-size page, leaving a wide margin at the right 
for the dates. Ah! the dates! They give him more trouble 
then you can imagine. And the names! His proof-reading 
costs a good deal of money to the editor, he says. He sends 
the original manuscript to the printer without an erasure, and 
there are eight successive proofs to be corrected by him. He 
is fastidious in the extreme with regard to his style; that has 
to be absolutely faultless. 

He goes to bed at eight o''clock, gets up early, and is at 
work until midday in his cozy workshop on the second floor. 
One of Jules Verne's latest novels is " Texar's Revenge." 
a tale of the American civil war. " Fifty lines out of a few 
pages of the Comte de Paris' history of the civil war in Ameri- 
ca induced me to write 'Texar's Revenge,'" said Jules Verne. 
The Comte de Paris and he have always entertained pleasant, 
friendly relations, and he was in sympathy with the north at 
the time of the war. "I regret my ignorance of the Eng- 
lish language. I have to use translations and translators. 
The story is interesting because it rests upon alibis and the 
key is at the end of the story." 

From the day of his first novel, " Five Weeks in a Balloon," 
Jules Verne has been able to live by his pen; and has 
written since that time about two volumes every year. 

His object was to write books that the young could read 
with profit. He had no pretensions to being a savant, a 
man of science. He read incessantly. Whenever he was 
in doubt, he went to town to one who knew. Joseph Bertrand 
of the institute had been his advisor on many occasions. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



463 



JOHN P. REA. 

B07-n Oct. 14, 1840. 

The commander-in-chief of the grand army of the repub- 
lic, John P. Pea, was appointed to that position in the latter 
part of the year of 1S87, succeeding Gen. Lucius Fairchild.' 
Mr. Pea is a native of the state of Pennsylvania, being born 
in Lower Oxford Township, in Chester county of that state. 

His father was a woolen 
manufacturer in that place, 
and owned the factory. 
The son John here receiv- 
ed his education, attending 
school until he was tw^enty 
years of age. Then he 
went to Piqua, in the state 
of Ohio, where he taught 
school until the breaking 
out of the civil war. 

He then took up the 
cause of the union and be- 
came a member of com- 
pany B of the eleventh 
Ohio infantry. After serv- 
ing with this company for 
four months, he was com- 
missioned second lieutenant of company I, first Ohio caval- 
ry; was was promoted to first lieutenant in 1862, and in the 
following year to the rank of major. He served in the regi- 
ment about three years and a half, and during that time was 
absent only ten days, — seven as prisoner and three days on 
sick leave. 

At last the war was over, and John P. Pea returned to 
Ohio. Entering the Wesleyan college at Delaware in that 
state, he graduated therefrom in the classical course in June, 




JOHN p. KEA. 



464 TUB BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEVi. 

1864. During the vacation of 1866 he entered a law office 
at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, as a student, and was admitted 
to the bar there in August, 186S. 

Then becoming associated with a prominent lawyer, he 
began the practice of the law; and in 1869 was appointed a 
notary public in Lancaster. 

On April 12, 1869, Mr. Rca was appointee assessor of in- 
ternal revenue, by President Grant, for the ninth district of 
Pennsylvania, which office he held until it was abolished by 
law in 1873. 

In 1869 he was married; but no children have blessed the 
union of this pair. 

Mr. Ilea continued in the practice of the law in Lancaster 
unt^l December, 1875, when he removed to Minneapolis, 
where he became editor-in-cMef of a prominent newspaper. 
He continued as editor until May, 1877, when he again re- 
sumed the practice of law. 

In November of the same year he was elected judge of 
probate, and served in that capacity for four years with the 
greatest ability. 

When, in April, 1886, the judge resigned his seat on the 
bench of the local district court. Governor Hubbard appoint- 
ed Judge Eea to fill the vacancy. 

The commander of the grand army of the republic has 
as always been a prominent man in that body, and is a mem- 
ber and past commander of the well known George N. Mor- 
gan post. 

In politics, Mr. Ilea is a republican, and is considered a 
true friend of that party. 

During January mid February, 1888, Commander-in-Chief 
Rea made an official trip throughout the Eastern and West- 
ern states, visiting all the principal cities. The eastern trip 
lasted about six weeks, and several weeks were spent in the 
west. He was received with enthusiasm everywhere, and ac- 
corded dazzling receptions. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



465 



FANNY DAVENPORT. 

Bor7i April 10, 1850, 

This popular actress was born in London; her education 
was obtained at the common schools of Boston, where her 
early life was spent. She appeared on the boards of a the- 
atre in that city in child's parts at an early age. In 1862 
she first appeared in New York in the play of "Faint Heart 
Never Won Fair Lady," 
which was produced at Ni- 
bio's Garden. Subsequent- 
ly she acted at the Little 
Tremont theatre, Boston; 
and in the South, where 
she played soubrette parts 
for a season. 

Afterward she played in 
Philadelphia, where she at- 
tracted the attention of 
Augustin Daly, who intro- 
duced her in New York at 
his Fifth Avenue theatre 
in 1869. There she played 
Lady Gay Spanker in 
"London Assurance;" "^M^^^^ 
Rosalind in "As You Like ^^^'^^ davenport. 

It;" Nancy Sykes in "Oliver Twist;" Lady Teazle in the 
"School for Scandal;" Lu and Fanny Ten Eyck in "Di- 
vorce;" the title-role in "Leah;" and Mabel Renfrew in the 
play of "Pique," in which she won great success, the play 
running for two hundred and fifty nights. She has made 
starring tours throughout the United States. In 1880 this 
actress played "Olivia" successfully; and afterward brought 
out Anna Dickinson's play of " An American Girl." Fauuy 
was married in 1879 to Edwin H. Price, an actor. 




THE BIOORAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



ALGERNON S. PADDOCK. 

Born about 1830. 
The legislature of Nebraska elected to the United States 
senate, for the second time, Algernon S. Paddock, who suc- 
ceeded Charles H. Van Wjck March 4, 1887. 

Mr. Paddock is a native of Glen's Falls, New York, and 
was fifty-seven years old when elected senator. He attended 
school in his native village until he had reached the age of 

eighteen. He then remov- 
ed to Detroit, Michigan, 
where he was engaged in 
teaching for the space of 
eight months. Afterward 
Mr. Paddock returned to 
his native state and again 
taught school. While thus 
employed he sudied law 
and was admitted to the 
bar. In the spring of 1857 
he went to Nebraska and 
engaged in farming. Fin- 
ally he removed to Omaha, 
and became a writer on the 
republican newspapers of 
that city. He was one of 
the prominent organizers 
of that party in his state. 
Mr. Paddock was a mem- 
ber of the Chicago convention that nominated Abraham Lin- 
coln for president, and was a delegate to the Baltimore con- 
vention which renominated him. He canvassed New York 
state for the republican ticket in 1860, and was a power on 
the stump as a speaker. 

William H. Seward, his warm pesonal friend, procured 




ALGERNON 



J 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 467 

liis appointment as secretary of the territory of Nebraska in 
1861. While holding tliis office he took an active part in 
procuring for Nebraska the change from a territorial to a 
state government. He was a candidate for the United States 
senate in 1867, but failed to secure the nomination. Subse- 
quently he was nominated for congress; but was defeated in 
the ensuing election. 

In President Johnson's administration he was appointed 
governor of Wyoming and confirmed by the senate, but never 
assumed the functions of the office, owing to congress failing 
to make an appropriation for his salary that year. He re- 
signed the office the next year. After this he became inter- 
ested in farming operations, manufactures, railroads, and 
other enterprises. 

In January, 1875, he was elected to the United States 
senate, and was sworn in at the special session in March, 1875. 
He retained his seat until the end of the term, March, 1881. 
Senator Yan Wyck.whom he succeeded in 1887, was his suc- 
cessor. 

The senator is a resident of Omaha. At one time he 
was rich, but lost heavily by speculation. Owing to the ap- 
preciation of property in Omaha of late, he is again well off. 
Indeed, it is said that he is worth about two hundred thou- 
sand dollars; and with such an amount, together with his 
high office, he ought to be happy. 

In all the various offices that have been held by this great 
statesman, lawyer and writer, he has ever been an active 
worker, at all times has done his duty to his constituents in 
a manner that has won him great applause and honor. He 
is a much respected citizen in the city of his residence, and 
is an influential man throughout the state of Nebraska. His 
term of office in the United States senate expires in. the 
year 1893. 

He is a loyal member of the republican party, and is con- 
sidered one of its most prominent leaders. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



HENRY B. PAYNE. 

Born Nov. 30, 1810. 

Mr. Payne was born in Hamilton county, New York. 
After the usual preparatory course he entered Hamilton col- 
lege, from which he received a degree. 

Upon graduating he immediately began the study of law, 
and after his admission to the bar settled in Cleveland, Ohio. 
This was in 1848. One year later he was elected to the state 

senate, where he remained 
until 1851. 

For several years he was 
city counsel and president 
of the Columbus Railroad 
Company. He was also 
identified from time to time 
with many important in- 
dustries. 

In 1857 he was a candi- 
date for the United States 
s^senate and also for the 
^governorship of the state. 
jHe was a delegate to the 
■Charleston convention in 
1860 and to the democra- 
tic national convention in 
1871. He was elected to 
HENRY B. PAYNE. the forty-fourth congress as 

a representative from Ohio in 1874. For some twenty years 
he has given much attention to building up and fostering 
the- manufacturing interests of Cleveland. Since 1862 he 
has been president of the board of sinking fund commission- 
ers of that city. He is possessed of rare legal knowledge 
and executive ability. 




I HE BIOOEAPHICAL REVIEW. 469 

EDGAK WILSON NYE. 

[bill NYE.] 
Born Aug, 25, 1850. 

One of the greatest American humorists of the day is Ed- 
gar Wilson Nye, more popularly known by the pen-name of 
"Bill Nye." 

He is a native of Maine, being born in Shirley, in Pisca- 
toria county in that state. He received his education in an 
academy at Kiver Falls, Wisconsin. Afterward he removed 
to Wyoming territory, where he studied law, was admitted to 
the bar in 1876, and began the practice of the law. 

Mr. Nye began early in life to contribute humorous sketch- 
es to the newspapers, using the pen-name of "Bill Nye," 
and soon became connected with various leading journals of 
the country. He then removed to the city of New York, 
and devoted himself almost entirely to writing humorous 
sketches. 

Among his humorous works and sketches the most promi- 
nent are " Bill Nye and the Boomerang," which appeared in 
1881; "The Forty Liars," in the year following; "Baled 
Hay," in 1884; "Bill Nye's Blossom Rock," in 1885; and 
"Remarks" in 1886. 

Besides issuing these works he is a constant contributor 
to various leading newspapers, usually on popular subjects, 
treated in such a humorous way as to cause much merriment 
to the reader. 

This levity of style is characteristic of American journal- 
ism, and writing of that class is eagerly accepted by wide- 
awake publishers generally: hence the great success of the 
subject of this sketch. 

From an article which appeared in the daily press of 1888, 
the following is an extract. It will give the reader an idea 
of Mr. Nye's style of humorous writings, though they vary 
somewhat from this at times. 



470 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

I am glad to know Cornell university is to establish a de- 
partment of journalism. I have always clahned that journal- 
ism could be taught in universities and colleges just as 
successful as any other athletic exercise. Of course you 
cannot teach a boy how to jerk a giant journal from the 
clutches of decay and make it a robust and ripsnorting 
shader and trimmer of public opinion, in whose counting- 
room people will walk all over each other in their mad efforts 
to insert advertisements. 
You cannot teach this in a 
school any more than you 
can teach a boy how to 
discover the open Polar 
Sea, but you can teach him 
the rudiments and save 
him a good deal of time 
experimenting with him- 
self.' 

It would also be a 
idea to establish a chair 
for advertisers in some 
practical college, in order 
that they might run in for bili n\k 

a few hours and learn how to write an advertisement so that 
it would express in the most direct way what they desire to 
state. 

The life of a journalist is a hard one, and, although it is 
not so trying as the life of the newspaper man, it is full of 
trials and perplexities. If newspapermen and journalists did 
not stand by each other I do not know what joy they would 
have. Kindness for each other, gentleness and generosity, 
even in their rivalry, characterize the conduct of a large 
number of them. 

I shall never forget my first opportunity to do a kind act 
for a fellow newspaper man, nor with what pleasure I avail- 




TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 471 

ed myself of it, though he was my rival, especially in the 
publication of large and spirited equestrian handbills and 
posters. He also printed a rival paper and assailed me most 
bitterly from time to time. His name was Lorenzo Dow 
Pease, and we had carried on an acrimonious warfare for 
two years. He had said that I was a reformed prohibitionist, 
and that I had left a neglected wife in every state in the 
union. I had stated that he would give better satisfaction 
if he would wear his brains braided. Then he said some- 
thing else that was personal, and it had gone on so for some 
time. We devoted fifteen minutes each day to the manage- 
ment of our respective papers, and the balance of the day 
in doing each other up in a way to please our subscribers. 
One evening Lorenzo Dow Pease came into my office and 
said he wanted to see me personally. I said that would suit 
me exactly, and that if he had asked to see me in any other 
way I did not know how I could have arranged it. He said 
he meant that he would like to see me by myself. I there- 
fore discharged the force, turned out the dog, and had the 
office to ourselves. I could see that he was in trouble, for 
every little while he would brush away a tear in an under- 
handed kind of way and swallow a large, imaginary mass of 
something. I asked Lorenzo why he felt so depressed and 
he said: "William, I have came here for a favor." He al- 
ways said "I have came," for he was a self-made man and 
hadn't done a good job either. "I have came here for a 
favor. I wrote a reply to your venomous attack of to-day 
and I expected to pnblish it to-morrow in my paper, but to 
tell you the truth we are out of paper. At least we have a 
few bundles at the freight office, but they have, taken to send- 
ing it 0. O. D., and I haven't the means just at hand to take 
it out. Now, as a brother in the great and glorious order of 
journalism, would it be too much for you to loan me a 
couple of bundles of paper to do me till I get my pay for 
some equestrian bills struck off Friday." 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 472 

" How long would a couple of bundles last you?" I asked 
as I looked out of the window and wondered if he woul re- 
veal his circulation. 

"Five issues and a little over," he said, filling his pipe 
from a small box on the desk. 

"But you could cut off your exchanges and then it would 
last longer," I remarked. 

" Yes, but only for one additional issue. I am anxious to 
appear to-morrow, because my subscribers will be looking 
for a reply to what you said about me this morning. You 
stated that I was a 'journalistic bacteria looking for some- 
thing to infect,' and while I did not come here to get you to 
retract I would like it as a favor if you would loan me enough 
white paper to set myself straight before my subscribers." 

" Well, why don't you go and tell them about it? It wouldn't 
take long," I said in a jocund way, slapping Lorenzo on the 
back. But he did not laugh. I then told him that I could 
not possibly loan any, but that if he would write a caustic 
reply to my editorial I would print it for him. He caught 
me in his arras and for a moment his head was pillowed on 
my breast. Then he sat down and wrote a card in which he 
said: "I denounce the whole article as a malicious falsehood, 
and state that if you will only give me a chance I will fight 
you on sight. All I ask is that you will wait till I can over- 
take you, and I am able and willing to knock great chunks 
off the universe with you." 

I looked it over, and not seeing anything personal in 
it I told him I would print it for him with pleasure. He then 
asked that I would, as a further favor, refrain from putting 
any advertising marks on it, and that I would let it follow 
pure reading matter, which I did. I leaded the card and 
printed it with a simple word of introduction, in which I said 
that I took pleasure in printing it, inasmuch as Mr. Pease 
could not get his paper out of the express office for a few 
days. It was a kindness to him, and did not hurt my paper. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



473 



MAJOR-GENEKAL (lERALD GEAHAM. 

Born about 1830. 

Gen. Gekald Graham is a thorough soldier and efficient 
commander. He entered the British army as an ensign in 
the royal engineers in 1850, and served through the Crimean 
war with that body, receiving promotion for his gallantry, 
and gained the highly prized Victoria Cross for his courage 
in heading a pai'ty in an assault by ladders at the Redan, 
Twice during the Crimean 
war he was wounded. In 
the Chinese war Qen. 
Graham also distinguished 
himself, taking part in the 
assault of Tangku and the 
Taku forts, and also in the 
capture of JPekin. His pro- 
motion was gained step by 
step, until, in 1881, his 
present rank was reached. 
In the campaign against 
Arabi in 1882, Gen. Gra- 
ham commanded the sec- 
ond brigade, and won new 
honors. 

This military hero is the 
general under whose com- 
mand the British forces in the Soudan war recaptured Tokar, 
defeated the forces of the false prophet at Teb in 1881, and 
finally routed the remnants of the Arabs forces under Osman 
Digma, ,and practically put an end to that great rebellion. 

In this battle the rebel forces outnumbered the British 
three to one, but repeating rifles and Gatling guns soon 
thinned their ranks. Many of the Arabs were armed only 
with spears and old style muskets. 




GEN. GEKALD GEAHAM. 



THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 



KOSE E. CLEVELAND. 

Born about 1846. 

When President Cleveland took his bride to the White 
House, his sister, Rose E. Cleveland, ceased to be the first 
lady of the land. Since that time she has spent her time 
visiting, or at Holland Patent, near Utica, where she owns 
real estate. Her career as first lady of the land was a social 
success, and her literary 
ability has earned her 
considerable money and a 
fair reputation as a writer. 
The book of "Studies "by 
which she became known 
as an author, was succeed- 
ed by other works. 

Rose Elizabeth Cleve- 
land was the youngest of 
nine children born to Rich- 
ard and Anna Cleveland, 
at Fayetteville, in the statt 

of New York, whence hci ,^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^X 
parents removed to Clinton ^ ^ ^^ 

when she was a little girl; 
and later, in 1853, to Hol- 
land Patent, where her fa- 
ther took charge of the 
presbyterian church. He kose e. Cleveland. 

died in that year, leaving Rose fatherless at the age of sev- 
en. After careful preparation by her mother, Rose was sent 
to Houghton seminary, where she proved a brilliant pupil, 
graduating with the highest honors. "Original People "was 
the theme of her graduating essay, which was declared to be 
a most happy effort. 

The subject of this sketch then became a teacher in the 




TEE BIOGBAPEICAL REVIEW. 475 

Houghton seminary, when, after remaining in that position 
two years, she went to Lafayette, Indiana, as principal of the 
Collegiate Institute in that town. 

She afterward taught in Pennsylvania for a short time at 
a private school; and then she conceived the idea of lectur- 
ing before classes, and proposed to the principal of Hough- 
ton seminary to make a beginning there. The principal of 
the seminary entering heartily into the arrangement, Eose 
Cleveland wrote a course of historical lectures which she de- 
livered that season. 

As she devoted herself to her aged mother, she was unable 
to leave Holland Patent to pursue her work continuously 
until after that lady's death, which took place in the summer 
of 1882. 

After this sad event her brothers and sisters naturally ex- 
pected that she would make her home with one of them, but 
being of an independent nature and self-reliant, she preferred 
to remain in the old home, where she continued to live when 
not away lecturing, until she assumed the position of mistress 
of the White House. 

In person. Miss Cleveland is of medium stature and build, 
with a shapely and highly intellectual face — good-looking 
but. not pretty. 

She comes of generations of presbyterian ministers. All 
the traditions of the parsonage center about her past. Her 
eldest brother is a minister, and her eldest sister is a mission- 
ary in Ceylon. Her brother-in-law is a minister, and her 
near kinsmen, in several instances, are preachers of the 
gospel. 

Miss Rose Cleveland is an orthodox christian, believing, 
with child-like tenacity, in the instructions she received at 
her mother's knee. Her efforts in the cause of temperance 
have been very praiseworthy. In this lady are combined 
those qualities that makes the true woman whom all cannot 
fail to admire. 



476 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



SIMON BOLIVAR BUCKNER 

Born in 1823. 

This eminent soldier is a native of Kentucky. In 1844 
lie was graduated at the United States military academy. 
He entered the second infantry, and for nearly a year was 
professor of ethics at West Point. 

From 1845 to 1855 he held numerous positions as a mili- 
tary instructor of infantry tactics. In 1855 Mr. Buckner 

was superintendent of con- 
struction of the Chicago 
custom house. He next 
pr acticed law, and be- 
came one of the most pro- 
minent members of the 
Knights of the Golden 
Circle in Kentucky. 

After the civil war be- 
gan he was made com- 
mander of the state guard 
of Kentucky, and adju- 
tant-general of the state. 

September 12, 1861, he 
issued an address to the 
people of Kentucky, call- 
ing on them to take up 
SIMON BOLivAK BUCKNER. .^^.^^^ ^^^j^^^^ ^^^^ Usurpa- 

tion of Abraham Lincoln. Fort Donelson was surrendered 
by him to Gen. Grant on February 16, 1862, together with 
sixteen thousand prisoners and vast stores. Buckner himself 
was imprisoned, but was exchanged six months later. He 
was subsequently made major-general, and took an active 
part in many severe battles, finally surrendering with Kirby 
Smith's army at Baton Rouge, May 26, 1865. Gen. Buckner 
was one of the pall-bearers at Gen. Grant's funeral. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 477 

PKOF. FELIX ADLEE. 

Born Atig. 13, 1851. 

The distinguished man who is the subject of this sketch 
is the most prominent Hebrew thinker, teacher and social 
reformer in the United States. 

The Hebrew population of the citj of New York includes 
a great variety in the social condition and religious views of 
its members. No more striking contrast can be instituted 
tha,ri that afforded by a comparison of the wretched and ig- 
norant Jews of some of the poorer districts of the metropo- 
lis, and the cultured and wealthy people of the same nation- 
ality, who sit at the feet of Felix Adler. While sordid super- 
stition and intellectual force and independence are contrast- 
ed in these instances, intermediate between them are found 
degrees of differing opinion, all included within the term 
Judaism, to classify which would be impossible and certainly 
uninteresting. 

Felix Adler was born at Alsei, Germany, and came to this 
country in 1856, being at that time but five years of age. 
His father was for many years chief rabbi of the Temple 
Emanuel, on Fifth avenue, in the city of New York. 

After receiving a preparatory education in the public 
schools and in the Columbia grammar school of that city, he 
was entered a student of Columbia college when only fifteen 
years of age. After graduation he was sent to Germany for 
further intellectual training, and with the view to his prepar- 
ation for the rabbinical office. While abroad, however, he 
forsook Judaism, abandoning supernaturalism for science — 
the un demon stratable for what is known. 

In his philosophical views he is a disciple of Immanuel 
Kant. 

An incident of his student life in Europe was his being 
able to witness the bombardment of Strasburg. 



478 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



In 1873 he was made a doctor of philosophy by the Uni- 
versity of Heidelberg. Soon afterward he returned to the 
United States, and was given the chair of professor of Ori- 
ental languages at Cornell university. 

In 1876 Dr. Adler founded the Society of Etliical Culture, 
as the head of which he is best known. Its membership in 
1888 was over live hundred person-s, and the present place 
of meeting is at Chicker- 
ing hall, on Fifth avenue, 
in the city of New York. 
The cardinal principles of 
the organization are the 
improvement of its adhe- 
rents, without dogma or 
creed, by so educating the 
moral sense inherent in 
human nature, as to de- 
velop purity and dignity 
of character. 

Dr. Adlers public utter- '^^ 
ances generally treat of. 
some public question in the 
manner that, in his judg 
ment, best conduces to the 
object of the society which 
he addresses. 

Branch societies have ^^^^- ^^"^ ^^^^®«- 

been established in Chicago and Boston, and more are being 
added to the number. The men in charge are trained for 
their work by Dr. Adler. 

Whatever may be thought of the theory underlying his 
teaching, there can be but one opinion as to the value of the 
philanthropic movements which have been originated by the 
society of which he is the leader. Prominent among these is 
the Workingmen's school, in New York, where two hundred 




IHE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 479 

and fifty children receive instruction. This begins with the 
kindergarten, and includes eight classes in the full course. 
The pupils, chiefly the children of poor families, for whose 
instruction no fees are chai'ged, and who are provided with 
a dinner every day without cost, are educated by means of 
the senses and actual contact with things, and instructed in 
manual arts; and, in the summer, given a holiday in the 
country, where they gain an acquaintance with farming and 
other matters, by the same means used in their instruction at 
school. 

The District Nursery System, founded and maintained by 
the Society of EthicaL Culture, employs nurses from the hos- 
pitals to take care of poor sick persons, and supplements 
their services with gifts of clothing, bedding, and other ne- 
cessities. Neglected orphan children are tenderly cared for 
by the society, which practices the method of dividing them 
into families of six to ten, living in separate homes. 

Prof. Adler has organized a society to build a better class 
of dwellings for the poor of the city of New York than the 
wretched tenement houses in which they are generally "doom, 
ed to live. Nearly a hundred thousand dollars have been sub- 
scribed toward this object. 

His name is also prominent in a company organized for 
the purpose of providing facilities for the disposal of the 
dead by means of cremation. 

Dr. Adler is a married man, and lives in modest style in 
the city of New York. Some years ago he lectured before 
the British association at Montreal, on the ethical movement, 
the audience being a distinguished and brilliant one. 

When Felix Adler closed an oration given in 1888 in New 
York, he was greeted with such a sudden burst of applause 
that reminded one of the memorable scene in Plymouth 
church when for the first time Henry Ward Beecher denounc- 
ed the doctrine of eternal punishment as the most hideous 
nightmare of theology. 



480 THE BIOQRA PHICA L RE VIE W. 

"The question has been asked, ' Are we agnostics?' I 
am an unfeathered biped and an agnostic, and yet this does 
not describe me. Religion does not depend upon a personal 
God. It existed before monotheism came into the world, 
and it is a universal and ineradicable element of human na- 
ture. In the whole world's history there are only a few re- 
ligious souls. The majority do not and can not profoundly 
experience religious feelings. What is the use of trying to 
make all the sons and daughters of humanity take into their 
minds the idea of a universe, whether they have the faculty 
or not? What is the use of trying to force music upon those 
who cannot receive it? To force religion upon everybody 
regardless of capacity means an infinite degradation of the 
thoughts of the master minds of religion, an infinite lowering 
and caricaturing of religious ideas. It would make religion 
an object of disgust and a source of terrible evils. The molt- 
en metal of religious feelings when poured into vulgar molds 
will harden into vulgar shapes. The great masses cannot 
master anything that is not concrete. God soon becomes a 
being of flesh and blood to be praised, and pleased, and ca- 
joled like a vain human king. Heaven, the place of celestial 
bliss, is assigned a geographical location, half church and 
half palace, and Hell becomes a glowing furnace. It is time 
to profit by experience. Let us henceforth separate. Let 
us keep the religion for the religious, and let us not make 
religion a common property. . Let us guard religious truths 
and try to enhance them and preserve them from the contact 
of those who are not fit to approach them. Why is it that 
people will insist upon spreading abroad this religion, trying 
to make even savages accept metaphysical doctrines? Why 
try to make everybody produce this spiritual music we call 
religion? It is no longer necessary to make men religious to 
make them moral. Morality can stand on its own feet." Thus 
spoke Prof. Felix Adler in closing his oration in Chickering 
hall, New York, on the night January 15, 1888. 



TEE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. • 481 

HERE LUDWIG WINDTHORST. 

BmnJan.l~,\8\2. 

The subject of this sketch attended the " Ciifolifiurn " in" 
Osnabruck, and continued his studies at Gottingen and Heid- 
elberg. He became a lawyer and syndic, and subsequently 
presiding member of the consistory at Osnabruck; he after- 
ward became Ober-Appellationsrath in Kalbe, and from 1863 
to 1865 he was minister of 
justice at Hanover, finally 
being nominated and in- 
stalled as chief syndic of 
the crown in Kalbe. 

From the years includ- 
ing 1849 to 1866 he was 
a member of the assembly 

of the estates of the realm, ym,^ <^')^i^ ^ >>s^ps= ^ 
and in 1851 president of 
the second chamber of the 
same. This great German 
statesman next became a 
member of the constituent 
and the regular reichstag, 
and since 1867 he has been •.. -w-- 

a member of the Prussian ^^^^ windthorst. 

house of deputies. In all these positions he has shown 
great ability, his chief arms of controversy being in short, 
crisp, and pungent retorts. 

In giving a personal description of Herr Windthorst, a 
correspondent says: "He is puny in size, almost deformed, 
ugly as Socrates; he is an antagonist before whose wit the 
boldest deputies tremble, and under whose assaults even the 
great Chancellor Bismarck loses his coolness and self-com- 
mand. As a tactician he is unsurpassed. His faction is now 
the most numerous party in the house." 




482 



THE BIOGB*APHICAL BE VIEW. 



He is digni- 



WILLIAM H. APPLETON. 

Bor7i about 1815. 

In 1838 Mr. William H. Appleton became a partner with 
his father, and ten years later Mr. D. Appleton retired, 
leaving the business rich and prosperous and in good hands. 
He desired that his name should be kept in the firm as long 
as it lasted, and no check or note is ever signed without 
the name of Daniel Appleton written in full 
fied but affable and ex- 
ceedingly courteous. His 
customary dress is dark, a 
long black frock coat its 
principal feature. He is 
tall and thin, and graceful 
in his movements. 

Mr. Appleton is still 
earnestly devoted to busi- 
ness. To his wise judg- 
ment and mature experi- 
ence the proud position of 
the house is largely due. 
The firm ordinarily uses a 
thousand dollars' worth of 
paper a day, sometimes a 
great deal more than this 
amount. It produces and distributes a million copies of the 
Webster Spelling Book a year. In the first year after the 
war the number sold was a million and a half, owing to the 
demand from the newly liberated negroes. Eight thousand 
dollars a week are paid out in wages. Six hundred and fifty 
hands are employed in the factory in Brooklyn, and eighty 
clerks are steadily employed in the New York store. Two 
benefit societies and a large library are among the advan- 
tages possessed by the Brooklyn hands. 




WILLIAM H. APPLETON. 



I 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 483 

The great firm which is known everywhere as the publish- 
er of "Picturesque America," "The American Cyclopedia," 
and of "Webster's Spelling Book," is now (18S8) in the six- 
ty-first year of its existence, and of unbroken prosperity. 

The founder, Daniel Appleton, was born December 10, 
1785, at Haverhill, Massachusetts: and in that town he be- 
gan his business career, soon, however, removing to Boston 
where he established liimself as a dealer in dry goods. 

At Clinton Hall, the first publication bearing the imprint 
of D. Appleton, appeared in the year 1831. It was a little 
miniature volume of bible texts, " Crumbs from the Master's 
Table; or. Select Sentences, Doctrinal, Practical, and Ex- 
perimental," by W, Mason. It was only three inches square 
and one inch thick, containing one hundred and ninety-two 
pages; but of course this first-born little one gave as much 
trouble, or perhaps even more, than the "Cyclopaedia" did 
in after years. About a thousand copies were sold. The 
little volume had been long out of print; the firm did not 
possess a copy, but was anxious to obtain one of this their 
first productions; accordingly, an advertisement was publish- 
ed, stating that they would give in exchange for a copy of 
" Crumbs," a copy of the largest book they had published. 
An old lady in Maryland saw the paragraph, sent the covet- 
ed booklet, and received a volume twenty times the size. 
The little "Crumbs" was at once handsomely bound, and 
fitted in a velvet-lined silver box, to be kept as a precious 
relic of the house. The success of the " Crumbs " led to an- 
other venture of a similar kind, entitled "Gospel Seeds." 
The issue was announced by a placard in front of the store, 
bearing the words, " ' Gospel Seeds ' for sale here;" and the 
story goes that one of Uncle Sam's sailors, when paid ofi" and 
bound for some landward town, called in to ask how much 
they were a peck. The third book published was, " A Re- 
fuge in Time of Plague and Pestilence," and had enormous 
sales. It appeared in 1832, the year when cholera first made 



484 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

its appearance; and, just as "Gospel Seeds" was mistaken 
by some for a specimen of agricultural products, so the 
"Refuge "was bought largely, under the impression that 
it was a treatise on cholera, with advice how to avoid or cure 
the dreaded pestilence. Like the other two volumes, it was, 
we need scarcely say, a devotional treatise. 

The success of the firm had been so great during the first 
quarter of a century of its existence as a publishing house, 
that it was enabled to begin the second quarter by a monu- 
mental enterprise, the " New American Cyclopaedia." 

The editors were the late George Ripley, so well known as 
the critic and literary editor of the "Tribune," and Charles 
A. Dana, the editor of the "Sun." The two men had been 
together members of the Brook Farm experiment, and fellow- 
workers with Horace Greeley, with both men of wide erudi- 
tion and high culture, both masters of English style, and 
both possessed of that critical faculty which at once seizes 
what is important and rejects what is irrelevant. Both knew, 
too, exactly what the public wanted — that is neither a series 
of lengthy essays in the style of the older encyclopgedias, 
like those of Ersch and Grueber and the "Encyclopaedia 
Britannica." nor yet such dry pragmatical condensations as 
were furnished by the " Conversations Lexicons." They 
took a middle course, and furnished the task in sixteen vol- 
umes. Difficulties attended the commencement and the com- 
pletion of the work. The year 1857 was a year of panic; 
and it required not only cq,pital, but courage, to undertake 
so extensive an enterprise at the time when the business 
outlook was so bad. The year 1863, when the last volume 
was issued, was in the very crisis of the civil war — the year 
of the capture of Vicksburg. Yet, through all these financial 
and political perturbations, the firm continued to issue their 
book, volume after volume. The cost of the first edition 
^inusthave exceeded half a million of dollars, and the sales 
must be counted by tens of thousands. 



THE BIOORAPHIGAL REVIEW. 



485 



EDWARD O. GRAVES. 

Born in 1843. 
Edward O. Graves is a native of the state of New York, 
"being born in Herkimer county in that state. He received 
a good education, and in 1863, as soon as he left college, he 
was appointed to a clerkship in the treasury department. He 
was diligent in the performance of his duties, receiving sev- 
eral promotions through the various grades until he became, 

in 1868, chief clerk of the 
treasurer's office. 

Mr. Graves was detailed 
on the treasury board of 
examiners on the adoption 
of the civil service rules 
in 1872, and served as the 
executive officer of that 
board for one year, writing 
its report, which has be- 
come a sort of civil service 
manual, and supplement- 
ing the original depart- 
ment rules. The rules were 
made the basis of those 
now in force in the custom 
house of the city of New 
York. 

In 1873 Mr. Graves was detailed as chief examiner of the 
civil service, and the following year was appointed superin- 
tendent of the national bank redemption agency on its or- 
ganization, and held that office until appointed assistant- 
treasurer in 1883. The redemption agency in all its details, 
both small and great, was organized by him. 

In 1877 he was made a member of the commission ap- 
pointed to re-organize the bureau of engraving and printing. 




EDWARD O. GIIAVES. 



486 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

By this reorganization the expenses of the bureau were de- 
creased to the extent of several hundred thousand dollars 
per annum. 

Mr. Graves was once of the three members of the com- 
mission appointed by Secretary Manning for investigating 
the operations of the treasury department and recommending 
changes in its organization. 

His promotion in 1885 as chief of the bureau of engraving 
and printing was a promotion from his former position. The 
salary of this office is four thousand five hundred dollars 
per annum, which is nine hundred dollars more than he re- 
ceived as assistant-treasurer. 

Mr. Graves cast his presidential vote for Cleveland, and 
is said to have always been a democrat in politics. The bu- 
reau of engraving, of which he is chief, has about twelve 
hundred employes. ' 

The treasury bureau of engraving and printing is the 
largest and most complete establishment of its kind in the 
world. The work done by it is a marvel of excellence and 
accuracy. This is a good thing, not only for the credit of 
the country, but also for the protection of the public from 
counterfeiters. 

The notes, bonds, securities and tax-stamps produced by it 
are so skillfully cut, and printed by such nice and intricate 
processes, that counterfeits of the same are easily discerned 
by experienced cashiers. This bureau of engraving and print- 
ing has, of course, no connection with the government's 
printing office, where ordinary composition and presswork 
is done. The bureau is exclusive in every way, and is jeal- 
ously guarded both against those who would spy out its se- 
crets, and against betrayal of trust on the part of employes. 
The work being of many grades, it requires persons of all 
degrees of experience and capacity. 

Mr. Graves has been in this office since 1875, and has im- 
proved the bureau in many ways. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



487 



GEORGE PECK. 

The editor and proprietor of " Peck's Sun," published in 
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, has made a fortune in a comparative- 
ly short time out of his paper and the publication of his 
humorous writings that originally appeared in the columns 
of the " Sun." Mr. Peck served gallantly throug:h the civil 
war. He is a very popular 
and highly respected citi- 
zen of Milwaukee, where 
he resides and publishes 
the "Sun." 

It was his weekly hu- 
morous sketches of '•'The 
Bad Boy and His Pa " in 
the " Sun " that brought 
him into public notice, and 
his paper acquired an enor- 
mous circulation, being 
sold on the streets of the 
principal cities of the 
union. The sketches were 
afterward printed in book- 
form under the title of 
"Peck's Bad Boy." This- work has also been successfully 
dramatized. 

Then a volume was published, entitled "Peck's Fun," be- 
ing a collection of his humorous articles selected from the 
"^Sun." 

The selections given are a fair sample of his humorous 
writings, although he has written longer articles that cause 
much more merriment. However, the selections here given 
will answer the purpose. 




GEORGE PECK. 



488 TEE BIOORAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

— Up to the present time "The Sun" has struggled 
along from infancy to middle age, without a safe in its office. 
It has never needed one. It does not need one now, but 
custom has much to do with these things. The associations 
that surround one, go far toward making these changes. 
When we look at the immense safes in the office of our 
neighbor, tilled with bonds and mortgages, we feel that a 
safe will look well. So we purchased a sort of an iron range, 
with a nickle-plated knob, and a lock with as many figures 
on it as a tax list or a lottery advertisement, and placed it 
where it will strike the visitor on his first entrance. Ah, 
what an imposing affair it is. As we lean back in a chair and 
look at it, and close our eyes, we can see millions in it, in 
our mind. It is a cross between Alex. Mitchell's safe, and 
a child's bank. It is not full, but it has evidently been tak- 
ing something. It is a grand feeling to walk along the streets 
and feel that your head contains the secret which opens the 
safe. No one but yourself and your Maker, and the maker 
of the safe, know the three numbers, which will cause it to 
open. The numbers are safe with you, and the all-seeing 
eye you have confidence will not give it away, so that the 
only show a burglar has is to get solid with the maker of the 
safe. 

What a piece of mechanism is the lock of a safe. The 
man we bought it of gave us the programme that opens it. 
You go to the dial, turn the knob, put your fingers to your 
nose and wink. If you leave out the wink, the safe will not 
open, but we never leave out the wink. The trouble is, if 
there is a lady customer in with a bill, and we go to open 
the safe, we wink too many times and have to go all over it 
again. Then we place the numbers in their order, 4-11-44, 
and when the "four" is exactly opposite the dipthong, we 
turn the knob back three revolutions, light a cigar and walk 
three times around the room. This is to give the mechan- 
ism in the inside time to coalesce. Then we put the "eleven" 



THE B TO GRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 489 

in its place, turn the knob forward one revolution, and put 
on our hat and go out and take a drink. That is in the 
programme, and we sometimes think the inventor of the 
lock is interested in a brewery. Then we come back, wipe 
our mustache on the tail of a linen coat, place the figures 
" 44" directly over the pointer, whistle "there's a land that 
is fairer than this," place the right foot forward, then turn 
the knob, the door swings on its hinges, and the untold 
wealth of the Indies lies before us, in our alleged mind. 

O, safe, are you honest? Are you true to us? You look 
pure and chaste, and your new overshirt of varnish, and 
your puffed ruching of, gold and blue, sets you off to good 
advantage, but you may not be impregnable. You have al- 
ways gone in good society, and no scandal has ever been 
attached to your name. Your purity and innocence has been 
remarked by all who have met you, and there are none who 
would dare to intimate but that you w^ould maintain your 
reputation against any attack, but sometimes we think we 
should hestitate to leave you all alone, with the light turned ■ 
down, all night and over Sunday, in the company of an elo- 
quent, persuasive, good-looking burglar, armed with a jim- 
my, and we feel that his warm hearted can of powder would 
strike a responsive chord in your impulsive nature, and that 
you would yield up the jewels confided to you: and your 
honor, your reputation, your standing among safes would be 
forever ruined. And yet we may be wrong. 

But what would it profit a burglar to gain the whole con- 
tents, and wear out his soles? If he got in that safe, he 
would find a package of bills that we have tried a year to 
collect, and we would give him the bills if he asked for them, 
and he could save his powder. He would find one bill of 
sixteen dollars, with an endorsement that one dollar is paid; 
after thirteen dollars worth of shoe leather had been worn out. 
And yet the burglar would have a soft thing on cigars with 
that bill, for every time he visited the doctor he would tell 



490 THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 

him to come again, and give him a cigar. Another thing the 
burglar would find would be a protested draft from a great 
Philadephia patent medicine advertiser. The burglar could 
take a tie pass that is in the safe, and walk to Philadelphia, 
and trade out the twenty-five dollar draft, by taking Buchu 
on account. 

But no burglar who has any respect for himself, we feel 
sure, will ever do us the injury to scrape the paint off of 
that safe. 

— A negro who was challenged at the Rome (Georgia) elec- 
tion by a white man, thought it was a challenge to fight, 
when he took to the woods, and has been subsisting on roots 
and herbs ever since. 

— During the trial of Susan B. Anthony for illegal voting, 
the prosecuting attorney got one admission from the defense 
that should endear him to the hearts of the American people. 
He compelled Susan, through her attorney, to admit that she 
was a woman. That is a point gained that will be valuable 
in future litigation. 

— Two girls, belonging to a church choir at Oshkosh, got 
locked into the church the other night while talking over 
the fashions. They gave the alarm, when a man living near 
the church put a board up to the window and they slid down 
to the ground. The most singular thing that when they got 
safely to the ground they looked mad and went oft* without 
thanking the man, and they won't speak to him when they 
meet him. He couldn't account for it until he went to take 
the board down, when he got slivers in his fingers and 
scratched his thumb on a shingle nail that stuck up through 
the board. Some men are mighty careless. He says he 
don't care only for the other hearts that may ache. 

A girl in Chicago has never heard the name of Christ 
except in profanity, and never had an idea who he was. She 
said she asked an express driver once who Christ was, and 
he said he believed he used to drive a team for Potter Palmer. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 491 

GLAUS SPRECKELS. 

Born about 1815. 
Glaus Spreckels, who, with one of his sons, visited the 
east in 1887 to complete arrangements to build refineries to 
compete with the sugar "trust," has almost single-handed, 
built up the Hawaiian Island sugar trade under the recipro- 
city treaty. Within ten years the production there has in- 
creased from twenty thousand tons a year to one hundred 
and twenty thousand tons "^^^ss^ 

this business he has araas- ^^^^ "^^^^^^^^^ 

from one hundred million m ^^^^L. 

million dollars, while each t^^^^ '^^^^ ^^K 
of his three sons, who are [^^^^ -0W^^^ ^^ 

engaged in the establish- ,- ^^^^^j^^^^^MlH^^fe 

of humble origin. He came ^ 1 | ^^^^ 

to the United States about 

-loon J 1 CLAUS SPRECKELS. 

1830, and opened a gro- 
cery store in the city of New York. When California be- 
came the shrine towards which myriads of pilgrims traveled 
in the hope of wealth, Spreckels joined the great procession. 
He opened a grocery store in Galifornia, and made money 
fast. A later venture was to buy an interest in a brewery. 



492 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

After a few years he sold out, a large gainer, and invested 
his money in the business of refining sugar. 

Their great object in going east was to select a site for a 
refinery, situated in one of the great eastern cities. Phila- 
delphia offered ten acres for that purpose. If the project 
was carried out, raw sugar, the most of which comes from 
Cuba and Manilla, they would buy in the open market. 
Manifestly their competition with the sugar "trust" would 
be advantageous to the public. 

When Spreckels was a poor young man he married the 
woman who is now the wealthy Mrs. Spreckels of San Fran- 
cisco, but who was then a German girl in domestic service. 
They have four sons and one daughter. Spreckels shows age 
but is still active and healthy. He has the light hair and 
complexion, and the eyes and features of the ordinary Ger- 
man. That his hair is rapidly whitening is not remarkable 
in a man of his years. In figure he is of medium height 
and weight, active and energetic. 



JAMES RED PATH. 

Boi-ti about 1828. 

James Redpath, journalist, correspondent and lecturer, 
js not an Irishman neither by birth or descent, but is widely 
known in both the United States and Ireland as the "adopt- 
ed Irishman," a sobriquet given to him by his enthusiastic 
Irish friends after his return from Ireland, during the famine 
years of 1879-80, when a special correspondent of the New 
York "Tribune," he sent over a series of letters descriptive 
of the distress in the west of Ireland. 

These by their vivid presentation of the abject misery of 
the peasants and their ardent denunciations of the exactions 
of the absentee landlords, made his name a household word 
in every Irish home throughout Christendom, and added 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



493 



more than one hundred thousand dollars to the famine re- 
lief fund. 

Mr. Eedpath has been prominently before the American 
public for more than thirty years. He made a national re- 
putation as a special correspondent of the St. Louis "Demo- 
crat " at the opening of the Kansas troubles, during which 
he. took a conspicuous part in the free state movement. 
Subsequently, by his anti-slavery writings in the prom- 
inent journals of the cities 
of New York and Boston, 
and by his life of John 
Bi'own and other works; 
by his participation in the 
various movements for the 
elevation of the poor; by 
his Haytian colonization 
scheme; his influence on 
the Lyceum system by his 
famous "Boston Lyceum 
I^ureau;" and by his fre- 
[uent and zealous activity 
n political discussion: by 
.11 these events Mr. Bed- 
^)ath has made his influence 
widely felt. 

During recent years he 
the Irish question, and on 
on the land league move- 




JAMES REDPATH. 



has occupied himself much with 
account of his letters and essays 
ment, and numerous lectures and speeches, has been recog- 
nized by the Irish people in this country and in Ireland as 
perhaps the most influential advocate of their cause, not of 
their own race. 

In person, Mr. Redpath was, in his active days, a small 
wiry man, quick and energetic in his movements. He is a 
very successful lecturer. 



494 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



GAEL SCHUKZ. 

Born in 1829. 
Carl Schukz was born at Liblar, near Cologne, Ger- 
many. He was educated at the collegiate institution at Co- 
logne, and afterward at the University of Bonn. 

Carl was editor of a paper identified with the unsuccessful 
revolution of 1848, and took part in the defense of Kastadt, 

after which he fled from 
Germany, and took refuge 
in Switzerland. 

Subsequently he resided 
in Paris and in London, 
where he was a teacher and 
newspaper correspondent 
for three years, at the end 
of that time emigrating to. 
this country in the year 
1852. 

His commanding abili- 
ties were soon recognized, 
and he was made a dele- 
gate to the national repub- 
lican convention of 1860. 
On the accession of Presi- 
dent Lincoln in 1861, Mr. 
Sclmrz was appointed minister to Spain, which position he 
soon resigned, was appointed a brigadier-general of volun- 
teers, and took an active part in the second battle of Bull 
Kun, and also in the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, 
and Chattanooga. After the war he held numerous public 
positions, and became connected with the press of New York, 
Detroit, and St. Louis. He was a delegate to the national 
republican convention of 1868, and the following year was 
elected a member of the United States senate. Subsequently 
he was made secretary of the interior. 




CAKL SCHURZ. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 



495 



H. RIDER HAGGARD. 

Born about 1854. 

Rider Haggard is described as a slightly built, wiry-look- 
ing blonde, with a pale complexion and light blue eyes. He 
is said co be very much of a lion in London society, where, 
with "a vague manner of well-bred 'ennui, 'he listens to the 
fulsome allusions to his book." 

The eminent writer of "She" and other sensational books 
writes to the London 
"Times" that something 
must be done soon in the 
matter of American copy- 
right. 

' ' Either the foreign 
author must finally and 
forever be pronounced to 
be outside of the law; or 
liis right to some remuner- 
ation for his work, how- 
ever humble the amount, 
must receive a legal ac- 
knowledgment. " 

He says that a scheme 
will shortly be laid before 
the public which will pro- 
tect authors, foreign or 
American, from wrongs 
and frauds, if congress can 
be persuaded to pass it in- 
to law. The reader will remember that some years ago the 
committee of the senate of the United States having the 
matter of an American copyright for British authors under 
consideration, was addressed by authors, publishers and 
mechanics interested in the publishing trade on the subject; 




H. RIDER HAGGARD. 



496 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

when it was shown that the literary industry would better 
thrive in an atmosphere of literary honor than under present 
conditions, which admit of wrongs to national workers, 
against which they can only protest. Haggard has suffered 
much by "piracy," and his protest is a vigorous one. 

He is young to have attained celebrity in both the old and 
new worlds. He began writing books in 1882 with a little 
volume of a political character relating to events then recent 
in South Africa, of which he was well qualified to speak. 
When he was nineteen he had gone to Natal with Sir Plenry 
Bulwer, and during the two succeeding years had served on 
the staff of Theophilus Shepstone, the special commissioner 
to the Transvaal. He remained in the colonial service until 
1879, and then returned to London to marry a lady of dis- 
tinguished family. 

Because of his wife, or for some other reason, he remain- 
ed in England and adopted the profession of the law, be- 
coming a practicing barrister of Lincoln's Inn, London. 

While still in active practice at the bar he began to write. 
The political pamphlet with which he first courted fame at- 
tracted little attention. His next book was '' Dawn, " pub- 
lished in 1884, and a year later came ''The Witch's Head," 
neither of which was much heard of until they were recently 
republished on the strength of the fame that the author had 
gained by subsequent works. 

His first real success was with " King Solomon's Mines," 
published in 1885, which attracted the mingled condemna- 
tion and praise of the critics and won great popularity abroad 
and to a less extent in this country. Mr. Haggard's fame 
was confirined abroad and made in this country by "She." 
" Jess," that followed, and "Allen Quartermain," have main- 
tained American interest in the author. 

Mr. Haggard visited Iceland in 1888, more as an explorer 
than as a novelist. At the same time he is convinced that he 
will be able to produce a piece of fiction from its legends. 



TEE BIOGEAPEICAL REVIEW. 



DAYID SWING. 

Bor7i Aug. 23, 1830, 
The representative preacher of the West is David Swing, 
pastor of the Central church, Chicago, who is also one of the 
foremost of the world's public teachers. He is eminent as 
an orator, thinker and writer, whose mission it is to be the 
eloquent exponent of the best thought and motive of the 

teeming activities of this 
age, particularly as he sees 
them in the busy city of 
which he is one of the most 
distinguished residents. 

He excels as a newspaper 
writer and essayist, and is 
renowned as an editor who 
deals with current events 
with a broad view, and one 
that detects the principles 
and relations of what is 
going on, with searching 
and just perception. 

This prophet of Chicago 
is of German origin, and 
was born in Cincinnati, 
Ohio. In 1852 he graduat- 
ed at Miami university, at 
Oxford, in his native state. 
His first employment was 
as instructor in Greek and Latin at that institution, where he 
was principal of the classical department. In 1866 he became 
pastor of a presbyterian church in Chicago. Eight years later 
he was tried for heresy, but was acquitted. This event led to 
his taking pastorial charge of the congregational church. He 
is the author of ''^Club Essays" and other works. 




DAVID SWING. 



498 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



JEFFERSON DAVIS. 

Born June 3, 1S08. 
Jefferson Davis was born in Christian county, Kentucky, 
in 1808. His father removed to the state of Mississippi 
during his childhood. He graduated from the West Point 
Military Academy when he arrived at the age of twenty 
years, and served with distinction against the Indians until 
1835, when he resigned his commission, returned to Missis- 
sippi, and married the daughter of Gen. Taylor, afterwards 

president of the United 
States. 

He then became a cot- 
ton planter, continuing in 
the business for nearly 
|| eight years, when he in- 
1^ terested himself in politics 
as a democrat, and took a 
prominent part in the elec- 
tion of Polk. He was sent 
to the house in 1845, and 
took an important part in 
the debates on the tariff, 
the Oregon question, the 
preparation for the Mex- 
ican war, etc. Upon the 
breaking out of the Mex- 
ican war he was elected 
colonel of the Mississippi regiment of volunteers, and re- 
signing his seat in congress, he joined the army of Gen. 
Taylor on the Rio Grande, and was engaged in the storming 
of Monterey and the battle of Buena Vista. At the close of 
the war he was offered by President Polk the rank of briga- 
dier-general of volunteers, but it was declined. 

Two years later he was elected senator for Mississippi; in 




JEFFERSON DAVIS. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 499 

1850 he became chairman of the committee on military af- 
fairs, and was distinguished by the energy with which he 
defended slavery, and by his zealous advocacy of state rights. 

A year later he resigned his seat in the senate, to enter 
upon a canvass for the election of Franklin Pierce, who, on 
being elected president, appointed Mr. Davis secretary of 
war. He was again elected senator in 1858, but the elec- 
tion of Lincoln two years later, and the subsequent secession 
movement, caused him to withdraw. 

When the secession movement received shape and form 
lie was chosen provisional president of the confederate states, 
and in 1862 was elected president for six years. 

After the fall of Kichmond, President Davis, while endeav- 
oring to make his escape, was captured at Irwinville, Geor- 
gia, May 10, 1865, and remained a prisoner at Fortress Mon- 
roe for two years awaiting trial. He was then released on 
bail, and all proceedings against him discontinued. He then 
visited Europe, became president of the Carolina Life Insur- 
ance Company, and a few years ago wrote "The Kise and 
Fall of the Confederacy. " 

The two sons of Jefferson Davis are dead, but his two 
daughters are still living; the younger, Winnie, being her 
father's favorite child, because, perhaps, she most resembles 
him in disposition and intellectual qualities. She is a natural 
aristocrat, and like her father, will at heart never have any- 
thing in common with the masses. She has grown to be a 
beautiful woman, rich in physical and mental charms, and is 
known by her admirers as the " Daughter of the Confeder- 
acy." To show the esteem with which the subject of this sketch 
is still held in the South, in 1887 a movement was set on foot 
at Macon, Georgia, to raise by popular subscription a Jeff 
Davis fund. The project was heartily approved by the press 
and the people, and bid fair to be a great success; but it has 
now been entirely abandoned, because of a letter from Mrs. 
Davis deprecating the project. 



500 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



YARINA DAVIS. 

The life of "The Daughter of the Confederacy" is a quiet 
and uneventful one, the formal entertainment of friends at 
Beauvoir, Mississippi, being a rare occasion. This place is 
not accessible to travelers. No form or ceremony is observed, 
and the few people who come and go are invariably treated 
in the way known to New 
Englanders as "being one 
of the family." 

Busy with her studies 
and literary work, and 
helpful to her father in 
what historic research he 
may undertake, the life of 
Yarina Davis is as differ- 
ent as possible from that 
of the "society girl" of 
the period. 

Her first appearance in y^fi 
public was at the laying of y/i r' 
the corner-stone of the 
confederate monument at v' 
Montgomery, in Alabama. 
She had, previous to that • 
time, lived in privacy at 
Beauvoir. On the trip from 
Montgomery to Atlanta, af- 
ter the laying of the corner-stone. General Gordon presented 
Varina Davis to a crowd at Newman, Georgia, as "The 
Daughter of the Confederacy," a title by which she is gener- 
ally known in the South, and which indicates the time of her 
birth, when North and South were engaged in deadly strife. 
Varina Davis dresses richly, but very quietly, and apparently 
has no desire to attract attention. 




VAKINA DAVIS. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 601 

A BRIEF HISTOEY OF THE 

Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the U.S. 

FOR ONE HUNDRED TEARS. 



AN ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS POLITICAL PARTIES. 



STANDARD BEARERS OF 1888. 



Once more the American Nation has entered upon a pres- 
idential campaign fraught with interest and importance to 
sixty millions of people. The struggle for the highest office 
in the land will continue uninterruptedly until the polls close 
on Tuesday, November 6, 1888. 

A brief review of the different contests from the earliest 
period to the present time will be of especial interest at this 
time — on the eve of another contest for national supremacy. 
The story of presidential elections begins with the evolution 
of the form and system of the national government by the 
convention of 1787; the great perplexity of the convention 
in arriving at definite conclusions in the matter being shown 
by its long and exhaustive discussions and many reversals 
of decisions. 

The manner of electing the president and vice-president 
was finally decided by adopting Article II, Section I, of the 
constitution, which provides that "the executive power shall 
be vested in a president of the United States of America, 
who shall hold his office during a term of four years, with a 
vice-president chosen for the same term; to be elected by 
electors chosen by each state, equal to the whole number of 
senators and representatives from each state to congress, in 
such manner as the legislature of each state may direct." 



502 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

The first presidential election under the new constitution 
was held in the autumn of 1789, when Gen, George Wash- 
ington of Virginia, was elected president, and John Adams, 
of Massachusetts, vice-president, after a very earnest and ex- 
citing canvass by electors elected by the state; the efforts to 
have these officers elected by a popular vote of the people 
having failed in the constitutional convention. 



President Washington and Vice-president Adams were re- 
elected to these offices in 1792 by the electors that met in 
the city of New York, December 5, 1792, under the election 
law of that year. During both of these first elections the 
country was still greatly reduced and sufiering from the ef- 
fects of the long and exhaustive revolutionary war; and the 
bitter political rivalries and animosities that then prevailed 
and distracted the nation with a turbulent turmoil have never 
been excelled in any subsequent campaign. 



John Adams of Massachusetts, was elected the second 
president, with Thomas Jeflferson of Virginia, as vice-presi- 
dent, in 1796, after another very excited canvass, which 
greatly agitated the entire country for months before the 
election. 

* * 

In the campaign of 1800, Thomas Jefiferson was elected 
president, and Aaron Burr vice-president, by the republican- 
democratic party, after a heated and earnest political contest, 
resulting in the defeat of the federalists and a change of ad- 
ministration and government policy. 



Thomas Jefi'erson was re-elected president, with George 
Clinton vice-president, in 1801. In 1808 James Madison 



TEE BIOORAPEICAL REVIEW. 503 

of Yirginia, was elected president, and George Clinton was 
re-elected vice-president. In 1812 Madison was re-elected 
president, and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, vice- 
president. 



James Monroe of Virginia, and Daniel D. Thompkins of 
New York, were elected respectively president and vice-pres- 
ident in 1816, and were both rcrelected to these positions in 
1820, for the ensuing term; and these two elections, com- 
pared with all preceding them, were quiet and uneventful, 
with much less public excitement and agitation. At this 
time the democratic party, having retained the political con- 
trol of the government ever since the first election of Jeffer- 
son, erased the word " republican " from the party name, 
and have been known as democrats until now. The "feder- 
alists," the opposing party after the war of 1812, rapidly 
declined and lost their former controlling political power 
and influence. 

* * 
* 

The presidential election of 1824, unlike any that preceded 
or followed it, was in some respects the most important 
and interesting yet recorded. The federal party then existed 
in but few of the states and in political control of none. 

More than two years before the election, as early as April, 
1822, there were as many as seventeen candidates for the 
presidency in succession to Mr. Monroe, but by 1823 the 
number of this long list was reduced to six, as follows: John 
Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, DeWitt Clinton, Henry 
Clay, William H. Crawford and Gen. Andrew Jackson. 

After a protracted and exceedingly bitter and virulent 
campaign, John C. Calhoun was elected vice-president; but 
there was no election of president by the people, neither of 
the candidates nominated receiving a majority of the votes; 
and the election of a president devolved by law upon the 



504 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

house of representatives. After a prolonged, thorough and 
heated discussion of the question (this being the first elec- 
tion of president by congress), on February 9, the house 
elected John Quincy Adams president, by eighty-nine votes 
to seventy-one votes for Andrew Jackson, and fifty-four for 
William H. Crawford; and Mr. Adams and John C. Calhoun 
were inaugurated as president and vice-president respectively. 



The exceedingly acrid political animosity engendered by 
the election of 1824 still survived, and its smouldering emb- 
ers were easily fanned into a lively flame early in the cam- 
paign of 1828, which grew more active and heated to its 
close and resulted in the election of General Jackson, presi- 
dent, and the re-election of John C. Calhoun, vice-president, 
by the jubilant and triumphant democratic party of that day. 
The election of 1832, though less exciting and disturbing 
than the last, was a very warm and lively contest between 
the democrats and the "whigs," by which party name their 
opponents, the successors of the "federalists," were then (as 
formerly) known in the politics of the country, and Gen. 
Andrew Jackson was re-elected president for another term, 
and Martin Yan Buren of New York, was elected vice-presi- 
dent. 

In the presidential election of 1836 the democrats still 
continued in full control of the national government, and all 
its offices and political machinery; and that party easily 
elected their candidate, Martin Yan Buren, president. There 
was however, no election of vice-president by the people, and 
Kichard M. Johnson of Tennessee, the democratic candidate, 
was elected by the United States senate, subsequently by 
thirty-three votes for K. M. Johnson to sixteen votes for 
Francis Granger, of New York, this being the only instance 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 505 

in the history of the country when the election of a vice, 
president devolved upon the senate as provided by law. 



Next came the election of 1840, the famous "Tippecanoe 
and Tyler too" campaign — the most universally exciting 
and important political canvass and election the country 
had then ever experienced. No preceding political canvass 
bears even a near resemblance to the now celebrated ' ' Log 
Cabin" and "hard cider" campaign of 1840, when the 
young men of the country and especially those of the whig 
party, whose candidate for president. Gen. William Henry 
Harrison, the hero of "Tippecanoe," was then nearly seven- 
ty years old, by their intense and extraordinary enthusiasm 
and fervor utterly demoralized and won a triumphant vic- 
tory over the great democratic party which had controlled 
the government since the beginning of the century. 

The irresistible popularity of the "Log Cabins" erected 
all over the land; the "Tippecanoe Clubs," the immense 
mass meetings, and the monstrous processions with banners 
of taking device; but above all the wonderful effects on the 
masses of the cariipaign songs, which swept over the entire 
land like a great musical tidal wave and obliterated all op- 
posing forces, — all conspired to make this the greatest pol- 
itical victory ever won and the most famous and memorable 
presidential election in our political history. General Har- 
rison of Ohio, was elected president, and John Tyler of 
Virginia, vice-president. President Harrison was inaugurated 
March 4, 1841, but died within a month of that time; and 
John Tyler became president of the United States for the 
rest of the term that ended with the close of 1844. 



Henry Clay of Kentucky, was the candidate for president 
of the whig party of 1844, and James K, Polk of Tennessee, 



506 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

was the democratic candidate. The canvass was nothing 
like so exciting as the last; the whigs endeavored to win 
again with the song and hurrah and other tactics of their 
last canvass, bnt failed in their efforts; and the democrats 
elected James K, Polk president, and George M. Dallas vice- 
president. In some respects this was a unique campaign. 
The democrats in the convention, after a hard struggle to 
secure an available candidate among the many aspirants, com- 
promised on the nomination of Mr. Polk, who was then so 
little known in the politics of the country as to excite the 
universal inquiry: ," Who is James K. Polk?" By his nomin- 
ation and election he acquired the distinction of being the 
first " Dark Horse candidate " in the political history of the 
country, 

* 

In 1848 the political tables were turned again, mostly by 
the growing influence of the slavery question upon politics; 
and Gen. Zachary Taylor, the hero of the Mexican war, "Old 
Rough and E-eady," as he was popularly designated, was 
elected president, and Millard Fillmore of New York, vice- 
president. General Taylor like General Harrison, his military 
predecessor in the presidential chair, died soon after his in- 
auguration, and consequently Vice-President Millard Fill- 
more became the president to the end of that term in 1852. 

The "irrepressible conflict," as Mr. Seward happily phras- 
ed the all-pervading slavery agitation, was now looming up 
very conspicuously and overshadowing the political field with 
serious aspect, and this absorbing and exciting question was 
the leading influence and animus of the spirited campaign of 
1848, which resulted in a victory of the whig party, a de- 
feat of the democrats, and a change of policy. 

The growing political power of the newly organized free 
soil party reunited democrats of all shades against it in the 



TEE Bl GRAPEl CAL RE VIE W. 507 

canvass of 1852, and though all the early fall elections were 
favorable to the democrats and they won a great victory in 
the presidential election in November of that year, the con- 
vass was not a very exciting one. Franklin Pierce of New 
HampshLi^e, was elected president, and William R. King 
of Alabama, vice-president. The democratic party was again 
successful in 1856, electing James Buchanan of Pennsylva- 
nia, president, and John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky, 
vice-president, after a comparatively quiet canvass. The coun- 
try then drifting along over ths stormy sea of politics toward 
the menacing and inevitable crisis, until that momentous 
epoch in our political history, the great presidential election 
of 1860, which resulted in the complete victory of the re- 
publican party, the utter defeat of the democrats, and a civil 
war that raged four years in a fruitless effort to destroy the 
Union. 

* 
Then followed the election of Lincoln of Illinois, president, 
with Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, vice-president; the com- 
plete victory of the republican party; the secession of eleven 
of the slave states, and their formation of a " southern con- 
federacy;" the bombardment of Fort Sumter and the civil 
war that ensued; the surrender of Lee; the assassination of 
Lincoln, and succession of Andrew Johnson. 



Abraham Lincoln was re-elected president in 1864, with 
Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, for vice-president. The 
civil war had not then ended, and the voting for president 
in this election was confined to the loyal states of the nation; 
the struggle for political supremacy in this contest being be- 
tween the republicans, and war-democrats who sustained the 
government and the politicians of all parties and factions 
that had met in convention at Chicago, and voted that the 
war to preserve the union was a failure, and demanded that 



508 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

the government should immediately end it by compromising 
with those then still in arms and fighting to destroy the union. 
President Lincoln was killed by the assassin John Wilkes 
Booth, six weeks after he had taken the oath for his second 
term, by which awful deed the conscience of his indignant 
countrymen and the whole civilized world was astonished 
and shocked as never before; and Andrew Johnson became 
president to the end of the term in 1868. 
* * 

Gen, Ulysses S. Grant was elected president and Schuyler 
Colfax vice-president by the republicans in 1868, without 
much opposition, after a rather quiet and uneventful canvass. 
In the campaign of 1872 General Grant was re-elected presi- 
dent, and Henry Wilson of Massachusetts, vice-president. 
This campaign was not very active or exciting, and the re- 
publicans easily carried the election. 



The election of 1876, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was 
the republican candidate, and Samuel J. Tilden the democra- 
tic candidate, resulted in a dispute, both parties claiming the 
victory. After the most dangerous political crisis the re- 
public has ever experienced, Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, 
was elected president, and William A.Wheeler of New York, 
vice president, by the electoral commission, a body of pro- 
minent citizens appointed by congress with the consent of 
both parties, to settle this most alarming and dangerous pol- 
itical difficulty that then threatened to endanger the future 
peace of the nation. 

■X- * 

The campaign of 1880 was quite a noted one, and one of 
its remarkable features was the strenuous effort that was made 
by the friends of General Grant to nominate him for a third 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL EEVIEW, 509 

term, an innovation in our political history and usage wliich 
proved very unpopular, no man ever having even been named 
for a third term before that time. But the attempt to nomi- 
nate General Grant failed, and James A. Garfield of Ohio, 
and Chester A. Arthur of New York, were nominated; and 
in the following November were elected president and vice- 
president by the republican party. President Garfield was 
shot by the assassin Guiteau July 2, 1881, dying in Septem- 
ber; and Chester A. Arthhr, vice-president, then became the 
president until the end of the term, March, 1885. 

The campaign for 1884 commenced early, and it was 
prosecuted with great earnestness and animation by both 
parties to the end. James G. Blaine was the candidate of 
the republicans,- and that party was very confident of his 
election before the votes were cast. Stephen Grover Cleve- 
land, then governor of the state of New York, was the demo- 
cratic candidate, and he carried his own state by a small 
majority of the popular vote, securing democratic electors 
from New York (the pivotal state of that campaign), thus 
deciding that great contest in favor of the democrats. Ste- 
phen Grover Cleveland was elected president, and Thomas A. 
Hendricks of Indiana, vice-president, for the next four years 
until 1888. The vice-president died not long after his inau- 
guration. 

* 
This brings us down to 1888, with numerous tickets in the 
field. The democrats again put forth Grover Cleveland as 
their candidate for re-election, with Allen G. Thurman of 
Ohio as vice-president. The republican's presidential candi- 
date is Benjamin Harrison of Indiana, with L. P. Morton of 
New York as vice-president. These are the two great parties. 
Which will win ? 



510 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 

RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS THAT 
FROM TIME TO TIME EXERTED MORE OR LESS INFLU- 
ENCE IN SHAPING THE COURSE OF THE NATION. 

At the close of the revohitionary war there was but one 
political party in the United States, and that original party 
was known as the American "whig" party, who had fought 
the war to a successful issue, and had united to organize and 
sustain a new constitution and government. The war ended 
in 1781, and for the next five years few changes in politics 
occurred; but by 1787, the whigs or national party, under the 
leadership of the first president, Washington, Hamilton, and 
their associates, that party became known as "federalists;" 
and all the opponents of the whigs and their policy united 
and formed a new party and called themselves "anti-feder- 
alists." 

* * 
* 

This anti-federalist party was composed of all who feared 
the establishment of the new central political power, and those 
who dreaded the addition of federal to state taxes; and this 
party opposed ratification of the new constitution, in con- 
ventions and outside, with all their power and ability. Alex- 
ander Hamilton, the great statesman and financier, holding 
the leadership of the federalists, held the control of the 
government during these trying and troublous times. 



The anti-federalist party, early in 1789, changed the par- 
ty name and called themselves "republicans," in opposition 
to the monarchical federalists, as they were then tauntingly 
termed by their opponents. In 1780 Thomas Jefferson re- 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 511 

turned- from France, wholly engrossed and inspired by the 
scenes and political developments of the French revolution; 
and under his influence and leadership, by 1793, the party 
in opposition to Washington, Hamilton and the other feder- 
alists, adopted a new name and called themselves the '' dem- 
ocratic-republican party." Both parties continued to sustain 
their respective names until the close of Jefferson's adminis- 
tration, when the democrats dropped the word republican; 
they named themselves the democratic party, by which they 
have been known ever since; and under this name that party 
elected James Madison president in 1812. After the war of 
1812 the federalists gradually faded away and in a few years 
the party name of federalists became extinct; but their suc- 
cessors, as opponents of the democratic party and policy, 
formed a new political organization, and adopted the name of 
the ''whig party," — the first name of the party afterward call- 
ed 'federalists. 

Whigs and democrats were therefore the only parties known 
in the political field when Andrew Jackson was elected 
president in 1828, and so continued with some local and un- 
important variations until 1852, when the great whig party, 
as was tersely said at the time, " died of an attempt to swal- 
low the fugitive slave law." In 1852 th« American party, 
composed of seceders from both the old parties, was formed. 
This was a secret, oath-bound political organization, whose 
name, nature and object were not known, even to members, 
until they reached the higher degrees, and thus the party 
became known by the popular name of "know-nothings." Its 
design was to oppose the easy naturalization of foreigners 
and to elect only native-born citizens to ofiice. After the 
election of 1855 the southern democrats withdrew their sup- 
port from this party, and it then disappeared from the politics 
of the country. 



612 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW'. 

The " free soil party " was formed in 1852, and embraced 
all members of all other parties who were opposed to the 
extension of slavery into the free states and territories, and 
for the next four years this new party increased very rapidly. 

* * 

The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill by the democra- 
tic congress in 1854, quickly and firmly united all opponents 
of the ruling democratic slave oligarchy policy into the great 
"national republican party," and the republican national 
convention in 1856 adopted that name, and nominated John 
C. Fremont for president; and James Buchanan was nomi- 
nated and elected by the democrats. In 1860 Abraham Lin- 
coln was elected by the republicans, which election resulted 
in the civil war from 1861 to 1865, during which time pa- 
triotism nearly obliterated party lines, and the war destroyed 
the slave power, emancipated the slaves and settled forever 
that great political question that had divided the great par- 
ties ever since the origin of the government. The republican 
party retained the political power and control of the national 
government for twenty-four years, until 1884, when that party 
was defeated by the democrats, who elected Mr. Cleveland, 
the present president. 



Since the year of 1884 both of the great parties have set- 
tled into their old position, with tariff reform as the ruling 
political question of the hour; and democratic and repub 
lican voters will contest and decide the campaign of 1888, 
which will be as lively a campaign as any that has been wit- 
nessed in this country for many years, the outcome of which 
cannot be foretold. And still greater uncertainty prevails 
because of the many other candidates in the field, notably 
the prohibition party and the labor parties with candidates 
for the presidency of the United States. 



THE BIOORAPHWAL REVIEW. 513 



THE PKOHIBITIOK PAETY. 

The Prohibition party, in national convention assembled 
at Indianapolis, Indiana, completed its session May 31,1888. 

Clinton B. Fisk received the candidature for the presiden- 
cy, and John A. Brooks for the vice-presidency. 

The insertion of a woman suffrage plank was hotly con- 
tested. Miss Frances Willardtook the floor and said: ''Some 
of you say that if the women will keep quiet you will give 
us suffrage after you get prohibition. Look at the state of 
Maine. Have they given us the ballot there after they got 
prohibition ? Some say woman's suffrage and prohibition 
cannot trot in the same class; that they don't travel at the 
same speed. I say drive them tandem and they'll go well 
together. The women have not tried to force this question. 
They simply set the tuning-fork to that pure, sweet key of 
truth and send out women tuned to that key, and on that we 
are conquering the world." 

Then followed protests from the minority. Delegate 
Richmond of Wisconsin, jumped upon the press table and 
thundered out the warning: "Woman's suffrage is a quar- 
ter of a century behind prohibition. Don't make us go back 
and pick up another load. Don't stop the onward march of 
reform which has called our party into existence. Push the 
living forward to victory." In vain did Richmond vaguely 
imply rebellion and shout: "Do not bind the hand of this 
young party with this great and crushing weight." 

Then up spoke Mrs. Merriweather of Missouri: "Take 
this band from the brain of woman and set her free." The 
throng thundered its approval. 

After a long and animated discussion, the woman suffrage 
plank was embodied in the platform by a vote of 1000 to 28. 

The Rev. Sam Small then read the platform; each plank 
was received with ei'cat enthusiasm. 



514 THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 

PLATFORM OF THE PROHIBITION PARTY. 

1. That the manufacture, importation, exportation, trans- 
portation and sale of alcholic beverages shall be made public 
crimes, and punished as such. 

2. That such prohibition must be secured through amend- 
ments of our national and state constitutions, enforced by 
adequate laws adequately supported by administrative au- 
thority; and to this end the organization of the prohibition 
party is imperatively demanded in state and nation. 

3. That any form of license, taxation, or regulation of the 
liquor traffic is contrary to good government; that any party 
which supports regulation, license, or tax enters into alliance 
with such taSic and becomes the actual foe of the state's 
welfare; and that we arraign the republican and democratic 
parties for their persistent attitude in favor of the licensed 
iniquity, whereby they oppose the demand of the people for 
prohibition, and through open complicity with the liquor 
cause, defeat the enforcement of law. 

4. For the immediate abolition of the internal revenue 
system, whereby our national government is deriving support 
from our greatest national vice. 

5. That an adequate public revenue being necessary, it 
may properly be raised by import duties and by an equitable 
assessment upon the property and the legitimate business of 
the country, but import duties should be so reduced that no 
surplus shall be accumulated in the treasury, and that the 
burdens of taxation shall be removed from foods, clothing 
and other comforts and necessaries of life. 

6. That civil-service appointments for all civil offices chief- 
ly clerical in, their duties should be based upon moral, intel- 
lectual and physical qualifications, and not upon party ser- 
vice or party necessity. 

7., That the right of suflfrage rests on no mere circumstance 
of race, color, sex. or nationality, and that wherever from 
any cause it has been withheld from citizens who are of suit- 



IHE BIOOBAPHICAL REVIEW, 515 

able age and mentally and morally qualified for the exercise 
of an intelligent ballot, it should be restored by the people 
through the legislature of the several states on such educa- 
tional basis as they may deem wise. 

8. For the abolition of polygamy and the establishment 
of uniform laws governing marriage and divorce. 

9. For prohibiting combinations of capital to control and 
to increase the cost of products for popular consumption. 

10. For the preservation and defense of the Sabbath as a 
civil institution without oppressing any who religiously ob- 
serve the same on any other day than the first day of the 
week. That arbitration is the christian, wise, and economic 
method of settling national differences, and the same method 
should by judicious legislation, be applied to the settlement 
of disputes between large bodies of employes and employers; 
that the abolition of the saloon would remove the burdens, 
moral, physical, pecuniary and social, which now oppress 
labor and rob it of its earnings, and would prove to be the 
wise and successful way of promoting labor reform, and we 
invite labor and capital to unite with us for the accomplish- 
ment thereof; that monopoly in the land is a wrong to the 
people, and public land should be reserved to actual settlers, 
and that men and women should receive equal wages for 
equal work. 

11. That our immigration laws should be so enforced as 
to prevent the introduction into our country of all convicts, 
inmates of dependent institutions and of other physically in- 
capacitated for self-support, and that no person should have 
the ballot in any state who is not a citizen of the United 
States. Recognizing and declaring that prohibition of the 
liquor traffic has become the dominant issue in national po- 
litics, we invite to full party fellowship all those who on this 
one dominant issue are with us agreed, in the full belief that 
this party can and will remove sectional diflterences, pro- 
mote national unity, and insure the best welfare of our nation. 



516 THE BIOORAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

GEN. CLINTON B. FISK. 

Born Dec. 8, 1S28, 

PROHIBITION CANDIDATE FOE PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. 

Gen. Clinton Bowen Fisk, Prohibition candidate for the 
presidency of the United States in 1S88, was born at Greggs- 
ville, Livingston county, state of New York. His father 
was a blacksmith. Shortly after the birth of Clinton B. 
Fisk — the fifth arrival in the family — his parents removed 
to Michigan, where his father bought out a trader, whacked 
away at the anvil, and managed to pound out considerable 
money, which he invested in western lands. He died in the 
.year of 1832. 

Clinton B. Fisk was "bound out" to Deacon Wright, a 
farmer, who was to rear the lad, and when he had attained 
liis majority agreed to give him a horse, saddle, and bridle 
and two hundred dollars in money, besides his schooling. 
Young Clinton was a great reader — in fact, his love for 
books amounted to a passion. When twelve years old he 
walked twelve miles to Jackson in order to sell to a traveling 
circus a pet which he had taught many tricks, the money be- 
ing invested in "Anthonys Latin Lessons." 

He united with the methodist church about this time. He 
also succeeded in securing his release from the old Deacon, 
to whom he was bound, and turned bookkeeper for a laundress 
at ten cents a- week. He also did odd chores and attended 
district school, to which he was obliged to walk three miles 
morning and night, winter and summer. Later he attended 
the Albion seminary, in Michigan, but was unable to com- 
plete his course. At the age of twenty-one he married and 
settled down at Cold water, Michigan. 

He was an ardent abolitionist, and helped manipulate 
the " underground railway" of ante-bellum days. In 1861 
when the war broke out, Mr. Fisk enlisted as a private in a 
St. Louis regiment, where he had been in business since 



i 



THE BIOGRAPHIOAL REVIEW. b\l 

1858. One year later he was made brigadier-general, and 
in 1865 was brevetted major-general. He served in the army 
of Tennessee until the fall of Yicksburg, and then in Mis- 
souri until the close of the war. Then he was ordered south 
to carry out the provisions of the Freedman's bureau. 

Gen. Fisk about this time founded the famous Fisk uni- 
versity in Tennessee. The 
general lost nearly all his 
fortune in the war, but soon 
picked up again by invest- 
ments in Missouri railroads 
and real estate. He is now 
the owner of a beautiful 
home at Sea Bright — one 
of tiie handsomest places 
on the New Jersey coast. 
He has no regular business, 
^ and finds plenty of oppor- 
tunity to work for the cause 
of prohibition. 

In person Gen. Fisk la 
a tall, well-developed man, 
with a merry face, iron-gray 
hair, and twinkling eyes. 
He does not look a day 
over fifty. He is genial 
in his manner — in fact, magnetic — and can make a temper- 
ance or camp-meeting speech that always delights his meth- 
odist brethren and sisters. 

General Fisk is one of the leading laymen in the meth- 
odist episcopal church. He is president of the board of 
trustees of Fisk university, for colored students at Nashville, 
a trustee of Dickinson college, Pennsylvania, of Drew theolo- 
gical seminary and Pennington seminary, New Jersey, and 
of Albion college, Michigan. 




GEN. CLINTON B. FISK. 



5J 8 THE BIOGRAPHICAL RE VIE W. 

He has three children, two sons and a daughter. Mrs. 
Fisk was among the early Florence Nightingales in the war 
of tlie union. Associated with Mrs. Jessie Benton Fremont 
the was concerned at St. Louis, in the organization of the 
first society for the relief of the soldiers. She v/as in the 
field two years with her husband in charge of hospitals. Be- 
ing on one occasion engaged in assisting Dr. John H. 
Douglas, recently physician to the late General Grant, in 
the care of the wounded on the battlefield of Shiloh. 



JOHN A. BROOKS. 

Born June 8, 1836. 

PROHIBITION CANDIDATE FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 

John A. Brooks, the candidate for the vice-presidency on 
the prohibition ticket, was born in Mason county, in the 
state of Kentucky. His ancestors were Virginians. Dr. 
Brooks was educated at Bethany college, Virginia, then pre- 
sided over by Alexander Campbell. He graduated from the 
school in 1856, and presided over the Flemingsburg college, 
Kentucky, for two years, when he resigned to enter the 
ministry. 

He was at one time supreme master of the Ancient Or- 
der of United Workmen, and has taken an active interest in 
politics. From the commencement of the proliibition move- 
ment in Missouri, Dr. Brooks has been at its head. He was 
among the organizers of the party at Sedalia, Missouri, in 
1880. 

In 1884 he was the nominee of the party for the governor- 
ship of Missouri and made a vigorous canvass of the state. 
Since the campaign of 188-1 he has acted as the general agent 
of the lecture bureau, and spent much time in the states of 
Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama. The doctor is 
possessed of powerful physique and apparently in possession 
of robust health. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, 519 



* * 
* 



EQUAL RIGHTS PAETY. 

The national convention of tlie Equal Rights party was 
held in Des Moines, Iowa, on May 15, 1888. 

Mrs. Nettie Sandford Chapin of Marshalltown, chairman 
of the national committee of the party, called the conven- 
tion to order; and after some preliminary remarks, announc- 
ed that its main work would be the counting of the ballots 
for equal rights candidates forpresident and vice president of 
the United States. 

Mrs. Chapin said that the national committee had made 
arrangements so that women suffragists all over the country 
could send in their ballots and have them counted just the 
same as if they were present themselves. The committee 
had sent out a blank form of ballot containing the sugges- 
tion that a good ticket could be made up with BeivaA. Lock- 
wood of Washington, for president, and Albert H. Love of 
Philadelphia, for .vice-president. 

A majority of those who voted evidently agreed with the 
committee, for on counting the ballots it was found that the 
ticket had received three hundred and ten votes with forty 
votes scattering. 

The scattering votes were distributed among Blaine, Alli- 
son, Senator Blair, General Clinton B. Fisk, FrancesWillard, 
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Henry George, Terence V. Pow- 
derly. General Black, and one ballot for Frances Folsom 
Cleveland for president. 

The convention had every confidence in the ability, integ- 
rity and firmness of their candidates. 

Having formally declared the ticket of Belva A. Lockwood 
and Alfred H. Love duly nominated, the convention pro- 
ceeded to adopt a platform, which was submitted by the com- 
mittee on resolutions. 



620 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

PLATFOKM OF THE EQUAL EIGHTS PARTY. 

"Believing that the disfranchisement of women has much 
to do with tlie growing influence of crime in the nation, we, 
the women of America, by their representatives here assem- 
bled, do pledge ourselves that if our party and candidates 
come into power, that equal rights shall be meted out to all 
citizens without regard to sex or color — a fair ballot and an 
honest count. 

" We shall ask congress to pass an enabling act giving the 
women of this nation the right to vote in all election pre- 
cincts of the United States, as women are citizens amenable 
to the laws and liable to taxation. 

"That the settlement of estates shall be the same in the 
courts of joint property, and in the case of the death of the 
wife her heirs shall receive the same consideration as that of 
the husband without consulting his interests. In case of the 
death of the husband the wife shall be the administrator and 
guardian of her children without any process of law. 

"We pledge ourselves to the cause of temperance, and 
are in favor of arbitration by international commission in- 
stead of the sword, although under the circumstances of the 
late war our Union soldiers and sailors were inspired by the 
purest patriotism and principles of right. And we will de- 
mand of congress to pension them each and every one if 
they need help. 

" That we urge measures to be taken to stop immigration 
of the scum of Europe and Asia to our shores, and that we 
protect our workingmen from cheap foreign labor by protect- 
ing our home markets and manufacturers. 

"That lands owned by foreign landlords and wealthy cor- 
porations be heavily taxed to support government, and put 
sugar and lumber on the free list. And abolish taxes on 
whisky and tobacco, as it makes the government 'a partner 
in their excessive use — the evil of the century." 



J 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



•521 



MKS. BELYA LOCKWOOD. 

Born in 1840. 

Twenty-five years ago it would have been preposterous f or 
the Women's Eights people to have placed a candidate in 
the field, but since that time a decided change has been ex- 
perienced in the matter of women's suffrage. In England as 
well as in America the subject is being agitated, and in 
many states of this country women are allowed to vote on 
minor questions. In Eng- 
land much sympathy is felt 
for the opposite sex, and 
the supporters of the \^om- 
en's rights doctrine are con- 
fident of its final success. 

Mrs. Belva Lockwood, 
whom the women's rights 
party nominated for presi- 
dent in 1884, is one of the 
foremost women lawyers in 
the United States. Notwith- 
standing the fact that she 
had gained great promin- 
ence in the lower courts, sh( 
was refused admission to 
the United States supreme 
court; and in 1878 she was also denied admission to the circuit 
court of Baltimore. She then directed her efforts to congress 
with such success that at the ensuing session a bill authoriz- 
ing the admission of properly qualified women to practice in 
the supreme and circuit courts was passed by both houses. 

On March 3, 1879, Mrs. Lockwood was admitted to prac- 
tice in the supreme court at Washington — the only woman 
ever admitted, — where she has since served with great dis- 
tinction. For years she edited the Chicago ^^ Legal News," a 
journal that was established by her husband. 




BELVA LOCKWOOD. 



522 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

* 

THE UNION LABOR PARTY. 

A CONVENTION of representative men from almost every state 
and territory in our country assembled in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
February' 22, 1887. They came in answer to a call of the 
Industrial Union from Granges, Alliances, Agricultural 
"Wheels, Knights of Labor, Grand Army of the Republic 
posts. Currency Reform, Land and Labor clubs, and Trades 
Assemblies; and after a careful consideration of principles 
they adopted the platform and name of the Union Labor party 
for the purpose of taking political action to remedy the ex- 
isting evils against the industrial interest in our republic. 

Since that time Union Labor clubs have been organized by 
the hundreds in all parts of the country, and a large gather- 
ing of its forces on May 15, 1888, in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
nominated a presidential ticket and prepared for a vigorous 
battle with the ballot. 

This party claims that all organizations established in 
the interest of labor have a chance to protect the great army 
of the toiling masses from corporate greed and class rule. 

A motion made, seconded and adopted that five minutes 
be allowed to each state represented, to give the progress 
and status of the Union Labor party in the different states. 

J. H. Randall states that lie had registered a list of near- 
ly two thousand Union Labor clubs with a membership 
ranging from twenty-five to two hundred and fifty each, and 
that the reports of organizers to the office of the Chicago 
"Express" ranged from fifty to a hundred clubs per week. 

Mr. Rankin of Indiana, reported that they had polled from 
eighteen to twenty thousand votes last spring, and had a full 
state ticket. 

Similar encouraging reports were made by representatives 
from Georgia, Kentucky, California, Missouri, Nebraska, 
Iowa. Kansas and New York. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 523 

The Union Labor Party assembled in the national con- 
vention at Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 15, 1888. 

The following day the chair announced the nomination of 
candidates for president of the United States in order. 

A delegate from Wisconsin announced that the Hon. 
Henry Smith would not accept the nomination for president 
if tendered, and besides they wanted him for congress. 

Mr. Cunningham, of Arkansas, nominated A. J. Streeter, 
of Illinois. 

Allen Root, of Nebraska, nominated Gilbert C. De La 
Matyr, of Colorado. 

J. H. Randall, of Illinois, stated that Dr. De La Matyr 
could not accept a nomination. 

M. Baldwin, of Connecticut, seconded the nomination of 
Streeter. 

J. W. Harlin, of Colorado, nominated General James B. 
Weaver, of Iowa, whereupon Randall announced he had 
a letter from General Weaver in which he positively declin- 
ed the nomination. 

M. Yandewater, of Illinois, seconded the nomination for 
Streeter. 

Indiana indorsed Mr. Streeter. An Illinois delegate 
arose and declared that when Mr. Streeter was elected it 
would be the first time a man ever went from the farm to 
the White House. 

Iowa announced her choice to be Mr. Streeter, as did Kan- 
sas, Kentucky, Michigan, Nebraska and Missouri. 

J. B. Carter of Ohio, took the stage and nominated John 
Seitz, who, being still in the chair, positively declined the 
honor, and announcing his choice to be Mr. Streeter. Penn- 
sylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia and Wisconsin seconded 
the nomination of Streeter. 

Mr. Weller moved that Streeter be nominated by acclam- 
ation, and the motion was unanimously adopted. There were 
loud calls for Streeter, who sat in the Illinois delegation. 



524 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

He was escorted to the stage by A. C. Karscliner, of Cincin- 
nati, and loudly cheered. Mr. Streeter said: 

"Mr. chairman and delegates of the convention — I thank 
you for the distinguished honor you have conferred upon nie. 
And I realize the fact that this compliment was not intended 
so much for me as it was for your desire to choose a " stan- 
dard bearer " who might be acceptable to all industrial people 
in the country. I hope you may not be disappointed in this. 
But, be that as it may, no man can say that I have sought 
this nomination, but would have gladly seen you confer this 
distinguished honor upon another more worthy than myself." 

Nominations for vice president being called for, a New 
York delegation presented the name of Samuel Evans, of 
Texas; Arkansas, California and a number of other states 
seconded Evan's nomination. Illinois named T. P. Rynder, 
of Pennsylvania. Iowa wanted Charles E. Cunningham, of 
Arkansas; Ohio endorsed Evans; Pennsylvania endorsed 
Rynder. The roll of states was then called, with the follow 
ing results: Cunningham 32; Rynder 44; Evans 124. 

Mr. Evans having received a majority of all the votes 
cast, was declared the choice of the convention for vice- 
president, and his nomination was made unanimous. The 
convention gave him three cheers, and he responded in an 
address, promising to do all he could to secure success of the 
cause, but said he must decline the nomination, and sug- 
gested in his stead Charles E. Cunningham of Arkansas. 

Charles E. Cunningham, of Arkansas, was then declared 
the nominee of the convention for vice-president by acclam- 
ation. In a brief speech Mr. Cunningham returned thanks, 
stating that he would not formally accept the nomination 
now, but at the proper time they would hear from him; that 
he was heart and soul devoted to the cause of the people, 
and that he would fight it out in the Union Labor party. 

A few weeks later Messrs. Streeter and Cunningham ten- 
dered their letters of acceptance. 



THE BIOGEAPHICAL REVIEW. BZry 

After a preamble or recapitulation of the resolutions, 
the following platform was adopted: 

UNION LABOR NATIONAL PLATFORM. 

1. While we believe that the proper solution of the finan- 
cial distress will greatly relieve those now in danger of losing 
their homes by mortgage foreclosures, and enable all in- 
dustrious persons to secure a home, as the highest result of 
civilization, we oppose land monopoly in every form, demand 
the forfeiture of unearned grants, the limitation of land own- 
ership and such other legislation as will stop speculation 
in lands and holding it unused from those whose necessities 
require it. We believe the earth was made for the people 
and not to make an idle aristocracy to subsist through rents 
upon the toils of the industrious, and that corners in land 
are as bad as corners in food, and that those who are not resi- 
dents or citizens should not be allowed to own lands in the 
United States. A homestead should be exempt to a limited 
extent from execution or taxation. 

2. The means of communication and transportation shall be 
owned by the people as is the United States postal system. 

3. The establishment of a national monetary system in the 
interest of the producer, instead of the speculator and usurer, 
by which the circulating medium in necessary quantity and 
full tender, shall be issued directly to the people without the 
intervention of banks, and loaned to citizens upon land se- 
curity at a low rate of interest so as to relieve them from the 
extortion of usury and enable them to control the money 
supply. Postal savings banks should be established, and 
while we have free coinage of gold we should have free coin- 
age of silver. We demand the immediate application of all 
the money in the United States treasury to the payment of 
the bonded debt, and condemn the further issue of interest 
bearing bonds, either by the national government or by 
states, territories or municipalities. 

4. Arbitration should take the place of strikes and other 



526 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

injurious methods of settling labor disputes. The letting of 
convict labor to contractors should be prohibited, the contract* 
system be abolished on public works, the hours of labor in 
industrial establishments be reduced commensurate with the 
increased production by labor saving machinery, employes 
protected from bodily injury, equal pay for equal work for 
both sexes, and labor, agricultural and co-operative associa- 
tions be fostered and encouraged by law. The foundation of 
a republic is in the intelligence of its citizens, and children 
who are driven into workshops, mines and factories, are de- 
prived of the education which should be secured to all by 
proper legislation. 

5. We demand, the passage of a service pension bill to 
every honorably discharged soldier and sailor of the United 
States. 

6. A graduated income tax is the most equitable system of 
taxation, placing the burden of government on those who 
can best afford to pay, instead of laying it on the farmers 
and producers, and exempting millionaires, bondholders and 
corporations. 

7. We demand a constitutional amendment making United 
States senators elected by a direct vote from the people. 

8. We demand the strict enforcement of laws prohibiting 
the importation of subjects of foreign countries under con- 
tracts. 

9. We demand the passage and enforcement of such legis- 
lation as will absolutely exclude the Chinese from the United 
States. 

10. The right to vote is inherent in citizenship irrespec- 
tive of sex, and is properly within the province of state 
legislation. 

11. The paramount issues to be solved in the interests of 
humanity are the abolition of usury, monopoly and trusts, 
and we denounce the democratic and the republican parties 
for creating and perpetuating these monstrt)Us evils. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. SSI 

A. J. STREETER. 

Born Jan. 18, 1823 

UNION LABOR CANDIDATE FOK PKESIDENT OF THE U. S. 

A. J. Steeeter, the candidate for president on the Union 
Labor ticket (188 8), was born in Rensselaer county, New York. 
His father, Roswell Streeter, was a native of Massachusetts, 
and moved to Alleghany county, New York, in 1817, and 
from there to Lee county, Illinois, in 1836. When land 
came into market there he entered one hundred and sixty 
acres at the land office in Dixon. He lived with his father 
on the farm until after his majority, and had the opportunity 
to attend school two winters' quarters in a log school house, 
which he helped to build. He drove six yoke of . oxen in a 
breaking team, raised wheat and corn on the land, and hunt- 
ed game in the fall, threshed wheat by tramping it with a 
breaking team in a circle on the ground, and then hauled it 
to Chicago with the same team, taking a week to make the 
trip; slept under the wagon every night, subsisted entirely 
on a box of provisions taken from home, delivered the wheat 
sack by sack, on board a schooner, and received usually 
about fifty cents a bushel for it. 

At the age of twenty-three he felt in need of an education, 
and having no means but an iron constitution and a will to 
<io something, he heard of Knox Manual Labor college, 
situated at Galesburg, Illinois, where young men might work 
their way while obtaining an education. He thought this 
his opportunity, and in the fall of that year, with less than 
twenty dollars in his pocket, he made his way to Galesburg 
across then the open prairie, and upon arrival there found 
that the labor part of the institution was not in working 
order: but he did not give it up. With what money he had 
he boughr books, paid one term of tuition, lived in a garret 
the first winter and boarded himself, working Saturdays and 
every hour that could be spared from school. Being handy 
at making oak shingles with a frowe and drawing knife, he 



528 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

bought trees in the timber, sawing them into blocks and 
liauled them into town. In this wa}' he always had work on 
hand at which he could make good wages, and by so doing 
he maintained himself in school two and a half years. In the 
spring of 1849, Mr. Streeter left college, went overland to 
California, and spent the most of eighteen months in the 
mines, with some success. 

In 1853 he went across the plains again with a drove of 
cattle, and in 185-4 with another drove; in both these ven- 
tures he made some money. ^ 

In 1856 he returned and bought land near where he now 
lives, New Windsor, Illinois, and since that time has built 
up a large business in farming and stock raising. 

He has, notwithstanding hig extensive business, kept him- 
self posted in public affairs. His official life began soon after 
he located in New Windsor, as he has several times been 
elected to serve on the board of supervisors. 

During the war he was a war democrat. At the time of 
the Granger movement he was a very active member of that 
order. In 1872 he was elected to the Illinois state legisla- 
ture, serving on the committee on education and agriculture, 
and taking active part in railroad legislation, "to prevent 
extortion and unjust discrimination." 

In 1873 Mr. Streeter severed all his old political affilia- 
tions and became interested in the forming of the Green- 
back Labor party, naturally drifting into it from the princi- 
ples that were discussed so extensively in the Grange. In 
1878 he was the candidate for congress on that ticket in the 
tenth district of Illinois, and received nearly four thousand 
votes, while at the time each of the old parties had candi- 
dates in the field; each one declaring himself in favor of 
Greenback Labor principles and the only Simon-pure Green- 
backers in the district. 

In 1880 the same party made him their candidate for 
governor of Illinois, and gave him an exceptionally large vote. 



TBE BIOGBAPHiCAL EEVIEW. 



529 



In 1SS4 lie was elected to the state senate, where he found 
that the corporations had a controlling majority, and that 
he could get no measures through the senate to which they 
were opposed, but succeeded better with other bills, among 

which he introduced and 
caused to be passed, the 
bill to prevent the sale of 
tobacco to minors under 
sixteen years. 

Mr. Streeter was elected 
president of the National 
Farmer's Alliance, and 
served in that capacity for 
tour years. He is a com- 
moner by nature, and has 
always been found on the 
side of the masses in battl- 
ing against the encroach- 
ments of the great aristo- 
cracy of money, corporate 
capital and trusts. 

He is a royal arch mason, 
and stands forth among all 
who know him as a cool- 
headed philosophical rea- 
soner and a patriot, whose ambition, as exhibited by the 
whole course of his life, is to serve his fellow men and make 
the world, and particularly our government, better for 
humanity. 
The following paragraphs are some of A. J. Streeter's ideas: 
— Something is wrong, and we all know it. It is not 
caused by shortage of crops, for the same financial embar- 
rassment extends to every state in the union, including the 
cotton states, whether these crops have been short or 
long. 




A. J. STREETER. 



530 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

— I believe that the prosperity of a nation is measured by 
the prosperity of its working people; when they are pros- 
perous and happy, then that nation is prosperous indeed, but 
if they are struggling in debt, poverty and want, then that 
nation is poor, though its treasury be bursting with idle 
money, as in the case with ours. 

— We are all embarrassed, struggling to pay interest, 
high rates on transportation and taxes, and yet, sinking in 
debt deeper every recurring year. 



CHARLES E. CUNNINGHAM. 

Born in 1823. 
UNION LABOR CANDIDATE FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 

The candidate nominated for vice-president on the Union 
Labor ticket at Cincinnati is a resident of Little Rock, 
Arkansas, and was identified with the Greenback Labor par- 
ty from the commencement of its organization. Two years 
ago, within seventeen days of election day, he was put into 
the field as a candidate for governor of Arkansas, by the 
Union Labor party; and he carried three of the strongest 
democratic counties in the state, beating Hughes, the present 
governor, in his own county, by over one thousand votes,and 
polling a total vote in twenty-three counties of nearly twen- 
ty thousand; there being no organization of the party nor 
any tickets up in the remaining counties in the state. 

He has been an active, industrious workingman all his life, 
being a farmer and a lumber man. 

He is now (1888) sixty-five years old, yet he is full of man- 
ly power, being exceedingly vigorous and as spry as a young 
man. 

These are the men selected as candidates of a party re- 
presenting the industrial and social welfare of the people of 
the United States, the principles of which are the platform 
of the Union Labor party. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 531 



* * 



THE UNITED LABOK PARTY. 

The United Labor party, in national convention assembl- 
ed at the city of Cincinnati, nominated a ticket for the pres- 
idency of the United States. 

A large proportion of its delegates favored the nomina- 
tion of Robert H. Cowdrey, and accordingly he was nomin- 
ated as a candidate for the presidency of the United States 
of the United Labor party. 

Hence he is in the field prepared to meet, on equal terms, 
Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, General Clinton B. 
Fisk, A. J. Streeter, Belva A. Lockwood, or anybody else 
competing for the privilege of living in the White House at 
Washington for a yjeriod of four years, with all its honors 
and munificent — salary. 

The action of the United Labor convention at Cincinnati 
in nominating a national ticket was, it is said, repudiated by 
a three-fourths vote at a meeting of the Chicago Land and 
Labor club, of which Mr. Cowdrey is pi-esident. But the 
repudiation was a hit at the convention rather than against 
its candidate. 

This party advocates the land theory of Henry George, 
and the platform presented by the committee on resolutions 
and-adopted unanimously by the convention, contained an 
incorporation of that great reformer's principles on the land 
question. 

Outside of these questionable land principles, the platform 
adopted by this party contains many planks of a praisewor- 
thy character. The candidate, too, is a great orator, and by 
no means insignificant in his attainments and capabilities. 
His life and his "record'' make this very fact abundantly 
clear. 



532 



THE BIOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 



ROBEKT H. COWDREY. 

Born in 1S52. 
Robert H. Cowdkey, the United Labor party candidate 
for the presidency in 1888, was born at Lafayette, in Indi- 
ana, but now resides in the city of Chicago, to which pUice 
he went immediately after the great fire of 1871. He is a 
graduate of the Pharmaceutical college of his adopted city. 

Hr. Cowdrey was for 
seven years editor of the 
'' Pharmacist and Chem- 
ist," and for over seven- 
teen years has been in bus- 
iness in Chicago, part of 
the time in the sale of drugs 
as a clerk, for. some years 
in the printing business on 
his own account, and since 
1 887 as secretary of a com- 
pany established in the city 
of (Chicago. 

In politics he has been 
an independent since 18 76, 
at which time he left the 
republican party. He has 
never held any political of- 
fice, and this is his first 
KOUEur H. cowuREY. vcuturc as a candidate. 

Mr. Cowdrey is under the medium height, and is slenderly 
built. 

As a man of attainments and ca])abilities, for one so com- 
paratively young — being now but thirty-six years of age — 
he is superior, and his qualifications as an orator are very 
notable. 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 533 



THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 

The democratic national convention assembled in St. Louis 
June 4-7, 18SS. Grover Cleveland was the unanimous 
choice for re-election for the presidency of the United States, 
and Allen G. Thurman for the vice-presidency. 

The democratic national convention broke the record for 
the greatest display of enthusiasm ever witnessed in a simi- 
lar body. For over twenty consecutive minutes twelve thou- 
sand people filled the air of the great convention hall with a 
volume of undiminishing applause; comparable with nothing 
on earth, perhaps, save the roar of the falls of Niagara. It 
was at the utterance of these words: "I give you a name 
entwined with victory. I nominate Grover Cleveland of 
New York.'' 

The speaker was Daniel Dougherty of Tammany hall. 
With head proudly erect, every fibre of his fine features 
quivering, every nerve of his noble figure tense, the magni- 
ficent voiced orator was alternately thrilling the vast audi- 
ence and holding them spell-bound, when at the climax of 
his eloquence named the man who was uppermost in the 
thoughts of all. It was needless to utter another word. Mr, 
Dougherty paused for a moment to gaze over the hundreds 
of frantic, cheering delegates and at the even more frantic 
thousands of spectators beyond. High above the forest of 
heads was waving innumerable red bandanas. Hats and 
canes were being pitched into the air, while the cheering was 
becoming so terrific that no single enthusiast could hear his 
screech in the one overpowering general yell. 

At this moment in the mammoth picture of the capitol at 
Washington, covering the wall far above the platform, and 
in plain view of the whole convention, the doors were seen 
to swing back and the smiling face of President Cleveland 
beamed out on his admirers. 



531 THE niOGBAPHICAL REVIEW. 

The committee on resolutions presented to the convention 
the following platform. It was at once read to the assembled 
delegates; and after some little discussion it was unanimous- 
ly adopted amid great applause and enthusiasm. 

PLATFORM OF THE DEMOCRATIC TARTY. 

The democratic party of the United States, in national 
convention assembled, renews the pledge of its fidelity to 
democratic faith and reaffirms the platform adopted by its 
representatives in the convention of ISS^l, and endorses the 
views expressed by President Cleveland in his last annual 
message to congress as the correct interpretation of that 
platform upon the question of tariff reduction; and also en- 
dorses the efforts from democratic representatives in congress 
to secure a reduction of excessive taxation. 

The democratic party welcoYnes an exacting scrutiny of 
the administration and the executive power, which, four years 
ago, was committed to its trusts in the election of Grover 
Cleveland president of the United States; and it challenges 
the most searching inquiry concerning its fidelity and devo- 
tion to the pledges which then invited the suffrages to the 
people. 

During the most critical period of our financial affairs, re- 
sulting from over-taxation, the anomalous condition of our 
currency, and a public debt unmatured, it has by the adop- 
tion of a conservative course not only averted disaster but 
greatly promoted the prosperity of the people. 

It has reversed the improvement and unwise policy of the 
republican party touching the public domain, and has re- 
claimed from the corporations and syndicates, alien and 
domestic, and restored to the people, nearly one hundred 
million acres of valuable land to be sacredly held as home- 
steads for our citizens. 

While carefully guarding the interest of the tax-payers 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 535 

and comforming strictly to the principles of justice, it has 
paid out more for pensions and bounties to the soldiers and 
sailors of the republic, than was ever paid before during an 
equal period. 

By intelligent management and a judicious and economi- 
cal expenditure of the public money it has provided for the 
construction of the American navy on a system which for- 
bids the recurrence of scandal and insures successful results. 

It has adopted and consistently pursued a firm and pru- 
dent foreign policy, preserving peace with all nations while 
scrupulously maintainijig all the rights and interests of our 
own government and people at home and abroad. 

The exclusion from our shores of Chinese laborers has 
been postponed by the action of a republican majority of the 
senate. 

Honest reform in the civil service has been inaugurated 
and maintained by President Cleveland and he has brought 
the public service to the highest standard efficiency, not only 
by rule but by the examination of his own untiring and un- 
selfish administration of public affairs. 

The democratic party will continue with all the power 
confided to it to struggle to reform the laws in accordance 
with the pledges of its last platform, endorsed at the ballot 
box by the suffrage of the people. 

All unnecessary taxation is unjust taxation. It is repug- 
nant to the creed of democracy; that by such taxation the 
cost of the necessaries of life should be unjustly increased to 
all our people. 

Of all industrious free men of our land, an immense ma- 
jority including every tiller of the soil, gain no advantage 
from excessive tax laws; but the price of nearly everything 
they consume is increased by the favoritism of an unusually 
large stream of tax legislation. 

Judged by democratic principles the interests of the peo- 
ple are betrayed, when by unnecessary taxation trusts and 



536 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

combinations are permitted and fostered wliicli will unduly 
enrich the few that combine; rob the body of our citizens by 
depriving them of natural competition. 

Every democratic rule of governmental action is violated 
when through unnecessary taxation a vast sum of money far 
beyond the needs of economical administration is drawn 
from the people and the channels of trade and accumulated 
as a demoralizing surplus in the national treasury. 

The money now lying idle in the federal treasury from 
superfluous taxation amounts to more than one hundred and 
twenty-five million dollars; and the surplus collected is 
reaching the sum of more than sixty million dollars annually. 

Debauched by this immense temptation, the remedy of the 
republican party is to meet and exhaust it by extravagant 
expenditure. Thedemocratic remedy is to enforce frugality in 
public expenditures and abolish unnecessary taxation. Our 
established domestic industries and enterprises should not 
and need not be endangered by a reduction and correction 
of burdens of taxation. On the contrary, a fair and a care- 
ful revision of our tax laws with due allowance for the dif- 
ference between the wages of American and foreign labor, 
must permit and encourage every branch of such industry 
and enterprise by giving them assurance of an extended 
market and steady and continuous operation in the interest 
of American labor, which should in no event be neglected; 
the revision of our tax laws contemplated by the democratic 
party, and to promote the advantage of such labor by cheap- 
ening the cost of the necessaries of life in the home of ev- 
ery workingman, and at the same time securing him steady 
and remunerative employment. 

Upon this question of tariff reform, so closely concerning 
every phase of our national life, and upon every question in- 
volved in the problem of good government, the democratic 
party submits its principles and professions to the intelligent 
suffrages of the American people. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 



537 



GEOVER CLEVELAND. 

Born March 18, 1837. 
PEESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AND CANDIDATE FOR RE- 
ELECTION. 

Down in the obscure town of Caldwell, Essex county, Is ew 
York, there stands yet a little two-storj-and-a-half white 
house with wooden shutters, and there was born Stephen 
Grover Cleveland. His father, a presbjterian minister, with 
a large family and a small salary, moved soon after, by way 
of the Hudson river and 
Erie canal, to Fayette- 
ville, Onondaga county. 
New York, in search of in- 
creased income and a 
larger field. of work. Fay- 
etteville was then the most 
straggling of country 
villages — about five miles 
from Pompey hill, where 
Gov. Seymour was born. 
Here the boy Grover Cleve- 
land first went to school. 
At the age of fourteen he| 
had outgrown the capacity 
of the village school, and; 
expressed a desire to be"^^ 
sent to an academy. To 
this his father objected. 
Academies in those days 
cost money. Besides the 
elder Cleveland wauted the lad to become self-supporting by 
the quickest possible road. The quickest possible road in 
Fayetteville was a country store, where the pastor with a large 
family had considerable influence. 




GROVER CLEVELAND. 



538 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Fifty dollars was to be paid the boy the first year, and if 
he proved trustworthy, he was to receive a hundred dollars the 
second year. The most painstaking search among two 
generations fails to discover any flashes of genius in that 
country store, or any memorials of eccentric talent in that 
country village. The removal of the elder Cleveland to 
Clinton gave Grover the long-wished-for opportunity to attend 
a high school, and he pursued his studies industriously until 
the family moved up on the Black river to what was then 
known as Holland Patent — a village of five or six hundred 
people — fifteen miles north of Utica. The elder Cleveland 
preached but three Sundays in this place,- when he suddenly 
died. Grover first heard of his father's death while walking 
with his sister in the streets of Utica. This event produced 
the usual break-up of the family, and we next hear of Grover 
Cleveland setting out for the city of New York to accept at 
a small salary the position of under-teacher in an asylum for 
the blind, where at the time the since well known Augustus 
Schell was executive officer. 

But teaching he did not believe was his mission, and con- 
sequently at the expiration of two years he abandoned it and 
started out to seek his fortune. His first idea was to go to 
Cleveland. As he has since said, the name seemed a good 
omen. But his uncle, Lewis F. Allen, a noted stock-breed- 
er lived in Buffalo, and he went straight to him for advice 
and guidance. 

"See here," said the uncle, after a long consultation, "I 
want somebody to get up my herd-book this year. You 
come and stay with me and help me, and I'll give you fifty 
dollars for the first year's work, and you can look round." 

We find the boy now annotating short-horns out at Black 
Kock, two miles from Buffalo. But he kept his eye out for 
a chance to enter a law office while hcM-as editing the stock- 
book; and one day he M-alked into the rooms of Messrs. 
Rogers, Bowen and Rogers, and told them what he wanted. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 539 

There were a number of young men in the place ah-eady, but 
young Cleveland's persistency won, and he was finally per- 
mitted to come as an office boy and have the use of the law 
library. For this he received the nominal sum of" three or 
four dollars a week, out of which he had to pay his board 
and washing. 

Four ye„ars in the office of Kogers, Bowen and Rogers, as 
a student, equipped him with sufficient elementary knowledge 
and experience to become managing clerk at the end of 
that time. 

In 1863 the questioii of who should be appointed assistant 
district attorney for the county of Erie was warmly discussed 
by the young lawyers in Messrs. Rogers and Bowen's office. 
There were several that were both eligible and anxious, but 
it does not appear that young Cleveland advanced his own 
claims. Indeed, it is a fact that after the matter had been 
pretty well canvassed, they all agreed that he was the person 
that ought to have it, and they urged him to accept. He 
was appointed, and from that moment his public record be- 
gan. During three years he was in the district attorney's 
office. 

It was durmg the performance of the duties of this office 
and at a time when a large number of important cases with 
which he alone was thoroughly familiar were demanding his 
attention, that he was drafted. There was no question at all 
of what his duty was. He promptly supplied a substitute. 
At the end of three years he was nominated by the demo- 
crats for the district attorneyship. In the canvass that 
followed he was beaten by the republican candidate, Lyman 
K. Bass. This was in 1865. In 1866 Grover Cleveland 
formed a law -partnership with the late I. K. Vanderpool, 
which lasted till 1869. He afterward associated himself 
with the late A. P. Lansing and the late Oscar Folsom. 

Grover Cleveland was nominated and elected in 1S69 to 
be sheriff of Erie county. In that important position he 



540 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

earned additional honors. At the close of Iiis term of office 
as sheriff, Cleveland formed a partnership with his former 
antagonist, Lyman K. Bass, and Wilson S. Bissell. Mr. 
Bass' health not long afterward proving precarious he went 
to Colorado, and the firm became Cleveland and Bissell, to 
which partnership Mr. George J. Sicard was admitted in 
the year ISSl. 

Grover Cleveland's election as mayor of Buffalo, on a 
democratic and reform ticket in 1881, suddenly lifted him 
from local into state prominence. The incidents of that 
election and subsequent administration are familiar through- 
out the country. It is strictly true that Grover Cleveland 
was swept into office on one of those tidal-waves of popular 
protest against ring-rule that are as resistless as they are 
sudden. But it was after all a local contest. 

Grover Cleveland was elected governor of New York in 
1882 by one hundred and ninety-two thousand eight hundred 
and fifty-four majority. It is claimed that this phenomenal 
vote is proof of his great popularity in the state, and an in- 
dication of his probable success in the presidential election 
of 1888. It should be noticed, however, that Grover 
Cleveland's total vote was but five hundred and thirty -five 
thousand three hundred and eighteen, while the total vote 
cast for Garfield in 1880 was five hundred and-fifty-five 
thousand five hundred and forty-four. In other words Gar- 
field received twenty thousand two hundred and twenty-six 
more votes in 1880 than Cleveland did in 1882, the popula- 
tion of the state in the meantime having increased several 
hundred thousands. 

July 10, 1881:, Grover Cleveland was. nominated by the 
democracy in Chicago for president of the United States; 
and made the race against James G. Blaine, which is still 
fresh in the minds of the politicians and the public. Having 
been elected by carrying New York by an extremely narrow 
plurality, he was duly inaugurated in Washington, March 4, 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 541 

1SS5. The most notable feature of the earlier part "of his 
administration was his marriage at the White House, June 
2, 1886, to Frances Folsom, the daughter of his former law- 
partner. 

President Cleveland is a large man of portly appearance 
and bearing, and stands rather above the average height of 
me-n. His complexion is dark and rather swarthy, and he 
has dark eyes, hair and mustache, and wears no beard. He 
has a full face with a sei-ious and rather stern expression 
when at rest, but which lights up with a pleasant smile 
whenever he is relieved from his official duties and ensrae-es 
in the courtesies of social -converse. Owing to his natural 
temperament he is rather leisurely in his movements and 
actions, but dignified and reserved in deportment. His 
looks indicate that he has an indomitable will, and great 
energy and self-reliance. 

Many and varied are the opinions regarding the adminis- 
tration of President Cleveland. His friends claim it has 
been an exemplary one whilst his enemies contend that is has 
been a failure. It is well to mark that his friends are not 
confined to the ranks of his party, nor are his enemies all 
republicans. Some of his bitterest opponents are democrats; 
among his most zealous friends are the so-called "mug- 
wumps" of 1884. One thing is certain, however, that he has 
done his duty as he conceived it. As Senator Ingalls has 
said, he takes counsel of every one and then does exactly 
as bethink best, irrespective of the wishes of friends or foes. 

When we consider the pressure for a " clean sweep" that 
was brought to bear upon him at the beginning of his ad- 
ministration, we can but admirfe his strength and purpose. 
But from this it is not to be supposed that his administration 
is not a democratic one. On the contrary, even his "bour- 
bon" opponents concede that it is. Cleveland basin his 
last message embraced the tariff reform program of his 
party, and on this ground the fight of 1888 will be made. 



542 THE BIOOEAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

In nominating Mr. Cleveland for re-election, Mr. Dough- 
erty said: 

"Thus I ascend the rostrum to name the next president for 
the United States. New York presents him to the conven- 
tion and pledges her electoral vote. Delegations from the 
thirty-eight states and all the territories are assembled, with- 
out caucus or consultation, ready, simultaneously, to take up 
the cry and make the vote unanimous. We are here not, 
indeed, to choose a candidate, but to name the one the peo- 
ple have already chosen. He is the man for the people. 
His career illustrates the gloj-y of our institutions. Eight 
years ago unknown save in his o-wn locality, he for the last 
four lias stood in tl;je gaze of the world, discharging the most 
exalted duties that can be confided to a mortal. 

"To-day determines that, not of his own choice, but by the 
mandate of his countrymen and with the sanction of Heaven 
he shall fill the presidency for four years more. He has met 
and mastered every question as if from youth trained to 
statesmanship. His promises of his letter of acceptance and 
inaugural address have been fulfilled. His fidelity in the 
past inspires faith in the future. He is not a hope. He is 
a realization. Scorning subterfuge, disdaining re-election 
by concealing convictions, mindful of his oath of office to 
defend the constitution, he courageously declares to congress, 
dropping minor matters, that the supreme issue is reform, 
revision, reduction of national taxation; that the treasury 
of the United States, glutted with unneed&d gold,, oppresses 
industry, embarrasses business, endangers financial tranquil- 
ity, and breeds extravagance, centralization and corruption; 
that high taxation, vital for the expenditures of an unparal- 
leled war, is robbery in years of prosperous peace; that the 
millions that pour into treasury comes from the hard-earned 
savings of the American people; that in violation of equal- 
ity of rights the present tariff has" created a privileged class, 
who, shaping legislation for their personal gain, levy by law 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL li&VIEW. 543 

contributions for the necessaries of life from every man, wo- 
man and cliild in the land, and that to lower the tariff is not 
free trade. It is to reduce the unjust profits of monopolists 
and boss manufacturers, and allow consumers to retain the 
rest. The man who asserts that to lower the tariff means 
free trade insults intelligence. We brand him as a falsifier. 
It is farthest from thought to imperil capital or disturb enter- 
prises. The aim is to uphold wages and protect the rights of all. 
"Under the same illustrious leader we are ready to meet 
our political opponents in high and honorable debate, and 
stake our triumph on the intelligence, virtue and patriotism 
of the people. Adhering to the constitfition in every line 
and letter, ever remembering that ' powers not delegated to 
the United States by the constitution nor prohibited by it to 
the state, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the 
people,' by the authority of the democracy of New York, 
backed by the democracy of the entire union, I give you a 
name entwined with victory. I nominate Grover Cleveland 
of New York." 

In seconding the nomination of Grover Cleveland a dele- 
gate said: 

"Whence comes the fact that from every state, from Maine 
to California and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, there is 
among the people composing this convention over eight 
hundred delegates but one name upon their lips and but one 
name enshrined in their hearts? I will tell you why. Hear 
me a moment. It is because he has pursued honest methods; 
it is because he is the stern enemy of robbery, of jobbery, 
and monopoly — a Horatio at the bridge. He is a lion in 
the path of corruption. He has laid the foundation of good 
government, of honesty and reform so wide and deep that 
the principles underlying' the government of our country, 
and the permanency of our institutions, and the spread of 
the true principles underlying our federal system have found 
their highest and best exponent under his leadership." 



544 



THP BIOORAPHICA L RE VIE W. 



ALLEN G. THURMAN. 

Born Nov. 13, 1813. 

DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 

Allen G. Thurman, presidential candidate for the vice- 
presidency of the United States on the Democratic ticket in 
1888, is one of the most thorough scholars in public life in 
this country. Always a student, he became early in life 
a great lawyer, and since then has devoted much time to 
lighter study. He is a fine 
French scholar, and his fa- 
vorite books are the works 
of the earlier French dram- 
atists, which he reads in the 
original. He has an unus- 
ually large and well select- 
ed library, and there are 
few books in the range of 
polite literature that he is 
not familiar with. 

Mr. Thurman has a lit- 
eral genius for mathemat- 
ics, and frequently occu- 
pies himself in working out 
the most abstruse and in- 
tricate problems. He says 
that he is prouder of his 
knowledge of mathematics allen g. thurman. 

than he is of anything else. He had no collegiate training, 
and has no diploma save the certiticate of a grammar school. 
He was born at Lynchburg, in the state of Virginia. His 
grandfather fought in the revolution, and his mother came 
of very distinguished revolutionary stock. When but six 
years of age his parents removed to Ohio, where he now 
holds the highest esteem of both political parties,' being a 




THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ' 645" 

statesman of learning, experience and lofty character. He 
studied law with ex-Gov. Allen and Judge Swayne, and was 
admitted to the bar when but twenty-two years of age. 

After having practiced law for some years at ('olumbus,, 
Ohio, he was returned as representative to the twenty-ninth 
congress. He was put on the judiciary committee of the 
house, and soon became distinguished as a great lawyer. De- 
clining a re-election at the close of his term, he retired, as 
he thought, to private life for good and all. 

But in 1851, when the new constitution of Ohio was adopt- 
ed, he was pressed into the race for a supreme court judge- 
ship and was elected. He sat upon the bench for four years, 
the last two years serving as chief justice. 

In 1867, after a season of rest, he was put forward as the 
democratic candidate for the governorship against Ruther- 
ford B. Hayes. There was clearly no chance for a democra- 
tic victory, the republican majority the year before having 
been forty-throe thousand. Under Judge Thurman's sledge- 
hammer blows, however, this enormous majority was beaten 
down to a trifle less than three thousand; and the legislature 
was captured by a decisive majority, insuring the defeat of 
Ben Wade, and Judge Thurman was elected in Mr. Wade's 
stead, and took his seat in the senate in 1869, and received 
the re-election in 1874. 

As a representative of the American government in the in- 
ternational congress at Paris in 1881, he visited France; af- 
terward he visited Switzerland, the ilhine, Belgium, England 
and Scotland. His health was very much improved by his 
European trip, and he was delighted with his journey, which 
had lasted about six months. 

This fine old statesman has several times been strongly 
supported as a democratic candidate for the presidency. It 
was not, therefore, surprising that he was nominated for vice- 
president. He is well known throughout the United States 
as a great lawyer, jurist and statesman. 



546 ■ • THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 

The national republican convention was held in Chicago 
June 19-25, 1888. On the eighth ballot Benjamin Harrison 
received the candidature for the presidency on the republi- 
can ticket. The defeated presidential favorites were Alger, 
Gresham, Allison, Sherman, Blaine, Depew, and several 
others of more local celebrity. 

L. P. Morton, of New York, secured the candidature for 
the vice-presidency on the first ballot. 

The committee on resolutions presented the following plat- 
form, which was unanimously adopted: 

PLATFOKM OF THE EEPUBLICAN PAKTY. 

We reaffirm our unswerving devotion to the national con- 
stitution and to the indissoluble union of the states; to the 
autonomy reserved to the states under the constitution; to 
the personal rights and liberties of citizens in all the states 
and territories in the union, and especially to the supreme 
and sovereign rights of every lawful citizen, rich or poor, na- 
tive or foreign born, white or black, to cast one free ballot 
in public election and to have that ballot duly counted. 

We are uncompromisingly in favor of the American system 
of protection; we protest against its destructicm proposed 
by the president and his party. They serve the interest of 
Europe; we will support the interest of America. We ac- 
cept the issue and confidently appeal to the people for their 
judgment. The protective system must be maintained. Its 
abandonment has always been followed by general disaster 
to all interests except those of the usurer and the sheriff. We 
denounce the Mills bill as destructive to the general business, 
the labor, and the farming interests of the country, and we 
heartly indorse the consistent and patriotic action of the re- 
publican representatives in congress in opposing its passage. 

We condemn the proposition of the democratic party to 



I 



THE BIOGEAPHICAL REVIEW. 547 

place wool on the free list, and we insist that the duties there- 
on shall be adjusted and maintained so as to furnish full and 
adequate protection to that industry. 

The republican party would effect all needed reduction of 
the national revenue by repealing the taxes upon tobacco, 
which are an annoyance and burden to agriculture, and the 
tax upon spirits used in the arts, and for mechanical purpo- 
ses, and by such revision of the tariff laws as will tend to 
check imports of such articles as are produced by our people, 
the production of which gives employment to our labor, and 
release from import duties those articles of foreign production 
(except luxuries), the like of which cannot be produced at 
home. If there shall still remain a larger revenue than is 
requisite for the wants of the government we favor the en- 
tire repeal of internal taxes rather than the surrender of any 
part of our protective system at the joint behest of the whis- 
ky ring and the agents of foreign manufacturers. 

We declare our hostility to the introduction into this 
country of foreign contract labor and of Chinese labor, alien 
to our civilization and our constitution; and we demand the 
rigid enforcement of the existing laws against it, and favor 
such immediate legislation as will exclude such labor from 
our shores. 

We declare our opposition to all combinations of capital 
organized in trusts or otherwise to control arbitrarily the 
conditions of trade among our citizens; and we recommend 
to congress, and the state legislatures in their respective jur- 
isdictions, such legislation as will prevent the execution of 
all schemes to oppress the people by undue charges on their 
supplies or by unjust rates for the transportation of products 
to market. We approve the legislation by congress to pre- 
vent alike unjust burdens and unfair discriminations between 
the states. 

We reaffirm the policy of appropriating the public lands 
of the United States to be homesteads for American citizens 



548 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. . 

and settlers, not aliens, which the republican party establish- 
ed in 1862, against the persistent opposition of the demo- 
crats m congress, and which has brought our great western 
domain into such magnificent development. 

The government by congress of the territories is based 
upon necessity only to the end that they may become states 
in the union ; therefore whenever the conditions of population, 
material resources, public intelligence and morality are such 
as to insure a stable local government therein, the people of 
such territories should be permitted as a right inherited in 
them to form for themselves constitutions and state gov- 
ernments and be admitted into the union. Pending the 
preparation for statehood all officers thereof should be select- 
ed from the bona tide residents and citizens of the territory 
wherein they are to serve. South Dakota should of right be 
immediately admitted as a state in the union, under the con- 
stitution framed and adopted by her people, and we heartily 
indorse the action of the republican senate in twice passing 
bills for her admission. 

The political power of the mormon church in the territo- 
ries as exercised in the past, is a menace to free institutions 
too dangerous to be long suffered. Therefore we pledge the 
republican party to appropriate legislation asserting the sov- 
ereignty of the nation in all territories where the same is 
questioned, and in furtherance of that end to place upon the 
statute books legislation stringent enough to divorce the po- 
litical from the ecclesiastical power, and thus stamp out the 
attendant wickedness of polygamy. 

The republican party is in favor of the use of both gold 
and silver as money, and denounces the policy of the demo- 
cratic administration in its efforts to demonetize silver. 

We demand the reduction of letter postage to one cent 
per ounce. 

In a republic like ours where the citizen is the sovereign 
and the official the servant, where no power is exercised ex- 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 549 

cept by the will of the people, it is important that the sov- 
ereign — the people — should possess intelligence. The 
free school is the promoter of that intelligence which is to 
preserve us a free nation; therefore the state or nation, or 
both combined, should support free institutions of learning 
sufficient to afford to every child growing up in the land the 
opportunity of a good common school education. 

The conduct of foreign affairs by the present administra- 
tion has been distinguished by its inefficiency and cowardice. 
Having withdrawn from the senate all pending treaties ef- 
fected by republican administration for the removal of for- 
eign burdens and restrictions upon our commerce and for 
its extension into better markets, it ha^ neither effected or 
proposed any other in their stead. Professing adherence 
to the Monroe doctrine, it has- seen with idle complacency 
the extension of foreign trade everywhere among our neigh- 
bors. It has refused to charter, sanction, or encourage any 
American organization for constructing the Nicaragua, canal, a 
"svork of vital importance to the maintenance of the Monroe 
doctrine and of our national influence in Central and South 
America, and necessary for the development of trade with 
our Pacific territory with South America and with the islands 
and farther coast of the Pacific ocean. 

We arraign the present democratic administration for its 
weak and unpatriotic treatment of the fisheries question and 
its pusillanimous surrender of the essential privileges to 
which our fishing vessels are entitled in Canadian ports under 
the treaty 1818, the reciprocal maritime legislation of 1830, 
and the comity of nations, and which Canadian fishing ves- 
sels receive in the ports of the United States. 

The men who abandoned the republican party in 1884 
and continue to adhere to the democratic party have desert- 
ed not only the cause of honest government, of sound finance, 
of freedom, and purity of the ballot, but especially have de- 
serted the cause of reform in the civil service. 



550 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

We will not fail to keep our pledges because they have 
broken theirs, or because their candidate has broken his. We 
therefore repeat our declaration of 1884, to wit: "The re- 
form of the civil service, auspiciously begun under the re- 
publican administration, should be completed by the further 
extension of the reform system already established by law 
to all the grades of the service to which it is applicable. The 
spirit and purpose of the reform should be observed in all 
executive appointments, and all laws at variance with the 
object of existing reform legislation should be repealed, to 
the end that the danger to free institutions which lurk in 
power of ofhcial patronage may be wisely and effectively 
avoided." 

The gratitude of the nation to the defenders of the union 
cannot be measured by laws. The legislation of congress 
should conform to the pledges made by a loyal people and 
be so enlarged and extended as to provide against the possi- 
bility that any man who honorably wore the federal uniform 
shall become an inmate of an almshouse or a dependent up- 
on private charity. In the presence of an overflowing treas- 
ury it would be a public scandal to do less for those whose 
valor and service preserved the government. We denounce 
the hostile spirit shown by President Cleveland in his numer- 
ous vetoes of measures for pension relief, and the action of 
the democratic house of representatives in refusing even a 
consideration of general pension legislation. 

The first concern of all good government is the virtue 
and sobriety of the people and the purity of the home. The 
republican party cordially sympathizes with all wise and 
well-directed efforts for the promotion of temperance and 
morality. 

In support of the principles herewith enunciated, we invite 
the co-operation of patriotic men of all parties, and especially 
of all working men, whose prosperity is seriously threatened 
by the free trade policy of the present administration. 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. SoX 

BENJAMIN HARRISON. 

Born Aug. 20, 1S33. 

Opposite the government building in Indianapolis, Indiana, 
hangs a modest sign, which announces that " B. Harrison, 
lawyer," has his office there. The modesty and terseness of 
this sign are characteristic of the man whose name and call- 
ing it denotes. No lackey stands to take your card, or to 
ask you to state your name or describe your business. "Is 
Gen. Harrison in?" "Yes," replies the clerk, pointing to 
the open door. Before^you sits a stocky, bearded man, with 
a large head, and a very short neck. He is five feet seven 
inches tall, and weighs one hundred and ninety pounds. You 
are not invited to take a seat. It is presumed if you want 
to sit down you will do so unasked. The weather is not 
mentioned in the preliminary conversation, unless you men- 
tion it yourself. Indeed, the stocky, bearded old man does 
not open his mouth until you have finished stating your 
business. He drops his work, pays close attention to what 
you have to say,grasps the matter readily, analyzes it quickly, 
decides promptly, and in a few terse sentences replies to your 
proposition or interrogatory. 

Gen. Harrison is a modest man, else he would not content 
himself with a simple initial "B." upon his professional 
shingle. " B. Harrison " is but a cold and insufficient ap- 
pellation for a man known the country over as Benjamin 
Harrison, or, more popularly still, as "Ben" Harrison, with 
the honorable prefix of general or senator. Besides, Harrison 
is a historic name, going back to the days of the Dictator. 
The first Gen. Harrison was one of Cromwell's trusted lieuten- 
ants. To be sure he was hanged, but not for felony. So 
unfortunate as to receive an appointment to sit on the board 
of commissioners to try Charles I for treason of parliament, 
he did his duty, good presbyterian that he was, by signing 
the king's death-warrant. For this he paid with his life, be- 



552 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



ing hanged by order of Charles II, October 13, 1660. His 
descendants emigrated to America, and have been heard 
from on this side the water. Benjamin Harrison of Virginia 
was a member of the house of burgesses and later of the co- 
lonial congress. A patriot of the revolutionary period, he was 
one of the signers of the declaration of independence, was 
three times elected governor of Virginia, and was a member 
of the convention that rati- 
fied the constitution. His 
son, William Henry Harri- 
son, won renown as soldier 
and statesman, and was the 
ninth president of the 
United States. John Scott 
Harrison, son of the presi- 
dent, was the father of this 
modest lawyer, a worthy 
son of such sires, who is 
content with the i n i t i a 1 

Gen. Harrison was born 
O'l the Harrison homestead 
near North Bend, a few 
miles below Cincinnati, 
his father and grandfather 
were tilling the farm to 
which the latter had re- 
tired after a long career as governor of the Northwestern Ter- 
ritory and in congress. Young Benjamin was seven years 
old when his grandfather was elected president in the famous 
log-cabin and hard-cider campaign, but remembers, even 
more distinctly than the stirring events of that year, a visit 
which he made to Cincinnati under the guidance of the presi- 
dent-elect. 

Young Ben did not know much about cities then, and when 




BENJAMIN HARRISON. 



THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW 553 

his grandfather led him past an apple-woman's stand, the boj 
thought how good and kind it was of the old woman to keep 
fruit for the refreshment of weary pedestrians. When at North 
Bend nobody had ever thought of charging anybody any- 
thing for a few apples, and so Ben went up to the stand and 
filled his pockets and walked away. 

Young Ben attended the district school till he was fifteen, 
and then entered Miami university, Oxford, Ohio, where, de- 
spite his youthfulness, he made rapid progress with his studies. 
At eighteen he graduated, immediately took up the study of 
law in the office of Judge Bellamy Storer of Cincinnati, and 
here again manifested such unusual application that he was 
admitted to the bar before he had reached his majority. Not 
only that, but he had married as well, and his twenty first 
birthday found himself a man with family, and practically 
without resources, having only two or three hundred advanced 
him by his father. But, in his unpretentious, self-contained, 
matter-of fact way, the youth had always felt confidence in 
his ability "to take care of himself," and that same year 
he made his appearance in Indianapolis to commence the 
practice of law. 

He was not an imposing figure at that time. A little slen- 
der fellow, with a smooth face, a big tow-white head, no neck 
to speak of, and only the rather incredible fact that he had 
a wife saved him from being mistaken for a school-boy. He 
was poor, too, and for a long time lived in three rooms, in a 
little old house, still standing on Yermont street, near Alaba- 
ma. Yet he was successful almost from the start. One of 
his earliest employments was by the democratic governor, Jo- 
seph A. Wright, in a legislative investigation, wherein he 
displayed much ability. Then he was so fortunate as to be 
selected for assistant prosecutor in the case of a woman 
charged with poisoning a man at the old Ray house — a case 
which excited a great deal of public interest. His success in 
that brought him clients, and of them he has since had no lack, 



554 TEE BIOGEAPEICAL REVIEW. 

and is now the foremost lawyer in the state. When the 
war broke out Harrison was still poor. His daily labor was 
needed to support his wife and two children, who still lived 
in the three rooms on Delaware street. He raised a com- 
pany, was commissioned a second-lieutenant, then a captain, 
and then colonel of the seventeenth Indiana. 

After the charge at Resaca, Gen. Hooker rode up to the 
young colonel and said to him, in his Hookerish style: "My 
God, Ben Harrison, I''ll make you a brigadier for this day's 
work, '' and Col. Harrison was afterward bre vetted a brigadie r- 
general. Later on, for his gallantry at Peach Tree Creek 
where he led his command through the enemy and back 
again, he was made a brigadier in full commission. 

Gen. Harrison served with credit till the end of the war, 
and escaped without injury, though he passed through the 
unusual experience of an attack of scarlet fever at the age of 
thirty- two. 

Like Gresham, Harrison took the stump for Fremont, and 
again for Lincoln in 1860. Harrison was a republican by 
instinct and education, and he threw himself into the new 
party with rare earnestness and enthusiasm. In 1860 he was 
a candidate for the office of reporter of the supreme court, a 
position which he desired because it was in the line of his 
profession and would bring a needed increase of income. 
He succeeded in getting the nomination, and was elected. 
While he was absent in the field, the democratic legistlature 
of 1863 declared the office vacant, and elected another per- 
son to the place, but in 1864 the people re-elected Harrison. 
He served till 1868, and then declined a re-election. 

In 1880 he was elected to the senate, and served six years 
in that body, gaining a national reputation as a good lawyer 
and debater. He owns a handsome home in Indianapolis, 
where his wife receives much company. They have a married 
daughter, and a son who is becoming prominent in the pol- 
itics of Montana Territory. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 555 

On account of his eloquence as a speaker and his extraor- 
dinary power as a debater, General Harrison was called up- 
'on at an uncommonly early age to take part in the public 
discussion of the mighty questions that began to agitate the 
country, and he was 6arly matched against some of the most 
eminent speakers of the democratic party. None who ever 
felt the point of his blade desired to engage with him again. 
Possessing oratorical powers of a high order, he has never 
spoken for mere rhetorical effect. He seems to have remem- 
bered the saying of the great Irish orator and patriot, O'Con- 
nell, that a good speechjs a good thing, but that the verdict 
is the thing. He therefore pierced the core of every ques- 
tion that he discussed, and fought to win in every contest in 
which he engaged. 

Gen. Harrison has taken part as a public speaker in every 
presidential campaign since he came into Indiana, except the 
one that occurred during his service in the army, and he 
threw his sword into that. In recognition of his services in 
the ardent and prolonged struggle of the republican party 
for the rights of man and for the restoration and integrity of 
the union, the republicans in the legislature elected him, as 
heretofore mentioned, to^the senate of the United States. 

His services in the senate were of the highest, and a de- 
tailed narration of them' would require more space than is 
here allotted. But the delegates from Dakota will bear wit- 
ness to the unremitting energy of his efforts to have that 
territory admitted as a state into the union when, for the 
crime of being faithful to republican principles, the demo- 
cratic party resolved to keep it out. Everybody will recall 
his complete exposure of the civil service reform sham in 
Indiana under the present administration. He possesses a 
soundness in republican doctrine, a comprehensive grasp of 
mind, a calm judgment, firm principles, unquailing courage, 
and a pure character. What more could be desired to 
fit him for the presidency ? 



556 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Gen. Harrison's home life is said to be very simple and 
very pleasant. His wife is an amiable lady of engaging 
manners and a sunny disposition, and the General owes a 
good deal of his popularity to her. She takes a keen inter- 
est in his political affairs and shares all his ambitions, and is 
always pleased to entertain his friends. His home is not as 
luxurious as it is comfortable and pleasant. In it is a room 
which has come to be known as the " cave of political knowl- 
edge." Here General Harrison does most of his campaign- 
ing. From this room emanate the orders that direct the rank 
and file of his party, and there most of his important cam- 
paign consultations are held. It is a big room filled up with- 
plain book-cases, which are filled with rare works of political 
literature, histories of campaigns, convention reports, and 
public documents. 

There is not a book in the wh(^le collection that the Gen- 
eral has not read; and, what is more, he does not need to 
refer to them if any dispute about their contents arises, for 
he has such a prodigious memory that he can repeat part of 
a chapter off-hand. When there is a political campaign on, 
he may be found in his room as late as one o'clock in the 
morning writing directions to chairnie^n of central committees 
or preparing campaign speeches for orators of his own selec- 
tion. His law offices consist of a suite of four rooms, plainly 
furnished, except so far as books are concerned. And his 
collection of law books is perhaps the most extensive in the 
state of Indiana. 

General Harrison possesses a remarkable faculty of turn- 
ing his mind quickly and completely from one matter to 
another. While in the senate he used to come from his work 
in Washington, drive straight from the train to the law office, 
and almost with his first words inquire of his partner what 
there was that he could do. ■■' Often," says his law partner, 
Mr. Elam, "he has taken the transcript of a case on the ev- 
ening of his arrival from Washington, and studied it that 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 557 

night, then going into court next morning master of all the 
details, and able to make a powerful argument. It has been 
the same way with his campaigns. He leaves the arduous 
work of stumping and takes up his office work without a mo- 
ment of rest or intermission. In the senate he was noted for 
his application and faithfulness in the committee-room rather 
than for brilliancy on the floor; and his reports were models 
of thoroughness and painstaking." 

In fact, application, concentration of mind, thoroughness, 
conscientious work, appear to be the General's predominating 
characteristics. He ha§ a reputation for readiness with his 
retorts on the stump, in court, or during debates; and this 
comes from his habit of mastering everything which he un- 
dertakes. 

In the army he sat up late at night studying the tactics, 
and was up early in the morning perfecting himself in the 
drill exercises and in familiarity with military details. The 
great genius which is claimed for him by his friends is the 
genius of application, of mastering things. 

It has been said by the General's detractors that he is a 
cold or disagreeable man. On the contrary, he is an affable 
man. No one ever went into his office to transact business 
who did not leave with an impression favorable to the Gen- 
eral. He is not the sort of a man, however, who takes a 
stranger to his arms the first time he meets him. Neither is 
he the sort of a man who will waste time in idle conversa- 
tion, for he is too busy for that, sort of thing. 

The people like General Harrison because they know they 
can trust him. They know, too, that he has done more for 
charity in the state of Indiana than any other man of his 
limited means. It is said that is why he is so poor to-day. 
The entire fortune of General Harrison docs not exceed 
twenty thousand dollars, and even that he has made within 
the past three or four years by close attention to his growing 
law practice. 



558 THE BIOORAPHICAL liEVIEW. 

Before he began to save money he unselfishly deyoted all 
his time to the interests of the republican party in the state. 
And he was eyer ready to buckle on the armor at the call of 
the party, and, if necessary, abandon eyerything else until 
the battle had been won or lost. 

This loyal republican made the losing fight against Wil- 
liams in 1876, when that party was so disorganized that the 
regular candidate declined to run; and during that heated 
campaign he formed an organization that has been maintain- 
ed ever since. 

Gen. Harrison is really a pleaeant, engaging man, and he 
has the rare quality of being your friend always if he is 
your-friend at all. That is why so many bright men submit 
to his leadership. They know they can put implicit trust in 
him, for he has no treachery in his makeup; and he will not 
submit to treachery from any man in his own party. Perhaps 
he has not tlie personal magnetism of some leaders, but he 
does not lack it altogether, for sometimes the people gather 
around him after he has made one of his- speeches, and ac- 
tually fight, figuratively speaking, for a chance to shake his 
hand. 

Another trait is his love for children. Around his home 
in Indianapolis, the little ones wait for him morning and 
evening, and as he goes up the street an army of them gather 
around him and claim his attention. They hang on to his 
arms and his coat-tail and climb on his shoulders; and he 
seems to enjoy their antics. No matter if they do behave 
outrageously sometimes, he never reprimands them or scowls 
at them. He could not if he would, for, as he says himself, 
the sight of an innocent child's face makes him too happy 
to entertain any other emotion. And the children of his 
neighborhood all call him Grandpa Harrison. 

Such is a short narrative of this eminent man's public and 
social life, which could be expanded, so eventful has it been, 
to fill even a large volume. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 



LEYI P. MOKTON. 

Bo7")i May 16, 1824. 
KEPUBLICAN CANDIDATE I'OE \TCE-PRESIDENT. 

Levi Parsons Morton was born at Shoreham, Yermont, 
His father was the Kev. Daniel O. Morton, a congregational 
minister of small means, and a lineal descendant of George 
Morton, who came to this country from England in 1623. 

Young Levi Morton was given a common school educa- 
tion, began his business career as a clerk in a Concord, 

New Hampshire, dry goods 
store, and rapidly rose in 
position. In 1850 he was 
made a member of the 
firm of Beebe, Morgan and 
Company, merchants, o f 
Boston. 

In 1863 he founded the 
banking house of Morton, 
Bliss and' Company, in 
New York, with that of 
Morton, Kose and Compa- 
ny, in London as corres- 
pondent. These two bank- 
ing houses were largely 
I instrumental in making re- 
i sumption of specie pay- 
ments in the United States 
possible and in enabling 
the government to fund the 
United States debt. It has 
been estimated that the various banking firms by their action 
at this time, saved the government seventy millions. The 
firm of Morton, Bliss and. Company has since been one of 
the most conspicuous in Wall street. 




LEVI P. MORTON. 



560 THE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Mr. Morton entered into political life in 1870, the repub- 
licans of the eleventh congressional district having much to 
his surprise, nominated him as their candidate. Though de- 
feated he greatly reduced the usual democratic majority; and 
in the same district in 1ST8 he was elected to congress, re- 
ceiving a majority that exceeded the whole vote of his op- 
ponent. 

In congress he took a commanding position whenever fi- 
nancial questions were under consideration. His course was 
marked by independence of judgment and moderation. He 
was spoken of as vice-president at the time that Gen. Garfield 
was elected president. Mr. Morton, however, declined the 
nomination, and Gen. Arthur took his place. 

Mr. Morton was appointed minister to France, and he 
made himself extremely agreeable and prominent at the 
French capital. His house quickly became the one place in 
Paris where the leading politicians in France — royalists, 
republicans, and radicals — could socially meet. The diplo- 
macy of the United States was much soothed by it. 

With the coming into power of a democratic administra- 
tion at "Washington, Mr. Morton of course returned home, 
and since then has held no office. In January, 1S85, Mr. 
Morton was a candidate for United States senator before the 
republican caucus of the legislature; Mr. Evarts, however, 
was nominated and elected. 

Mr. Morton is a man of great wealth, but unlike many 
millionaires, he has always spent his money so freely in 
charities that he is very popular. Grace Church house is a 
handsome white marble structure on Fourth avenue, was 
built by him in memory of his first wife. It is, perhaps, the 
most perfect child's nursery in the city; and to it hundreds 
of poor women flock daily to leave their children to be 
cared for until nightfall. 

Mr. Morton is a man of fine personal presence, tall and 
well-built. He is a very companionable and liberal man. 



THE BIOGRAPmCAL REVIEW. 561 

THE POPULAR VOTE 

For presidential candidates from 1824 to and including 
1884. Prior to 1824 electors were chosen by the legisla- 
tures of the different states. 

1824 — J. Q. Adams had 105,321 to 155,872 for Jack- 
son, 44,282 for Crawford, and 46,587 for Clay. Jackson 
over Adams, 50,551. Adams less than combined vote of 
others, 140,869. Of the whole vote Adams had 29.92 per 
cent, Jackson 44.27, Clay 13.23, Crawford 13.23, Adams 
elected by house of representatives. 



1828— Jackson had 647,231 to 509,097 for J. Q. Adams. 
Jackson's majority 138,134. Of the whole vote Jackson 
had 55.97 per cent, Adams 44,03. 



1832 — Jackson had 687,502 to 530,189 for Clay, and 
33,108 for Floyd and Wirt combined. Jackson's majority 
124,205. Of the whole vote Jackson had 54.96 per cent, 
Clay 42.39, and the others combined 2.65. 



1836— Yan Buren had 761,549 to 736,656, the combined 
vote for Harrison, White, Webster and Maguin. Van Buren's 
majority, 24,893. Of the whole vote Van Buren had 50.83 
per cent, and the others combined 49.17. 



1840 — Harrison haa 1,275,017 to 1,128,702 for Yan 
Buren, and 7,059 for Birney. Harrison's majority, 139.256. 
Of the whole vote Harrison had 52.89 per cent, Yan Buren 
46.82, and Birney 29. 



1844 — Polk had 1,337,243 to 1,299,068 for Clay and 
62,300 for Birney. Polk over Clay 38,175. Polk less than 
others combined, 24,125. Of the whole vote Polk had 49.- 
55 per cent. Clay 48.14, and Birney 2.21. 



562 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

1848— Taylor had 1,360,101 to 1,220,544 for Cass, and 
291,263 for Van Buren. TayJor over Cass, 139,577. Taylor 
less than others combined, 151,706. Of the whole vote 
Taylor had 47.36 per cent, Cass 42.50, and Van Buren 10.14. 



1852 — Pierce had 1,601,474 to 1,386,578 for Scott, and 
156,149 for Hale. Pierce over all, 58,747. Of the whole 
vote Pierce had 50.90 per cent, Scott 41.10, and Hale 4.97. 



1856 — Buchanan had 1,838,169 to 1,341,264 for Fremont 
and 874,534 for Fillmore. Buchanan over Fremont, 496,905. 
Buchanan less than combined vote of others 377,629. Of 
the whole vote Buchanan had 45.34 percent, Fremont 33.09 
and Fillmore 21.57. 



I860 — Lincoln had 1,866,352 to 1,375,158 for Douglas, 
845,763 for Breckinridge, and 589,581 for Bell. Lincoln 
over Breckinridge, 491,195. Lincoln less than Douglas and 
Breckinridge combined, 354,568. Lincoln less than com- 
bined vote of all others, 944,149. Of the whole vote Lincoln 
had 39.91 per cent, Douglas 29.40, Breckinridge 18.08 and 
Bell 12.61. 



1864— Lincoln had 2,216,067to 1,808,725 for McClellan 
(eleven states not voting, viz.: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia), Lincoln's majori- 
ty, 408,342. Of the whole vote Lincoln had 55.06 per cent 
and McClellan 44.94. 



1868 — Grant had 3,015,071 to 2,709,613 for Seymour 
(three states not voting, viz. ; Mississippi, Texas and Virginia). 
Grant's majority, 305,458. Of the whole vote Grant had 
52.67 per cent and Seymour 47.33. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW^ 563 

1872 — Grant had 3,597.070 to 2,834,079 for Greeley, 29, 
408 for O 'Conor and 5,608 for Black. Grant's majority, 
729,975. Of the whole vote Grant had 55.63 per cent, 
Greeley 43.83, O'Conor 15, Black. 09. 



1876 — Hayes had 4,033,950 to 4,284,885 for Tilden, 
81,740 for Cooper, 9,522 for Smith and 2,636 scattering. 
Tilden's majority over Hayes, 250,935. Tilden's majority of 
entire vote cast, 157,037. Hayes less than the combined 
vote of others, 344,833. Of the whole vote cast Hayes had 
47.95, Tilden 50.94, Cooper .97, Smith .11, scattering .03. 



1880— Garfield had 4,449,053 to 4,442,035 for Hancock, 
307,306 for Weaver and 12,576 scattering. Garfield over 
Hancock, 7,018. Garfield less than the combined vote for 
others, 313,864. Of the popular vote Garfield had 48.26 
per cent, Hancock 48.25, Weaver 3.33, scattering .13. 



1884 — Cleveland had 4,874,986 to 4,851,981 for Blaine, 
150,369 for St. John, 173,370 for Butler. Cleveland had 
48.48 per cent, Blaine 48.22, St. John 1.49, Butler 1.74. 



Of the presidents, Adams, federalist; Polk, Buchanan and 
Cleveland, democrat; Taylor, whig; Lincoln, Hayes and 
Garfield, republicans, did not when elected, receive a majo- 
rity of the popular vote. The highest percentage of popular 
vote received by any president was 55.97 for Jackson, 
Idemocrat, in 1828, and the lowest 39.91 for Lincoln, repub- 
ican, in 1860; Hayes republican next lowest, with 47.95. 
Hayes, with the exception of John Quincy Adams, who was 
chosen by the house of represntatives, was the only presi. 
dent ever elected who did not have a majority over his prin- 
cipal competitor, and Tilden the only defeated candidate 
who had a majority over the president-elect and a majority 
of all the votes cast. 



5e4 TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

THE NATION'S DEAD. 

In this country there is no national cementery of pre- 
eminence. The dead presidents are nearly all buried in the 
neighborhood of the homes which they occupied in life. 
There is no Valhalla, no Westminster Abbey, no public 
ground belonging to the nation. The presidents went in the 
end, to the citizenship that they sprang from, to the equality 
of final repose. 

Washington's tomb is a brick vault at Mount Vernon, Vir- 
ginia, one of the world's noted shrines. 

John Adams is buried in a vault beneath the Unitarian 
church at Quincy, Massachussetts, as also the remains of 
his son, President John Quincy Adams. The coffins are of 
lead, placed in cases hewn from solid blocks of granite. 
Their wives are buried with them. 

Thomas Jefferson lies in a little enclosure containing some 
thirty graves, among the woods on the road that leads from 
Charlottesville, Virginia, to Monticello. A granite obelisk, 
much chipped by relic-takers, marks the grave. 

James Madison rests in a beautiful spot on the old Madi- 
son estate, near his home in Montpelier, Virginia. Beside 
him is buried his wife who survived him almost thirty years. 

James Monroe reposes in Hollywood cemetery, Richmond, 
Virginia. Above tho body is a huge block of polished Vir- 
ginia marble, supporting a coffin-shaped block of granite, 
on which are brass plates, suitably inscribed, surrounded by 
a Gothic temple. 

Andrew Jackson is buried in the garden of the Hermitage, 
eleven miles from Nashville, Tennessee; his wife is beside 
him. The tomb is a massive monument of Tennessee gra- 
nite, eighteen feet in diameter, surrounded by fluted columns 
and surmounted by an urn. 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 565 

Martin Yan Buren lies in the village cemetery at Kinder- 
hook, New York, in the family lot. His resting place is 
marked by a modest shaft. 

William Henry Harrison sleeps at his home at North 
Bend, on the Ohio river, a few miles below Cincinnati, Ohio, 
in a family vault. 

John Tyler rests within ten yards of James Monroe, in 
Hollywood cemetery, Richmond, Virginia. His grave is 
surrounded with magnolias. 

James K. Polk lies in the private garden of the family 
homestead in Nashville,' Tennessee. The grave is marked 
by a limestone monument with Doric columns, a block 
twelve feet square by twelve in height, bears inscriptions. 
Zachary Taylor is buried in Cave Hill cemetery Louisville, 
Kentucky. 

Millard Fillmore reposes in the beautiful Forrest Lawn 
cemetery of Buffalo, New York, and his grave is surmounted 
by a lofty shaft. 

Franklin Pierce sleeps in the Concord, New Hampshire, 
cemetery, and his grave is marked by a marble monument. 
James Buchanan reposes in the Woodward Hill cemetery at 
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in a vault of masonry. The monu- 
ment is composed of a simple block of Italian marble. 

Abraham Lincoln rests in the most magnificent of all the 
memorials to the dead presidents in the Oak Ridge cemetery 
at Springfield, Illinois, enclosed in a sarcophagus of white 
marble, granite and bronze. 

Andrew Johnson lies on a cone-shaped eminence half a 
mile from Greenville, Tennessee, a spot selected by himself . 
The handsome monument of marble and granite bears num- 
erous patriotic emblems, while the inscription declares, "His 
faith in the people never wavered." 

James A. Garfield, the latest dead of the eighteen presi- 
dents who have passed away, is buried in Lake View ceme- 
tery at Cleveland, Ohio. 



566 TEE BIOGEAFHICAL REVIEW- 

DEATHS OF \^ICE-PRESIDENTS. 

Five vice-presidents have died in office, and in each case 
the deceased has been over sixty years of age. George 
Clinton, the vice-president with Madison, who died in 1812, 
was seventy-four years old. Elbridge Gerry, who became 
vice-president at the next election, died in 1814, at the age 
of seventy. William K. King, vice-president with Frank 
Pierce, died at sixty-seven, in 1853, and Vice-President 
Henry Wilson, who died in 1875 was sixty-three years old 
at that time. Three of these vice-presidents have died in 
November and the other two in April, and strange to say 
the dates of their deaths are almost at the same time of the 
month. George Clinton died April 20, and William R. 
King on April 17; Henry Wilson died on the 22d of Novem- 
ber; Elbridge Gerry on the 23d of November, and Thomas 
A. Hendricks on the 25th of November. 

The first vice-presidential death was that of Clinton. 
It took place at Washington, and was the first occasion of 
the great destroyer's entering the high offices o f the govern 
ment. He had been the vice-president for nearly eight years, 
serving one term under Madison and one under Thomas 
Jefferson. He was as much if not more noted in the politics 
of the time tluin the late Vice-President Hendricks was in 
his day. Beginning life as a sailor in a privateer, he had 
been a brigadier-general of the revolution, a member of the 
provincial congress, and for eighteen years governor of New 
York. He died in Washington on the 20th and was buried 
in the congressional cemetery on the 21st of November. In 
1812 such a thing as keeping a corpse for weeks was un- 
known in this country, and both Gerry and Clinton were 
buried the next day after their death. At the time Clinton 
died Washington contained under ten thousand people, and 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 567 

the funeral could not have been a grand one. The body was 
taken on its way to the grave from the city to the capitol, 
and here a rest of a half an hour was taken. Thence it 
marched onward in a martial parade. A company of militia 
preceded the hearse, and the eight pall-bearers who carried 
the coffin from the hearse to the grave were all revolutionary 
soldiers. The senate attended in a body, and on their re- 
turn to the capitol they resolved that the vice-president's 
chair in the senate chamber be shrouded in black during the 
session of congress then assembled, and that each senate 
should wear mourning in the shape of a band of crape on 
the arm for thirty days. 

The second vice-president's death occurred two years later, 
and Madison's administration showed the curious coincidence 
of two vice-presidents dying during its continuance. Mr. 
Gerry had presided over the senate on the day preceding his 
death, and he ate breakfast that morning as usual, saying he 
felt well but had a slight oppression of the chest. After 
breakfast he walked out to do some business at one of the 
government departments. He had gone but a short distance 
before he became indisposed and took a carriage to return. 
When the carriage reached his boarding house he was found 
insensible, and on being taken from it he expired without a 
groan or sigh. This was between ten and eleven o'clock in 
the morning. The senate at once adjourned, but the house 
continued its session, though it adjourned for funeral next 
day, Gerry was buried like Clinton, in the congressional 
cemetery, and though in his day he was one of the greatest 
of men, not a dozen statesmen in the capital have seen his 
monument or know that he lies there. He was a graduate 
of Harvard college, a delegate to the continental congress, 
a signer of the declaration, and one of the makers of our 
constitution, though he refused to sign it. He had been 
several times in congress, once governor of Massachusetts, 
and also minister to France, before he was elected vice- 



568 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 

president, and his whole career had been a stirring one. 
During his early days in congress he narrowly escaped from 
the British by hiding in a cornfield when a body of troops 
captured the house where he was staying and were searching 
for him. He was the first to inaugurate, as governor of 
Massachusetts, the present political system of redistricting a 
state's congressional district for political purposes, and it is 
from Elbridge Gerry that the term "gerrymandering" comes. 
As a sample of the newspaper enterprise of 1814 and 1812 
contrasted with that of to day, the chief paper of Washing- 
ton city, where these two deaths occurred, contained about a 
quarter of a column the day after they died in regard to their 
deaths. It describes the funeral of both in less than fifty 
lines. Three days after the death of Gerry, John Galliard of 
South Carrolina was elected president pro tern of the senate 
without discussion. 

King, vice-president, did not die in Cuba as some of the 
papers state. He was in Cuba for his health at the time of 
his election, and had resigned from the senate some time be- 
fore on account of ill-health. He had consumption, and at 
the time he was sworn in before a consul in Cuba he did not 
expect to live, and had to be prevailed upon to take the 
oath. Too feeble to stand alone at the time, he had to be sup 
ported while it was administered. He sailed for America 
and grew worse during the voyage. When he landed in 
Alabama it was evident that he would never get to Wash- 
ington. He died the day after he landed. The departments 
were not closed in honor of his death, and he did not have 
a public funeral. He was the first bachelor ever elected to 
one of the two highest offices of the nation, and he had long 
been a senator, having served for more than ten years as 
president pro tem, of the senate before he was elected vice- 
president. Like Hendricks, he had been a member of the 
constitutional convention of his state, and he was elected to 
his first term in the senate during the year in which Hen- 



THE BIOORAPHICA L RE VIE W. 569 

dricks, vice-president, was born. He was for thirty years a 
United States senator, and had twenty-four years of continu- 
ous service there. In addition to this, he served five years 
in the lower house and two years as minister to France. He 
was six feet tall and very erect. He was a good talker, and 
was probably the great reminiscence man of his. later days. 

The last vice-president's death before that of Hendricks 
was that of Wilson, vice-president, who died in Washington 
just about ten years ago. He had been sick sometime, and 
at New York had ah operation performed in which his 
spine was seared. Returning to Washington after the oper- 
ation, he indiscreetly took a warm bath in the senate bath- 
room. This weakened him, and his system did not recover 
from it. He was taken sick at his boarding house and short- 
ly afterward died. His death occurred at eight o'clock on 
Monday morning, November 22, 1875. The cause was set 
down as apoplex} 

During his last hours he, like Hendricks was working upon 
a volume of memoirs or history, and he hoped from these to 
leave some property. He said in his last hours that he would 
like to live to finish his book. Shortly before he dbd he 
picked up a hymn book, in the front of which his wife's 
picture was pasted, and looked at it for a longtime. Fifteen 
minutes before he died he heard of the death of Senator 
Ferry of Connecticut, and it is believed that this knowledge 
of the death of one of his dear friends hastened his death. 
The death of Ferry had occurred the day or night before, 
and his friends had deferred telling him of it until the last 
moment. As morning went on and the time for the news- 
paper to come approached it was seen that it would be im- 
possible to keep the news from him longer. He was told 
of it and was greatly shocked to hear it. Fifteen minutes 
later he was dead. He spoke of his loug life just before he 
died. "Since I came to the senate eighty-three of the 
members who first sat with me have passed away. 



570 TEE BIOORAPHICAL REVIEW 

OUE REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT. 

OuK government of the United States is a government of 
the people. While modeled largely after the common law 
of England, it is purely democratic. It is for the people and 
by the people, and is believed to promote and secure the 
rights, liberties and welfare of the people generally, in a 
larger measure than any other civil government that has ever 
been established by man. 

Our present constitution was adopted on the 15th of Sep- 
tember, 1787, except certain amendments, which have been 
added subsequently. Having been duly ratified by all the 
thirteen original states, it became the organic law of the 
land March 4, 1789. 

The government under the constitution comprises three 
distinct and independent branches, viz.: the Legislative, the 
Judicial and the Executive. Laws are enacted by the first, 
interpreted by the second, and enforced by the third. 

All legislative powers are vested in congress, which con- 
sists of a senate and house of representatives, correspond- 
ing with the house of lords and house of commons of Great 
Britain, or the British Parliament. 

The senate consists of two members from each state, chosen 
by the state legislature for six years. Every senator must 
be at least thirty years of age, and a citizen of the state 
at the time of his election, and a citizen of the United States 
for nine years preceding. 

The vice-president of the United States is, ex-ofiicio, the 
president of the senate. Besides its legislative functions, the 
senate is vested with judicial functions, and may become a 
high court of impeachment. But the sole power of impeach- 
ment belongs to the representatives. 

The members of the house of representatives are chosen 
directly by the people, and serve for two years. The whole 
number is two hundred and ninety-two, and these are distri- 



I 



THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 571 

buted among the several states, as determined by the decen- 
nial census. Each state, however, is entitled to at least one 
representative. 

To be qualified for this office, the person must be at least 
twenty-five years of age, at least seven year a citizen of the 
United States, and an inhabitant of the state in which he is 
chosen. 

The judicial powers of the government are vested in the 
supreme, circuit and district courts of the United States. 
These are called the federal courts. Congress, however, 
may establish such other and inferior courts as may be deem- 
ed advisable. 

This is the highest judicial tribunal in the land. It has a 
chief justice and eight associate justices. It has exclusive 
jurisdiction in matters between the states, and appellate juris- 
diction from final decrees and judgments of the circuit courts, 
in cases where the matters in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceed 
the sum of two thousand dollars, and from final judgments 
and decrees of the highest courts of the several states in 
certain cases. It has also power to issue writs of prohibi- 
tion and mandamus in certain cases. 

The circuit courts of the United States are held by a justice 
of the supreme court assigned to the circuit, and by the judge 
of the district in which the court sits, conjointly. They have 
original jurisdiction concurrent with the courts of the several 
states, of all suits at common law, or in equity, when the 
matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum of five 
hundred dollars, and the United States are plaintiff, or an 
alien is a party, or where the suit is between a citizen of the 
state where the suit is brought and another state. 

They have also exclusive cognizance of most of the crimes 
and ofiences, cognizable under the authority of the United 
States, and concurrent jurisdiction with the district court of 
off'ences cognizable therein. They have also appellate juris- 
diction from judgments and final decrees of the district courts 



572 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

of the United States, in all cases were the matter in dispute 
exceeds the sum or value of fifty dollars. 

The trial of issues of fact in all suits, excepting those of 
equity, and admiralty, and maritime jurisdiction, is by a 

The district court of the United States have exclusive orig- 
inal jurisdiction of all the civil cases of admiralty and mari- 
time jurisdiction, including all seizures under the navigation 
laws, or of impost, or trade of the United States, where they 
are made upon tidewaters, saving, however, to suitors, the 
right of a common law remedy where the common law gives 
it; also of all crimes and offences cognizable under the auth- 
ority of the United States, committed within their respective 
districts, or upon the high seas in certain cases. They have 
also concurrent jurisdiction with the state courts in certain 
cases. The trial is by jury, except in certain cases of ad- 
miralty and maritime jurisdiction. 

The appointment of all judges of the federal courts is 
made by the president, by and with the approval and con- 
sent of the senate; and they hold their offices during good 
behavior, and can be removed only on impeachment. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

The executive power is vested in a president. He must 
be a native-born citizen, a resident of the United States, and 
at least thirty-five years of age. He holds his oflice during 
the term of four years, and may be re-elected. 

He is the commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and, 
with the consent of the senate, appoints all cabinet, judicial 
and executive officers; has powers to grant pardons and re- 
prieves for offences against the United States, and it is his 
duty to see that the laws are faithfully executed. 

The vice-president is chosen at the same time as the presi- 
dent, and must have the same qualifications. In case of the 
death or disability of the president, the duties of the oflice 



TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 573 

devolve upon the vice-president during the term. In case 
of the death or disability of the vice-president, the president 
of the senate, pro tempore, takes his place. 

The president and vice president of the United States are 
not chosen by the direct vote of the people, but through the 
machinery of what is termed an '-electoral. college." Each 
state has as many electors as it has senators and represen- 
tatives in congress. These are chosen on the Tuesday next 
after the first Monday of November of the year in which 
they are to be appointed. 

Each state may provide for filling vacancies which may 
occur in its college of electors. And in case the election 
held in any state should fail in making a legal choice, then 
the failure may be remedied subsequently in such manner 
as the state laws provides. 

The elector meets at the capitols of their respective states 
on the first Wednesday of December, and vote by distinct 
ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom shall 
not be an inhabitant of- their own state. 

Having made lists of the number of votes cast, and for 
whom given, they must sign, certify, seal up and transmit 
these lists, by a special messenger, to the president of the 
senate at Washington. These are opened by the president 
of the senate, and the votes are counted in the presence of 
the senate and the house of representatives, who have con- 
vened on a day fixed for that purpose. 

The person having the greatest number of votes for presi- 
dent is duly elected, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed. If no person has such 
majority, then from the person having the highest number, 
not exceeding three in the list of those voted for, the house 
of representatives shall choose immediately, and by ballot, 
the president. Should they neglect to do this before the 4th 
of March following, then the vice-president shall act as presi- 
dent, as he would in case of the death of the president. 



THE BIOORAPEICAL BE VIEW. 574 

ANNUAL SALARIES OF FEDERAL OFFICERS. 

President of the United States, . . . $50,000 

Vice-President, . 10,000 

Cabinet ministers, each, . . . . . 8,000 

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, . . . 10,500 

Each Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, . . 10,000 
Senators and Representatives, each, . . . 5,000 

Speakers of the House of Kepresentatives, , . 8,000 

Secretary of the Senate, ..... 3,600 

Clerk of the House of Representatives, . . . 3,600 

Superintendent of Coast Survey, . . . 6,000 

Ministers Plenipotentiary to Great Britain and France, 17, 500 
Ministers Plenipotentiary to Russia, Prussia, Spain, 

Austria, Italy, China, Brazil and Mexico, . . 12,000 

Ministers resident, to Portugal and other states, . 7,500 
Consul-General . . . . from 3,000 to 6,000 

Consuls, . . . . . . from 1,000 to 7,000 

Secretaries of Legation, . . . from 1,500 to 2,700 

THE CABINET. 

The administration business of the government is divided 
into seven departments, or bureaus, each under the manage- 
ment of a special oflScer, selected by the president and ap- 
proved by the senate. These heads of department are 
termed members of the cabinet. They are: 

1. The secretary of state, who has charge of the great 
seal of the United States, but can only affix it to written 
documents by direction of the president. He conducts all 
treaties with foreign powers, conducts the correspondence 
with our ministers at foreign courts, and with ministers of 
foreign courts residing here; grants passports, etc. 

2. The secretary of the treasury superintends all the finan- 
cial matters of the government; the settling of all public 
accounts; negotiating loans, etc., and recommends to con- 
gress, in connection with his annual report of national 



. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 575 

finances, such measures as he may deem advisable in pro- 
moting public credit and private advantage. 

3. The secretary of war has the exclusive control of the 
military affairs of the nation, and manages these in detail; 
directs the making of public surveys; the construction of 
fortifications, etc. The adjutant-generars office, quarter- 
master general's bureau, the ordnance, topographical, medi- 
cal, engineer and subsistence bureaus are all under his sup- 
ervision. 

4. The secretary' of the navy superintends all naval aff'airs 
and directs the naval forces. The several bureaus, such as 
of docks, of navy yards, of construction, equipment, and 
repairs of ordnance, and hydrography, are all under his 
direction. 

5. The secretary of the interior has control of all matters 
connected with the public domain, Indian affairs, patents, 
public buildings, pensions, the census and the expenditures 
of the federal judiciary. 

6. The postmaster-general has the charge of all postal 
arrangements within the United States, as well as with all 
foreign states. The contract office, the appointment office 
and the inspection office, all come under his supervision. 

7. The attorney-general is the law counsel for the president 
and the other officers of the government. He is the con- 
stitutional adviser of all the government officials, and their 
legal defender. The official law authority, he makes deci- 
sions, and takes measures to protect the legal rights and 
interests of the government and the nation. 

OUR COUNTRY. 

The great republic of the United States occupies the mid- 
dle portion of the western hemisphere. It comprises an area 
of 3,578,372 square miles, and has a coast line of 2,163 
miles on the Atlantic, 1,764 miles on the Gulf of Mexico, 
and 1,343 miles on the Pacific. 



576 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 

Our territoiy in 1782 was less than one quarter of this, 
lying entirely east of the Mississippi, and south of the great 
lakes, with an area of 800,000 square miles. The subse- 
quent acquisitions of territory were as follows. 

Sq. miles. 
Territory ceded by England in 1783, . . 815,615 

Louisiana, acquired from France in 1803, . . 930,928 

Florida, acquired from Spain in 1821, . . 59,268 

Texas, admitted into the Union in 1845, . . 237,50-i 

Oregon, by treaty in 1846, .... 280,425 

California, taken from Mexico in 1847, . . 649,762 

Arizona, from Mexico by treaty in 1854, . . 27,500 

Alaska, from Russia by treaty in 1867, . . 577,390 



Total present area, . . . 3,578,392 

The increase of population and the growth and develop- 
ment of the country have been quite unprecedented. In 
1620 there were but three hundred white inhabitants in all 
New England. Less than two hundred and fifty years ago, 
the city of New York consisted of a dozen log cabins, and 
all the land now comprised in the city and county of New 
York was purchased for twenty-four dollars. 

Fifty years ago there was not five thousand whites in the 
vast region lying between Lake Michigan and the Pacific 
ocean, while the population now exceeds ten millions. Chi- 
cago was then a trading post of half a dozen huts. 

Sixty-five years ago the great lakes, Ontario, Michigan, 
Huron and Superior, were entirely without commerce, and 
the Indian canoes were their only craft. Now they are 
crowded thoroughfares, and the value of their trafiic approxi- 
mates one tliousand millions of dollars yearly. 

One hundred years ago we were but thirteen feeble col- 
onies, with only three million of inhabitants, while we now 
comprise thirty-eight sovereign states, with the district of 
Columbia, and ten territories, with a populatation of some 
fifty millions of inhabitants. 



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